Us History Chapter 5

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    Us History Chapter 5 - Presentation Transcript

    1. The Western Crossroads Mr. Polomis US History Chapter 5
    2. Native American Resistance (Sec 1)
      • Indian Country
        • By 1850, 360,000 Native Americans lived west of the Mississippi River
        • Some were confined on reservations in Oklahoma.
        • 1851 – The US gov’t promised the Sioux, Cheyenne, and other tribes control of the plains with the Treaty of Fort Laramie
          • In return the US got the right to build roads and forts; Indians could not attack westward settlers
          • The gov’t broke their end of the treaty
          • 1000’s of non Indians went onto Indian territory in search of mineral wealth and fertile land
    3. Continued…
        • More Indians were forced to reservations
          • The job of running the reservations fell into a gov’t agency called the Bureau of Indian Affairs run through the War Dept.
    4. Years of Struggle
      • Plains tribes fought back against the US army’s 20,000 soldiers
        • 4,000 were African Americans nicknamed “Buffalo soldiers”
      • Sand Creek Massacre – 1864 Colorado Territory
        • Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle and his followers surrendered to the US gov’t
        • Colonel John Chivington attacked the Indian camp when the men were out hunting
        • The US gov’t killed some 200 Cheyenne women and children
    5. Continued…
      • 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge and the 2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie made the Sioux and Plains Indians move to reservations
    6. Sioux Resistance
      • US government wanted the Sioux’s sacred ground the Black Hills because gold was discovered there
      • Sioux leader sitting Bull urged his tribe to fight
      • Crazy Horse joined the fight with Sitting bull
        • Made their camp with 2,000 men on the little Bighorn River
      • June 25, 1876 George Armstrong Custer attacked the Sioux tribe
        • Less than an hour Custer and his battalion were killed
    7. The Ghost Dance
      • A Paiute holy man named Wovoka began a Ghost Dance religion on the reservation
      • Sioux living on the reservations began to wear “ghost shirts” designed to stop bullets
      • Some Sioux left the reservation and the U.S. Army were sent to capture them
      • The two sides met at Wounded Knee Creek
      • 300 Native Americans were killed; 30 U.S. soldiers died
      • * Wounded Knee Massacre was the last Indian Wars on the Plains
    8. Conflict in the Far West
      • Navajos Indians
      • U.S. government destroyed their homes and sheep herds were killed
      • Were forced to Bosque Redono, a reservation in eastern New Mexico
      • This became known as the Long Walk
    9. Nez Perces Indians
      • Lived in NE Oregon
      • Were forced off their land and they tried to escape to Canada
      • Their leader was Chief Joseph and they were captured 30miles from the Canadian border
    10. Apache Indians
      • Fought reservation life in New Mexico and Arizona
      • Their leader was Geronimo
      • His surrender marked the end of armed resistance to the reservation system
    11. Rethinking Indian Policy
      • People became outraged at the way Native Americans were forced off their land and put on reservations
        • Helen Hunt Jackson wrote a book A Century of Dishonor about the govt broken promises
        • Sarah Winnemucca – A Paiute Indian who wrote a book Life Among the Piutes
      • Govt officials tried to make Native Americans assimilate, or adapt to “white” America
        • Set up school and farms for Indians to attend
        • Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania was one example of a school
    12. continued
      • Govt wanted Indians to give up tribal ownership of land in favor of private ownership
      • Congress passed the Dawes General Allotment Act in 1887 that established private ownership of Indian land
    13. Section 2 Western Farmers and Cattle Ranchers
      • Economic Development of the West
        • People moved west for free or cheap land
      • Homestead Act – gave 160 acres to any citizen willing to live on the Great Plains for 5 years
      • Pacific Railway Act – gave land to railroad companies to build a transcontinental railroad
      • Morrill Act – gave land to states to help finance agricultural colleges which would train young farmers
    14. Continued…
      • Companies built 4 transcontinental railroads across the U.S.
      • 3 groups of people moved west after the Civil War
        • Easterners
        • African Americans
        • Immigrants from Europe and Asia
        • Black settlers were known as Exodusters (settled in Kansas)
    15. Western Farms
      • Few trees, built houses out of sod
      • U.S. Dept of Agriculture helped farmers adapt to the plains environment
        • Their agents also taught dry farming techniques – planting and harvesting methods that conserve moisture
        • New farm equipment also helped farming on the Plains
      • Bonanza farms were created out west - Large scale farms usually owned by a large company and run like a factory
        • These farms were broken up in the 1890’s because family farms were better at keeping the costs down.
    16. The Cattle Boom
      • New breed of cattle called a Texas Longhorn
        • Breed of Spanish and English cattle
        • These cattle could survive long drives, treks of hundreds of miles to a railhead – town along the railroad
      • Govt allowed ranchers to use common grazing land or open range farming
      • Cattle Boom ended because of…
        • Overgrazing
        • Invention of barbed wire (patented by Glidden)
        • Bad weather on the Plains
    17. Sec. 3 A Mining Boom
      • Gold was discovered in Colorado and Nevada
      • Also discovered in Nevada was the Comstock Lode - a rich silver vein that was the center of frantic prospecting
      • Miners in Arizona used the patio process- used mercury to extract silver from the ore.
    18. Mining in the far North
      • Miners began to move to Canada, this made the country of Russia worry because they owned Alaska
      • 1867- Russia offered to sell Alaska to the United States for about 2 cents an acre
      • Americans thought the purchase worthless and called it “Sewards Folly” – named after the Sec. of State Willard Seward
      • In 1896 gold was discovered in the Klondike area of Alaska
    19. Mining Camps
      • Mining camps were dominated by men at first and violent, but with prosperity came families, community life and law and order
      • Example- Denver, Colorado
    20. Mining as Big Business
      • In order to get ore, miners used one of two methods
      • Hydraulic mining- used water pressure to wash away mountains of gravel and expose the minerals underneath
      • Hard rock mining- sinking deep shafts to get ore locked in veins of quartz
      • These methods were expensive, so big business dominated mining
      • Workers formed unions to protect working conditions
      • The environment suffered because miners were concerned with only getting rich.

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