PMD.RAFI

1. FLOURIDE REMOVAL VIA
ELECTROCOAGULATION

2. INTRODUCTION
• Fluorine is one of the elements essential for
humans. Fluoride exists in the environment
through both natural and anthropogenic
sources .
• However, high concentrations of fluoride have
adverse effects for human health and higher
animals .
• Drinking water standards for fluoride according to
World Health Organization is 1.5 mg/L as the
maximum concentration .

3. • In parallel with the growing
requirement for fluoride control several
methods have been developed to treat
fluoride from drinking water.
• Presently chemical precipitation , coagulation,
adsorption , membrane technologies and
electro coagulation methods are commonly
used for the treatment of fluoride from water.

4. • Anthropogenic sources of fluoride are;
aluminium industry, semiconductor industry, steel
production, glass processing, phosphate fertilizer
production, coal processing plants, oil refineries
and other miscellaneous activities .
• Due to pollution from these industries high
concentrations of fluoride given in water sources
creates problems for many of the living organisms.
• Therefore, the need for removal of fluoride from
sources of natural water and wastewater is ever
increasing.

5. • Electro coagulation process is one of the electrochemical
methods that has been developed for water and
wastewater treatment.
• A variety of pollutants can be treated by the electro
coagulation method.
• In this context, a number of scientific works have
demonstrated that fluoride can be effectively removed via
electrocoagulation process.
• Removal of fluoride by electrocoagulation method is
realised by using iron and aluminium electrodes.
• Fluoride removal by electrocoagulation is a relatively new
process. The process has been developed within the last
decade.

6. • The removal of fluoride is based on the
formation of a co-precipitate with aluminium
hydroxide flocs that can also be conceived as
an adsorption process.

7. Material And Methods
• Sodium fluoride (NaF) was used in this study for
the preparation of synthetic fluoride samples.
• All the solutions were prepared with double
distilled water.
• Batch type experimental studies have been
conducted in order to provide information
about fluoride removal.
• A laboratoryscale, monopolar electrocoagulation
reactorwas
designed and constructed .

8. • For the analysis of fluoride two methods are
suggested by Standard Methods .
• Ion Selective Electrode Method and SPANDS
Method.

9. • The main parameters of electrolyte
concentration, the initial fluoride
concentration, initial pH and the current
density were evaluated to find out their
impact on the process and to define optimum
treatment conditions.

10. THAN Q