2. What is a Group? Group: People who have something in common and believe what they have in common is significant; also called a social group Society: people who share a culture and a territory
3. Societies and Their Transformation Domestication Revolution : the first revolution , based on the domestication of pants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societies Hunting and Gathering Society – a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival Usually Nomadic Usually have a shaman: the healing specialist of a tribe who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease or injury; commonly called a with doctor
4. Societies and Their Transformation Pastoral Society: a society based on the pasturing of animals Horticultural Society: a society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools
5. Societies and Their Transformation Agricultural Revolution: the second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies Agricultural Society: a society based on large scale agriculture; plows drawn by animals are the source of food production
6. Societies and Their Transformation Industrial Revolution: The third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power
7. Societies and Their Transformation Industrial Society: a society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels. Postindustrial (Information) Society: a society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing. Biotech - New Type? See page 157 Biotech Society: a society whose economy increasingly centers around the application of genetics – human genetics for medicine, and plant and animal genetics for the production of food and materials
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10. Groups Within Society Aggregate: individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together (people on a busy street) Category: people who have similar characteristics (redheads) Primary Group: a group characterized by intimate, long-term face-to-face association and cooperation Secondary Group: compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity. Its members are likely to interact on the basis of specific statuses
11. Groups Within Society In groups: groups toward which we feel loyalty Out groups: groups toward which we feel antagonism
12. Groups Within Society Reference group: a group that we use as a standard to evaluate ourselves (page 162) Expose Us to Contradictory Standards Social Network: the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together
13. Groups Within Society Clique: a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another; an internal faction
14. Groups Within Society Electronic Community: individuals who regularly interact with one another on the internet and who think of themselves as belonging together Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Chatrooms, ect.
15. Group Dynamics Group Dynamics: the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals Group Size Affects Stability and Intimacy The Larger the Group… Greater Diffusion of Responsibility Increase in Formality Division into Smaller Groups
16. Group Dynamics Dyad: the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons Triad: a group consisting of three people As Size Increases, So Does Stability As Size Increases, Intensity and Intimacy Decrease Coalitions: the alignment of some members of a group against others Small group: a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members Networking: using one’s social networks for some gain
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18. Leadership Who Becomes a Leader? Leader: Someone who influences other people Types of Leaders Instrumental: an individual who tries to keep the group moving towards its goals; also known as a task oriented leader Expressive: an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader
19. Leadership Leadership Styles Authoritarian: an individual who leads by giving orders Democratic: an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus Laissez-Faire: an individual who leads by being highly permissive Leadership Styles in Changing Situations
20. Group Dynamics Power of Peer Pressure—Asch Experiment Study on Conformity Page 171 Power of Authority—Milgram Experiment Administering Shocks Page 172
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22. Groupthink - Global Consequences Groupthink: a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer; to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of diloyalty Page 173 ex. NASA , Roosevelt
