Lect 4

Date: 14th November, 2009
Application of GIS/ RS in Disaster/ Hazards Management2. Sources of Spatial Data
Facilitated By:
Muhammad Qadeer

Geographic Information System…
It is simply geography + Information 
It tells you what is where and helps you for better and informed decisions
+
=

Why Use GIS for Disaster Management
Most of the data requirements of disaster management are of spatial nature
All phases of disaster or emergency management require variety of data sets from variety of sources
At planning stages, we need to know what is lying where, in what condition and what are their associated vulnerabilities
For planning, we need to quantify what is the level of risk of various hazards and what are the elements at risk in any particular area i.e. a district
During emergency, its critical to have right data at right time

GIS in Emergency Management Phases
Emergency management programs begin with locating and identifying potential emergency problems. Using a GIS, officials can pinpoint hazards and begin to evaluate the consequences of potential emergencies or disasters.
When hazards are viewed with other map data, emergency management officials can begin to formulate mitigation, preparedness, response, and possible recovery needs.
GIS can highlight the elements at risk very easily and effectively. Public safety personnel can focus on where mitigation efforts will be necessary, where preparedness efforts must be focused, where response efforts must be strengthened, and the type of recovery efforts that may be necessary. Before an effective emergency management program can be implemented, thorough analysis and planning must be done. GIS facilitates this process by allowing planners to view the appropriate combinations of spatial data through computer-generated maps.

Applications of GIS in Disaster Management
Preparation and validation of baseline data of geographical locations of project area and settlements
Preparation of Hazard Maps
Vulnerability assessment
Risk Prediction and Estimation of Loss
Overall Working Area
Location of Human Settlements in Dist. Rajanpur

Applications of GIS in Disaster Management
Vulnerability assessment Maps
Risk Prediction and Estimation of Loss
Information Dissemination

Some Advanced Application may include:
Simulations and Modeling
Logistics Management
Shortest and optimum routing

Common Datasets Required
Administrative boundaries; provinces, districts and tehsils (union councils if needed), vector data
Human and Situation Data, location of settlements, hazardous locations, potential of risk and elements at risk including fields, crops, social infrastructure and buildings i.e. roads and schools
Satellite images, satellite and aerial photographs showing active river basins and other land-use features on earth
Pragmatic/Thematic Data, location of hazard by category and their severity

Costs Involved
GIS development always involves huge costs; it need costly software and sophisticated machines…
The above statement is nothing more than a myth
Concept of open source GIS for DM is rapidly emerging now a days and most of the raster and GIS datasets are available free of cost.
The need is to learn and explore where we can get right data at right cost and how sensibly that RAW data can be used for creating valued product after processing
Some of the required vector and raster data sets can be collected freely just through a fast internet connection while other might cost 10-25$ per sq.km

Costs Involved
There are various free software packages of GIS available which can meet our needs well, but more professional range from US$ 3800 for ArcView to US$16000 for ArcInfo.

Facilitated By:
Muhammad Qadeer
Sources of Spatial Data
Date: 14th November, 2009
Courtesy:
Dr. Norman Kerle (ITC)

Contents

How do I go about getting data??

Is it that easy???

Identify data type needed (depends on questionsasked; e.g. images, maps, GIS, etc.)
Identification of suitable data is, of course, reliant on your understanding of both the problem at hand, as well as geo information science
You have to understand fully what information you require to answer given questions, what data source can provide it, and how you can extract it from raw data, and also how to combine that information with other data sources
Realise that vast amounts of data exist in archives and are captured by different sensors every day; at the same time we have to deal with an increasing number of data (and sensor) types
Your understanding of the scientific and technical issues also allows you to decide the (I) date of acquisition and (II) number of datasets in question

Identify possible cost
Some spatial data can be obtained for free, others are very expensive
The overall cost depends on several aspects:
Data type and extent of study area
Number of datasets (e.g. need for repeat datasets)
Need for raw or processed (value-added) data
Availability of reference data (e.g. existing GIS databases)
Need for use of commercial image data (Landsat, Ikonos, Quickbird, etc.)
Need for rapid custom image acquisition
Need for ground crews for collection of additional information
Need for outside special resources (experts, databases, etc.)

Identify relevant source and search for appropriate data
The multitude of available catalogues makes this difficult
Different data types tend to be distributed by different sources
Some issues:
Raw image data vs. thematic data (e.g. vegetation indices), catalogues for both (e.g thematic information based on geoinformatics [“disaster databases”]
Global vs. regional vs. local data
Sensor type: satellite vs. airborne vs. ground-based
Raster data (images) vs. vector data
Specific data types, such as laser scanning data or digital elevation data (DEM)

Free Data
There are many free datasets available
Rule-of-thumb is that cost goes up with increasing spatial resolution of image data, and with detail of auxiliary datasets (maps, GIS layers)
Government-owned sensors are more likely to provide free (or cheap) data
Cost tends to go down with age of the data
Also try governmental agencies or NGOs in your country for data
Educational facilities sometimes get access to free data (e.g. ASTER) – scope for collaboration?
Let’s look at some sources of free data (though keep in mind that the list is not complete)

30 m resolution for the whole world
GASTER- DEM

4. ASTER - Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
Flying on board of TERRA since 1999
Excellent 15-channel data
Free for educational use!
Description at http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/
Best place to get data is the Earth Observing System Data Gateway (you also get many other data types there)
ASTER data can also be used to create digital elevation models (vertical accuracy of approximately 25 meters, under some circumstances 11 meters)
On how to so that, see http://www.pcigeomatics.com/support_center/tech_papers/dem_aster.pdf
Data access: http://edcimswww.cr.usgs.gov/pub/imswelcome/

You can also check on GLOVIS: http://glovis.usgs.gov/

Data Preview

5. MODIS - Moderate Resolution ImagingSpectroradiometer
Flying on board of TERRA and AQUA
36 channels, acquiring data in different spatial resolutions (250, 500 and 1000 m) – excellent for synoptic/regional studies (2330 km) (flooding, forest fires)
Description at http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov
Best place to get data is also the Earth Observing System Data Gateway, also for free!
Produce a whole suite of standard products, though mostly for vegetation mapping (see http://modisland.gsfc.nasa.gov/products/products.asp?ProdFamID=6, http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/modis/dataproducts.asp)

6. Landsat MSS/TM data – 35 years of data

Alternatively: USGS Earth Explorer
http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov

7. SPOT Vegetation
SPOT - Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre
Launched in March 1998, altitude of 820 km
Wide swath of 2200 km, and resolution of 1.165 km
Observes the entire Earth every day
Has an additional band to the standard MS sensor (0.43 to 0.47μm) http://www.spot-vegetation.com/

SPOT - Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre
Free SPOT Vegetation products can be obtained from http://free.vgt.vito.be/
However, these are archived data that are at least 3 months old
More recent data are available directly from SPOT

Other Sources

MODIS Images for whole Pakistan (250 m resolution)
http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/subsets/

GeoCover2000 Data for whole Pakistan https://zulu.ssc.nasa.gov/mrsid/mrsid.pl

Vector datasets for world continents,
Regions,
Countries,
2nd Level Administration Boundaries,
Islands,
Major Rivers & lakes,
Time Zones,
Lat/Long and UTM Zones http://maptube.cas.sc.edu/zipped/geog/world/maj_lakes.ziphttp://maptube.cas.sc.edu/zipped/geog/world/maj_rivers.ziphttp://maptube.cas.sc.edu/zipped/geog/world/latlong30.ziphttp://maptube.cas.sc.edu/zipped/geog/world/latlong2_5.ziphttp://maptube.cas.sc.edu/zipped/geog/world/countries.ziphttp://maptube.cas.sc.edu/zipped/geog/world/continents.ziphttp://www.cipotato.org/diva/data/misc/world_adm0.zip

World gazetteer of airports and its vector data of locations http://maptube.cas.sc.edu/zipped/geog/world/airports.zip
Gazetteer of more than 188000 populated places around the globe with coordinates http://world-gazetteer.com/http://world-gazetteer.com/dataen.zip

Vector datasets
Thematic layers of :
Roads,
Railways,
Water bodies,
Administration boundaries http://biogeo.berkeley.edu/bgm/gdata.php

Pakistan GIS
http://pakgis.blogspot.com
Various raster and vector datasets only for Pakistan
You need to send them the justification for the utilization of data and they will provide you the required data free of cost
PKMaps
http://pkmaps.freeforums.org
Free of cost street level maps of cities
GPS routable maps
Continuously additions are made

In Summary
There are many sources for geo-data
Many datasets are free of charge, others are very expensive
For many applications and research questions, different datasets can be used, and much money can be saved by choosing the cheapest option
If your application does not require the most current data, check for cheaper archived data
Check with other governmental agencies or organization you have contacts with for already available data
Look into options to get discounts (e.g. for educational use, as PI for data validation, etc.)
The overview presented here is not exhaustive, there are many more sources of geo-data

Lect 4

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