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The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy Efficiency
             Strategies for a Zero Carbon Solution

10TH003
6/10/2010, 7:00:00 AM—8:00:00 AM
The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy Efficiency:



This presentation is protected by US and International
Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and
use of the presentation without written permission of
the speaker is prohibited.




9/11/07 7:53                                              2
Session Title: The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy Efficiency
Strategies for a Zero Carbon Solution
Conference Subtheme: Building Design for the New Decade

Core Areas: Building Performance

AIA Member Communities: COTE/Sustainability

Presentation Format: 60 Minute Seminar

Session Code/Number: 10TH003

Program Abstract: Program Abstract:
Architects and designers have a unique opportunity to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions through peak energy efficiency strategies. Emissions
associated with electrical power for occupied buildings account for more than 40% of all Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and lighting along with air-
conditioning account for more than 80% of total electrical load during the afternoon peak. Additionally, peak afternoon generation emissions contain twice the
carbon content of nighttime power. Throughout the United States and the world, the need for additional electricity, generation, transmission and distribution
capacity, is driven by the demand to serve the peak afternoon load. Department of Energy, Energy Administration Agency growth forecasts indicate capacity
demand exceeding total energy growth in the foreseeable future. Consequently, there is an unnecessary increase in demand for new under employable
generator plant construction with associated environmental impacts. Accelerating the expansion of zero-emission renewable solar Photo Voltaic (PV) and wind
power generation increase the amount of clean energy available but is ineffective in serving peak daytime loads. Peak energy efficiency technologies enhance
the value of renewable generation by decreasing energy use during the most polluting electrical generation period while reducing building heat loads that must
be met by peak air-conditioning systems. Increasingly designers and owners of sustainable building programs recognize the collaboration of energy efficiency,
peak reduction, and renewable generation strategies as the most cost effective approach to reducing their carbon footprint. This presentation will explore and
quantify GHG emissions rates for peak and off-peak energy, quantify emissions savings attributable to peak reduction technologies, and demonstrate the most
cost effective approaches peak demand reduction.
The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy
Efficiency:
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include content that
may be deemed or construed to constitute approval, sponsorship
or endorsement by the AIA of any method, product, service,
enterprise or organization. The statements expressed by
speakers, panelists, and other participants reflect their own views
and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of The
American Institute of Architects or of AIA components, or those of
their respective officers, directors, members, employees, or other
organizations, groups or individuals associated with them.
Questions related to specific products and services may be
addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.




9/11/07 7:53                                                          4
Buildings Dominate Power Plant Emissions


                                                                            Half of all Energy related
                                                                            emissions are from buildings




         Most electrical energy generated
         in the US is consumed by
         building systems




        Source: United States Energy Information Administration & Architecture 2030
             http://www.architecture2030.org/current_situation/building_sector.html
             #note
Air Conditioning & Lighting Define Peak

                                                Demand (GW)                            Typical Summer Day Load Profile
                                                50

                                                 45                                                            Residential A/C
                                                         A/C is 35% of
                                                         total energy
                                                 40
                                                                                                             Commercial A/C
                                                         Lighting is 25%
        The cause of rolling                     35
       blackouts and forced                                                                                Commercial Lighting

              interruptions                      30

                                                 25
                                                                                                                  Base load
     Drives the need to build                    20
           new power plants
                                                 15

                                                 10
                                                                               6 a.m.                    12 noon                 6 p.m.



                                                                                                             Source: California Energy Commission



             Peak average, autility,degreetoincrease in Grid Capacity MW increase in peak
                “..on Demand Drives temperature resulted in a 317
               demand for the
                              one
                                     a 1.5 2.5 percent total load increase per degree.”                           California Energy
                 Commission Proposed Load Management Standards Nov. 2008 http://www.energy.ca.gov/2008publications/CEC-400-2008-027/CEC-400-
                 2008-027-CTD.PDF
Air Conditioning Use Sets the Summer Peak

                                                                                                           U.S. Increase in Air Conditioning

                                                                                                    Year   Number of        Percentage        Electricity 
                                                                                                           Households       Households        Consumption 
                                                                                                           with Air         with Air          for Air 
     Twice the Capacity to serve less than
                                                                                                           Conditioning     Conditioning      Conditioning      
     200 Hrs of load
                                                                                                           (million)        (%)               (billion kWh)
                  350
                                                                                                    1978   42.7            56%                  91
  40 GW           300                                                                               1980   46.7            57%                  94
                  250
                                                                                                    1981   48.4            58%                  97
                                                                                                    1982   48.7            58%                  89
  20 GW
    Demand (MW)




                  200


                                                                                                    1984   51.5            60%                  94
                  150

                                                                                                    1987   57.6            64%                  130
                  100
                                                                                                    1990   63.7            68%                  142
                  50
                                                                                                    1993   66.2            68%                  136
                   0                                                                                1997   73.6            73%                  124
                        Jan   Feb   Mar     Apr   May   Jun    Jul   Aug   Sep   Oct   Nov    Dec
                        Jan                                   Jul                            Dec
                                                                                                    2001   80.8            76%                  183
                                                                                                    2005   93.3            84%                  260
                                                                                                                     Source: Energy Information Administration




                                          Source: Unitil
Increasing Peak Demand & Generation Resource Use

   “…while energy usage in the state is growing at 1.25 percent per year, peak
     demand is growing even faster, at 1.35 percent annually.” California
     Energy Action Plan 2008 Update




                                                                                                 Peak demand grows




                                                                                                  Power plant
                                                                                                  utilization declines




              Source: California Energy Commission California Energy Demand 2008–2018, CEC-200-2007-015-SF



                    Driving construction of under-utilized power plants!
Emissions are Highest during Peak in Gas Dominated Districts

       Peak vs. Off-peak CO2 Emission Rate* (Tons/MWh)




                                                     *Southern California Edison Data




                56% lower NOx emission rate during off-peak
                40% lower CO2 greenhouse gas emissions
Environmental First Costs
Site Areas Required for Electric Generation Plants
                                    Generation  Area Required for Utility                                       Weighted Average 
       Fuel Type
                                Technology/Site          Site Operation                                          Acreage per MW
             Coal        Typical U.S. Direct‐Fired  129 hectares/   318.76 acres                                                     165.19
                      Pulverized Coal Boiler plant

       Natural Gas        Integrated Gasification  40.5 hectares/   100.08 acres                                                       19.94
                           Combined Cycle Plant

          Nuclear       Pressurized Reactor Plant                     1814 hectares/ 4482.39                                         982.54
                                                                                       acres
                                                          Source: Storm Van Leeuwen, Jan Willem Construction of a Nuclear Power Plant, 2006

   Land Use for Transmission Line Right of Ways
   • Average mileage required for a new electricity generating unit = 76 miles
   • Average transmission right of way width = 156.25 feet



                          Source: U.S. Department of Energy, The Potential Benefits Of Distributed Generation and Rate-Related Issues That May
                                  Impede Their Expansion: A Study Pursuant To Section 1817 Of The Energy Policy Act Of 2005, February 2007,
                                                                                                   http://www.ferc.gov/legal/fed-sta/exp-study.pdf
Renewable Generation is a Start




 28 States have an RPS
 5 States have a RE Goal
Renewable Generation: Reduces Some Emissions
                              Wind is the most Cost Effective Renewable
                              Resource where available

                              Majority of wind generation is when demand is
                              lowest

                              Only ~ 5% of wind generation is available when
                              needed most




   But is out of phase or -
Solar: Hopelessly Intermittent




                                 1
Energy Management and Storage
The Holy Grails for a Renewable Powered World

    Thermal Energy Storage:
    • Utilizes off-peak efficient power
    • Firms wind generation
    • Reduces Demand for Additional Capacity


    Granular Lighting Energy Management:
    • Bridges the need for lighting and the controllability of
      energy
    • Enables individual controllability

                                  Neither saves energy directly
Range & Potential of Lighting Controls Strategies

    Strategy Employed        Savings Expected

    Smart Scheduling        10-40%

    Daylight Harvesting     5-15%

    Task Tuning             5-20%

    Presence Detection      25-50%

    Personal Control        5-15%

    Demand Management       5%


    Blended Total           40-70%
Wireless Addressable Lighting Controls System
• Luminary type agnostic
• Retrofitable with standard fixtures
• Installable in occupied spaces
System Components
Server Software - User Interface
A Solution to cleanly and efficiently curtail new power plants and accelerate
adoption of Clean Renewable Generation

       Demand (GW)                         Gas Fired Peakers
       50

       45

       40                                                                           Shifting the demand for
       35                                                                           expensive, polluting peak
       30
                                                                                    power to…
       25

       20

       15                                                        Demand (GW)

                                                                 50
       10
                                6 a.m.   12 noon        6 p.m.   45
                                                                 40
                                                                 35
                                         …inexpensive, clean,
                                                                 30
                                  efficient renewable power      25
                                                                 20
                                                                       Wind Power
                                                                 15
“The most efficient and
environmentally responsible plant                                10
you can build is the one that you
don’t build” James E. Rogers, Chairman of
the Edison Electric Institute



                                                                                      6 a.m.   12 noon   6 p.m.
Standard Rooftop Air Conditioner
    Refrigerant based, direct expansion air
    conditioning:
    • Over 55% of Commercial Buildings
    • Over 90% of Residential
    • 78% of all units are 4-5 ton capacity
                                                  500 watt   + 6 kW compressor &
                                 6.5 kW       =   blower     fan




                        5 Ton SEER13 System




                         cool supply air                     warm return air
Hybrid Air Conditioning utilizing Ice Storage
•   Effectively Lossless Distributed Energy Storage
•   1:1 Round Trip Efficiency
•   Automatically stores energy off-peak and dispatches it on peak
•   Industry standard integration, components and form factor


                                  300 watt pump + 500 watt fan                   = 800 watts
                                                                                 (90% Savings)




                                                           “Factory installed”
                                                               Ice-Coil™




                21
Evaluation
 Speakers:
 Paul Kuhlman




9/11/07 7:53    2
Contact Information
Paul Kuhlman AIA
Director – Adura Technologies Inc.
Advisor – Ice Energy Inc.
pkuhlman@aduratech.com
t: 678-907-6815




 9/11/07 7:53                        2

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Environmental benefitspeakenergyefficiency

  • 1. The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy Efficiency Strategies for a Zero Carbon Solution 10TH003 6/10/2010, 7:00:00 AM—8:00:00 AM
  • 2. The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy Efficiency: This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. 9/11/07 7:53 2
  • 3. Session Title: The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy Efficiency Strategies for a Zero Carbon Solution Conference Subtheme: Building Design for the New Decade Core Areas: Building Performance AIA Member Communities: COTE/Sustainability Presentation Format: 60 Minute Seminar Session Code/Number: 10TH003 Program Abstract: Program Abstract: Architects and designers have a unique opportunity to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions through peak energy efficiency strategies. Emissions associated with electrical power for occupied buildings account for more than 40% of all Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and lighting along with air- conditioning account for more than 80% of total electrical load during the afternoon peak. Additionally, peak afternoon generation emissions contain twice the carbon content of nighttime power. Throughout the United States and the world, the need for additional electricity, generation, transmission and distribution capacity, is driven by the demand to serve the peak afternoon load. Department of Energy, Energy Administration Agency growth forecasts indicate capacity demand exceeding total energy growth in the foreseeable future. Consequently, there is an unnecessary increase in demand for new under employable generator plant construction with associated environmental impacts. Accelerating the expansion of zero-emission renewable solar Photo Voltaic (PV) and wind power generation increase the amount of clean energy available but is ineffective in serving peak daytime loads. Peak energy efficiency technologies enhance the value of renewable generation by decreasing energy use during the most polluting electrical generation period while reducing building heat loads that must be met by peak air-conditioning systems. Increasingly designers and owners of sustainable building programs recognize the collaboration of energy efficiency, peak reduction, and renewable generation strategies as the most cost effective approach to reducing their carbon footprint. This presentation will explore and quantify GHG emissions rates for peak and off-peak energy, quantify emissions savings attributable to peak reduction technologies, and demonstrate the most cost effective approaches peak demand reduction.
  • 4. The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy Efficiency: This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to constitute approval, sponsorship or endorsement by the AIA of any method, product, service, enterprise or organization. The statements expressed by speakers, panelists, and other participants reflect their own views and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of The American Institute of Architects or of AIA components, or those of their respective officers, directors, members, employees, or other organizations, groups or individuals associated with them. Questions related to specific products and services may be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. 9/11/07 7:53 4
  • 5. Buildings Dominate Power Plant Emissions Half of all Energy related emissions are from buildings Most electrical energy generated in the US is consumed by building systems Source: United States Energy Information Administration & Architecture 2030 http://www.architecture2030.org/current_situation/building_sector.html #note
  • 6. Air Conditioning & Lighting Define Peak Demand (GW) Typical Summer Day Load Profile 50 45 Residential A/C A/C is 35% of total energy 40 Commercial A/C Lighting is 25% The cause of rolling 35 blackouts and forced Commercial Lighting interruptions 30 25 Base load Drives the need to build 20 new power plants 15 10 6 a.m. 12 noon 6 p.m. Source: California Energy Commission Peak average, autility,degreetoincrease in Grid Capacity MW increase in peak “..on Demand Drives temperature resulted in a 317 demand for the one a 1.5 2.5 percent total load increase per degree.” California Energy Commission Proposed Load Management Standards Nov. 2008 http://www.energy.ca.gov/2008publications/CEC-400-2008-027/CEC-400- 2008-027-CTD.PDF
  • 7. Air Conditioning Use Sets the Summer Peak U.S. Increase in Air Conditioning Year Number of  Percentage  Electricity  Households  Households  Consumption  with Air  with Air  for Air  Twice the Capacity to serve less than Conditioning  Conditioning  Conditioning       200 Hrs of load (million) (%) (billion kWh) 350 1978 42.7 56% 91 40 GW 300 1980 46.7 57% 94 250 1981 48.4 58% 97 1982 48.7 58% 89 20 GW Demand (MW) 200 1984 51.5 60% 94 150 1987 57.6 64% 130 100 1990 63.7 68% 142 50 1993 66.2 68% 136 0 1997 73.6 73% 124 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Jul Dec 2001 80.8 76% 183 2005 93.3 84% 260 Source: Energy Information Administration Source: Unitil
  • 8. Increasing Peak Demand & Generation Resource Use “…while energy usage in the state is growing at 1.25 percent per year, peak demand is growing even faster, at 1.35 percent annually.” California Energy Action Plan 2008 Update Peak demand grows Power plant utilization declines Source: California Energy Commission California Energy Demand 2008–2018, CEC-200-2007-015-SF Driving construction of under-utilized power plants!
  • 9. Emissions are Highest during Peak in Gas Dominated Districts Peak vs. Off-peak CO2 Emission Rate* (Tons/MWh) *Southern California Edison Data 56% lower NOx emission rate during off-peak 40% lower CO2 greenhouse gas emissions
  • 10. Environmental First Costs Site Areas Required for Electric Generation Plants Generation  Area Required for Utility  Weighted Average  Fuel Type Technology/Site Site Operation Acreage per MW Coal Typical U.S. Direct‐Fired  129 hectares/   318.76 acres 165.19 Pulverized Coal Boiler plant Natural Gas Integrated Gasification  40.5 hectares/   100.08 acres 19.94 Combined Cycle Plant Nuclear Pressurized Reactor Plant 1814 hectares/ 4482.39  982.54 acres Source: Storm Van Leeuwen, Jan Willem Construction of a Nuclear Power Plant, 2006 Land Use for Transmission Line Right of Ways • Average mileage required for a new electricity generating unit = 76 miles • Average transmission right of way width = 156.25 feet Source: U.S. Department of Energy, The Potential Benefits Of Distributed Generation and Rate-Related Issues That May Impede Their Expansion: A Study Pursuant To Section 1817 Of The Energy Policy Act Of 2005, February 2007, http://www.ferc.gov/legal/fed-sta/exp-study.pdf
  • 11. Renewable Generation is a Start 28 States have an RPS 5 States have a RE Goal
  • 12. Renewable Generation: Reduces Some Emissions Wind is the most Cost Effective Renewable Resource where available Majority of wind generation is when demand is lowest Only ~ 5% of wind generation is available when needed most But is out of phase or -
  • 14. Energy Management and Storage The Holy Grails for a Renewable Powered World Thermal Energy Storage: • Utilizes off-peak efficient power • Firms wind generation • Reduces Demand for Additional Capacity Granular Lighting Energy Management: • Bridges the need for lighting and the controllability of energy • Enables individual controllability Neither saves energy directly
  • 15. Range & Potential of Lighting Controls Strategies Strategy Employed Savings Expected Smart Scheduling 10-40% Daylight Harvesting 5-15% Task Tuning 5-20% Presence Detection 25-50% Personal Control 5-15% Demand Management 5% Blended Total 40-70%
  • 16. Wireless Addressable Lighting Controls System • Luminary type agnostic • Retrofitable with standard fixtures • Installable in occupied spaces
  • 18. Server Software - User Interface
  • 19. A Solution to cleanly and efficiently curtail new power plants and accelerate adoption of Clean Renewable Generation Demand (GW) Gas Fired Peakers 50 45 40 Shifting the demand for 35 expensive, polluting peak 30 power to… 25 20 15 Demand (GW) 50 10 6 a.m. 12 noon 6 p.m. 45 40 35 …inexpensive, clean, 30 efficient renewable power 25 20 Wind Power 15 “The most efficient and environmentally responsible plant 10 you can build is the one that you don’t build” James E. Rogers, Chairman of the Edison Electric Institute 6 a.m. 12 noon 6 p.m.
  • 20. Standard Rooftop Air Conditioner Refrigerant based, direct expansion air conditioning: • Over 55% of Commercial Buildings • Over 90% of Residential • 78% of all units are 4-5 ton capacity 500 watt + 6 kW compressor & 6.5 kW = blower fan 5 Ton SEER13 System cool supply air warm return air
  • 21. Hybrid Air Conditioning utilizing Ice Storage • Effectively Lossless Distributed Energy Storage • 1:1 Round Trip Efficiency • Automatically stores energy off-peak and dispatches it on peak • Industry standard integration, components and form factor 300 watt pump + 500 watt fan = 800 watts (90% Savings) “Factory installed” Ice-Coil™ 21
  • 22. Evaluation Speakers: Paul Kuhlman 9/11/07 7:53 2
  • 23. Contact Information Paul Kuhlman AIA Director – Adura Technologies Inc. Advisor – Ice Energy Inc. pkuhlman@aduratech.com t: 678-907-6815 9/11/07 7:53 2