Slide presentation from the AIA National conference May 2010 on the environmental impacts of peak energy use and mitigation strategies in building energy use.
1. The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy Efficiency
Strategies for a Zero Carbon Solution
10TH003
6/10/2010, 7:00:00 AM—8:00:00 AM
2. The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy Efficiency:
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3. Session Title: The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy Efficiency
Strategies for a Zero Carbon Solution
Conference Subtheme: Building Design for the New Decade
Core Areas: Building Performance
AIA Member Communities: COTE/Sustainability
Presentation Format: 60 Minute Seminar
Session Code/Number: 10TH003
Program Abstract: Program Abstract:
Architects and designers have a unique opportunity to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions through peak energy efficiency strategies. Emissions
associated with electrical power for occupied buildings account for more than 40% of all Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and lighting along with air-
conditioning account for more than 80% of total electrical load during the afternoon peak. Additionally, peak afternoon generation emissions contain twice the
carbon content of nighttime power. Throughout the United States and the world, the need for additional electricity, generation, transmission and distribution
capacity, is driven by the demand to serve the peak afternoon load. Department of Energy, Energy Administration Agency growth forecasts indicate capacity
demand exceeding total energy growth in the foreseeable future. Consequently, there is an unnecessary increase in demand for new under employable
generator plant construction with associated environmental impacts. Accelerating the expansion of zero-emission renewable solar Photo Voltaic (PV) and wind
power generation increase the amount of clean energy available but is ineffective in serving peak daytime loads. Peak energy efficiency technologies enhance
the value of renewable generation by decreasing energy use during the most polluting electrical generation period while reducing building heat loads that must
be met by peak air-conditioning systems. Increasingly designers and owners of sustainable building programs recognize the collaboration of energy efficiency,
peak reduction, and renewable generation strategies as the most cost effective approach to reducing their carbon footprint. This presentation will explore and
quantify GHG emissions rates for peak and off-peak energy, quantify emissions savings attributable to peak reduction technologies, and demonstrate the most
cost effective approaches peak demand reduction.
4. The Environmental Benefits of Peak Energy
Efficiency:
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include content that
may be deemed or construed to constitute approval, sponsorship
or endorsement by the AIA of any method, product, service,
enterprise or organization. The statements expressed by
speakers, panelists, and other participants reflect their own views
and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of The
American Institute of Architects or of AIA components, or those of
their respective officers, directors, members, employees, or other
organizations, groups or individuals associated with them.
Questions related to specific products and services may be
addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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5. Buildings Dominate Power Plant Emissions
Half of all Energy related
emissions are from buildings
Most electrical energy generated
in the US is consumed by
building systems
Source: United States Energy Information Administration & Architecture 2030
http://www.architecture2030.org/current_situation/building_sector.html
#note
6. Air Conditioning & Lighting Define Peak
Demand (GW) Typical Summer Day Load Profile
50
45 Residential A/C
A/C is 35% of
total energy
40
Commercial A/C
Lighting is 25%
The cause of rolling 35
blackouts and forced Commercial Lighting
interruptions 30
25
Base load
Drives the need to build 20
new power plants
15
10
6 a.m. 12 noon 6 p.m.
Source: California Energy Commission
Peak average, autility,degreetoincrease in Grid Capacity MW increase in peak
“..on Demand Drives temperature resulted in a 317
demand for the
one
a 1.5 2.5 percent total load increase per degree.” California Energy
Commission Proposed Load Management Standards Nov. 2008 http://www.energy.ca.gov/2008publications/CEC-400-2008-027/CEC-400-
2008-027-CTD.PDF
7. Air Conditioning Use Sets the Summer Peak
U.S. Increase in Air Conditioning
Year Number of Percentage Electricity
Households Households Consumption
with Air with Air for Air
Twice the Capacity to serve less than
Conditioning Conditioning Conditioning
200 Hrs of load
(million) (%) (billion kWh)
350
1978 42.7 56% 91
40 GW 300 1980 46.7 57% 94
250
1981 48.4 58% 97
1982 48.7 58% 89
20 GW
Demand (MW)
200
1984 51.5 60% 94
150
1987 57.6 64% 130
100
1990 63.7 68% 142
50
1993 66.2 68% 136
0 1997 73.6 73% 124
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jan Jul Dec
2001 80.8 76% 183
2005 93.3 84% 260
Source: Energy Information Administration
Source: Unitil
8. Increasing Peak Demand & Generation Resource Use
“…while energy usage in the state is growing at 1.25 percent per year, peak
demand is growing even faster, at 1.35 percent annually.” California
Energy Action Plan 2008 Update
Peak demand grows
Power plant
utilization declines
Source: California Energy Commission California Energy Demand 2008–2018, CEC-200-2007-015-SF
Driving construction of under-utilized power plants!
9. Emissions are Highest during Peak in Gas Dominated Districts
Peak vs. Off-peak CO2 Emission Rate* (Tons/MWh)
*Southern California Edison Data
56% lower NOx emission rate during off-peak
40% lower CO2 greenhouse gas emissions
10. Environmental First Costs
Site Areas Required for Electric Generation Plants
Generation Area Required for Utility Weighted Average
Fuel Type
Technology/Site Site Operation Acreage per MW
Coal Typical U.S. Direct‐Fired 129 hectares/ 318.76 acres 165.19
Pulverized Coal Boiler plant
Natural Gas Integrated Gasification 40.5 hectares/ 100.08 acres 19.94
Combined Cycle Plant
Nuclear Pressurized Reactor Plant 1814 hectares/ 4482.39 982.54
acres
Source: Storm Van Leeuwen, Jan Willem Construction of a Nuclear Power Plant, 2006
Land Use for Transmission Line Right of Ways
• Average mileage required for a new electricity generating unit = 76 miles
• Average transmission right of way width = 156.25 feet
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, The Potential Benefits Of Distributed Generation and Rate-Related Issues That May
Impede Their Expansion: A Study Pursuant To Section 1817 Of The Energy Policy Act Of 2005, February 2007,
http://www.ferc.gov/legal/fed-sta/exp-study.pdf
12. Renewable Generation: Reduces Some Emissions
Wind is the most Cost Effective Renewable
Resource where available
Majority of wind generation is when demand is
lowest
Only ~ 5% of wind generation is available when
needed most
But is out of phase or -
14. Energy Management and Storage
The Holy Grails for a Renewable Powered World
Thermal Energy Storage:
• Utilizes off-peak efficient power
• Firms wind generation
• Reduces Demand for Additional Capacity
Granular Lighting Energy Management:
• Bridges the need for lighting and the controllability of
energy
• Enables individual controllability
Neither saves energy directly
15. Range & Potential of Lighting Controls Strategies
Strategy Employed Savings Expected
Smart Scheduling 10-40%
Daylight Harvesting 5-15%
Task Tuning 5-20%
Presence Detection 25-50%
Personal Control 5-15%
Demand Management 5%
Blended Total 40-70%
16. Wireless Addressable Lighting Controls System
• Luminary type agnostic
• Retrofitable with standard fixtures
• Installable in occupied spaces
19. A Solution to cleanly and efficiently curtail new power plants and accelerate
adoption of Clean Renewable Generation
Demand (GW) Gas Fired Peakers
50
45
40 Shifting the demand for
35 expensive, polluting peak
30
power to…
25
20
15 Demand (GW)
50
10
6 a.m. 12 noon 6 p.m. 45
40
35
…inexpensive, clean,
30
efficient renewable power 25
20
Wind Power
15
“The most efficient and
environmentally responsible plant 10
you can build is the one that you
don’t build” James E. Rogers, Chairman of
the Edison Electric Institute
6 a.m. 12 noon 6 p.m.
20. Standard Rooftop Air Conditioner
Refrigerant based, direct expansion air
conditioning:
• Over 55% of Commercial Buildings
• Over 90% of Residential
• 78% of all units are 4-5 ton capacity
500 watt + 6 kW compressor &
6.5 kW = blower fan
5 Ton SEER13 System
cool supply air warm return air
21. Hybrid Air Conditioning utilizing Ice Storage
• Effectively Lossless Distributed Energy Storage
• 1:1 Round Trip Efficiency
• Automatically stores energy off-peak and dispatches it on peak
• Industry standard integration, components and form factor
300 watt pump + 500 watt fan = 800 watts
(90% Savings)
“Factory installed”
Ice-Coil™
21
23. Contact Information
Paul Kuhlman AIA
Director – Adura Technologies Inc.
Advisor – Ice Energy Inc.
pkuhlman@aduratech.com
t: 678-907-6815
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