Reductive and Representational Explanation in Synthetic Neuroethology Pete Mandik Assistant Professor of Philosophy Coordinator, Cognitive Science Laboratory William Paterson University, New Jersey

Collaborators Michael Collins, City University of New York Graduate Center Alex Vereschagin, William Paterson University

Michael Collins, City University of New York Graduate Center

Alex Vereschagin, William Paterson University

My Thesis Even for the simplest cases of intelligent behavior, the best explanations are both reductive and representational

Even for the simplest cases of intelligent behavior, the best explanations are both reductive and representational

Overview Mental representation in folk-psychological explanation Mental representation in non-humans The problem of chemotaxis Modeling the neural control of chemotaxis What the representations are

Mental representation in folk-psychological explanation

Mental representation in non-humans

The problem of chemotaxis

Modeling the neural control of chemotaxis

What the representations are

Mental reps in folk-psych George is opening the fridge because: George desires that he drinks some beer George sees that the fridge is in front of him George remembers that he put some beer in the fridge George’s psychological states cause his behavior George’s psychological states have representational content

George is opening the fridge because:

George desires that he drinks some beer

George sees that the fridge is in front of him

George remembers that he put some beer in the fridge

George’s psychological states cause his behavior

George’s psychological states have representational content

Mental reps in non-human animals Rats and maze learning After finding the platform the first time, rats remember its location and can swim straight to it on subsequent trial from novel starting positions. Rats not only represent the location, but compute the shortest path.

Rats and maze learning

After finding the platform the first time, rats remember its location and can swim straight to it on subsequent trial from novel starting positions.

Rats not only represent the location, but compute the shortest path.

Mental reps in non-human animals Ducks’ representation of rate of return Every day two naturalists go out to a pond where some ducks are overwintering and station themselves about 30 yards apart. Each carries a sack of bread chunks. Each day a randomly chosen one of the naturalists throws a chunk every 5 seconds; the other throws every 10 seconds. After a few days experience with this drill, the ducks divide themselves in proportion to the throwing rates; within 1 minute after the onset of throwing, there are twice as many ducks in front of the naturalist that throws at twice the rate of the other. One day, however, the slower thrower throws chunks twice as big. At first the ducks distribute themselves two to one in favor of the faster thrower, but within 5 minutes they are divided fifty-fifty between the two “foraging patches.” … Ducks and other foraging animals can represent rates of return, the number of items per unit time multiplied by the average size of an item. (Gallistel 1990; emphasis mine)

Ducks’ representation of rate of return

Every day two naturalists go out to a pond where some ducks are overwintering and station themselves about 30 yards apart. Each carries a sack of bread chunks. Each day a randomly chosen one of the naturalists throws a chunk every 5 seconds; the other throws every 10 seconds. After a few days experience with this drill, the ducks divide themselves in proportion to the throwing rates; within 1 minute after the onset of throwing, there are twice as many ducks in front of the naturalist that throws at twice the rate of the other. One day, however, the slower thrower throws chunks twice as big. At first the ducks distribute themselves two to one in favor of the faster thrower, but within 5 minutes they are divided fifty-fifty between the two “foraging patches.” … Ducks and other foraging animals can represent rates of return, the number of items per unit time multiplied by the average size of an item.

(Gallistel 1990; emphasis mine)

Positive Chemotaxis Movement toward the source of a chemical stimulus

Movement toward the source of a chemical stimulus

2-D food finding 2-Sensor Chemophile: Steering muscles orient creature toward stimulus Perception of stimulus being to the right fully determined by differential sensor activity Sensors  Brain  Steering Muscles 

2-Sensor Chemophile:

Steering muscles orient creature toward stimulus

Perception of stimulus being to the right fully determined by differential sensor activity

1-D food finding 1- Sensor “Lost” Creature left/right stimulus location underdetermined by sensor activity only proximity perceived Adding memory can help Sensor  Brain  Steering Muscles 

1- Sensor “Lost” Creature

left/right stimulus location underdetermined by sensor activity

only proximity perceived

Adding memory can help

Things to Note: Note that single-sensor gradient navigation is a “representation hungry” problem Note the folk-psychological explanation of how a human would solve the problem Note, in what follows, the resemblance to the explanation of the worm’s solution

Note that single-sensor gradient navigation is a “representation hungry” problem

Note the folk-psychological explanation of how a human would solve the problem

Note, in what follows, the resemblance to the explanation of the worm’s solution

C. Elegans Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis Elegans

C. Elegans

C. Elegans Feree and Lockery (1999). “Computational Rules for Chemotaxis in the Nematode C. Elegans .” Journal of Computational Neuroscience 6, 263-277

Feree and Lockery (1999). “Computational Rules for Chemotaxis in the Nematode C. Elegans .” Journal of Computational Neuroscience 6, 263-277

C. Elegans

C. Elegans

C. Elegans

The Extracted Rule:

Zeroth Order The simulations were run keeping only the terms up to the zeroth order: This rule failed to produce chemotaxis for any initial position.

The simulations were run keeping only the terms up to the zeroth order:

This rule failed to produce chemotaxis for any initial position.

First Order Next the simulations were run keeping all terms up to the first order: This rule accurately reproduced the successful chemotaxis performed by the network model.

Next the simulations were run keeping all terms up to the first order:

This rule accurately reproduced the successful chemotaxis performed by the network model.

Problems Remains open. . . How the network controllers are working What the networks themselves are representing and computing Whether the networks are utilizing memory

Remains open. . .

How the network controllers are working

What the networks themselves are representing and computing

Whether the networks are utilizing memory

Framsticks 3-D Artificial Life simulator By Maciej Komosinski and Szymon Ulatowski Poznan University of Technology, Poland http://www.frams.poznan.pl/

3-D Artificial Life simulator By Maciej Komosinski

and Szymon Ulatowski

Poznan University of Technology, Poland

http://www.frams.poznan.pl/

Framsticks

Framsticks nematodes

Memory in Chemotaxis Experimental Set Up 3 orientation networks: Feed-forward, Recurrent, and Blind five runs each, for 240 million steps mutations allowed only for neural weights fitness defined as lifetime distance Initial weights: Evolved CPGs with un-evolved (zero weights) orienting networks

Experimental Set Up

3 orientation networks: Feed-forward, Recurrent, and Blind

five runs each, for 240 million steps

mutations allowed only for neural weights

fitness defined as lifetime distance

Initial weights: Evolved CPGs with un-evolved (zero weights) orienting networks

Results

What the representations are States of neural activation isomorphic to and causally correlated with environmental states Sensory states Memory states Motor-command states

States of neural activation isomorphic to and causally correlated with environmental states

Sensory states

Memory states

Motor-command states

Representation and Isomorphism Isomorphism One to one mapping between structures structure = set of elements plus set of relations on those elements

Isomorphism

One to one mapping between structures

structure = set of elements plus set of relations on those elements

Representation and Isomorphism Representation Primarily: a relation between isomorphic structures Secondarily: a relation between elements and/or relations in one structure and those in another

Representation

Primarily: a relation between isomorphic structures

Secondarily: a relation between elements and/or relations in one structure and those in another

Isomorphisms between multiple structures Which of the many structures a given structure is isomorphic to, does a given structure represent? The range of choices will be narrowed by the causal networks the structure is embedded in

Which of the many structures a given structure is isomorphic to, does a given structure represent?

The range of choices will be narrowed by the causal networks the structure is embedded in

For further investigation States of desire/motivation Clearer in models of action selection, not intrinsic to the stimulus orientation networks Modeling representational error and falsity Error and falsity are distinct, but this is clearer in non assertoric attitudes

States of desire/motivation

Clearer in models of action selection, not intrinsic to the stimulus orientation networks

Modeling representational error and falsity

Error and falsity are distinct, but this is clearer in non assertoric attitudes

Summing up Single-sensor chemotaxis is a “representation hungry” problem Even explanations of adaptive behaviors as simple as chemotaxis benefit from psychological state ascriptions

Single-sensor chemotaxis is a “representation hungry” problem

Even explanations of adaptive behaviors as simple as chemotaxis benefit from psychological state ascriptions

Summing up The psychological states in question are identical to neural states The neural states in question are causally explanatory of intelligent behavior in virtue of isomorphisms between structures of neural activations and structures of environmental features

The psychological states in question are identical to neural states

The neural states in question are causally explanatory of intelligent behavior in virtue of isomorphisms between structures of neural activations and structures of environmental features

Summing up Therefore… Even for the simplest cases of intelligent behavior, the best explanations are both reductive and representational

Therefore…

Even for the simplest cases of intelligent behavior, the best explanations are both reductive and representational

THE END

THE END