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Findings from the Knowledge, Attitude,
               Perception (KAP) Analysis
                               Clare Narrod, on behalf of the team

                     IFPRI: M. Tiongco, R. Scott, and W. Collier
                CIMMYT: H. De Groote , J. Hellin, S. Kimenju, B. Munyua
                                   KARI: C. Bett

International Food Policy Research Institute           Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
International Center for the Improvement of Maize      ACDI/VOCA/Kenya Maize Development Program
and Wheat                                              Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-   Institut d’Economie Rurale
Arid Tropics                                           The Eastern Africa Grain Council
University of Pittsburgh
   Knowledge: the degree of factual understanding of
    the topic and associated issues.

   Attitude and perceptions: feelings toward the
    subject, including judgment of its importance and
    influence on people’s lives.

   Practices: current actions taken as a result of the
    knowledge, attitude and perception toward the
    issues.
   Evaluate the effectiveness of
    information campaigns – assist
    policymakers in customizing
    educational programs .




                                     Flyer from Eastern Kenya
   Knowledge of Attributes of Aflatoxin exposure (i.e. human health
    symptoms such as stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, etc.).
   Knowledge of Causes (Moisture) of Aflatoxin exposure (e.g.
    wetness in piles of harvested maize, poor storage condition,
    dampness in storage place, improper drying, etc.).
   Attitude (Reaction) about Aflatoxin safety (i.e. farmers’ attitude
    towards potential outbreaks in their village).
   Perception of Risk (i.e. understanding risks of storing wet maize,
    buying maize from local markets, insect/pest damage, etc.).
   Actions (Container) (i.e. using storage practices that avoid
    Aflatoxin such as maintaining humidity and cleanliness in storage).
LT




     Dry
Findings from the KAP analysis
Frequency   Percentage
Local Language Radio         197       40.4%
Kiswahili Radio              118       24.2%
Extension Officer             65       13.3%
Neighbor                      37        7.6%
TV                            26        5.3%
English Radio                 13        2.7%
School                        12        2.5%
Newspaper                      8        1.6%
Chief Council                  6        1.2%
Health Worker                  2        0.4%
Church                         1        0.2%
Buyers/Traders                 3        0.6%
Note: Percentages are of respondents who had heard of aflatoxin (n=488),
total sample size (n=1343).
Findings from the KAP analysis
Knowledge         Knowledge Attitude            Perception Action
VARIABLES               Attributes Afla moisture       Reaction         risk           container
Female                               0.02        -0.45             0.08           0.11      0.004
Education of hh                     -0.28        -0.25        0.66***        0.48***         -0.03
Number of children <5                0.15        -0.09             0.05           0.01        0.1*
Head's prim non-Ag                  -0.23        -0.82             0.04        -0.005        -0.02
Wealth                              -0.01         0.11        0.18***        0.14***        0.002
Land owned                          -0.19       0.013              0.05           0.03       -0.08
HH selling maize                    -0.05        -0.27            -0.06           0.05       -0.13
dry transitional                -2.6***       -5.5***         1.54***        1.18***         -0.26
dry mid-altitudes                 -1.07*     -6.09***         1.84***         1.3***         -0.36
moist mid-altitudes            -1.48***      -5.39***           -0.72*       -0.89**        0.036
moist transitional             -1.32***      -4.82***              0.07          -0.06     -0.089
high tropics                   -1.90***      -4.52***            0.008           -0.06        0.12
Constant                        -1.73**       9.21***        -2.71***       -2.75***      -0.64**
Observations                       1,042        1,042            1,042          1,042       1,042
chi2                               23.56         1440            153.4          182.6       22.07
pval                                 0.02         0.00             0.00           0.00        0.04
Log Lik                              -121       -1032           -630.3         -468.9      -661.3
BIC                                -6992        -7100            -6607          -6790       -6740
AIC                                0.257        2.005            1.235          0.925       1.294
   Higher education has a positive effect on perception of risk associated with
    storing wet maize, buying from local markets as well as farmers’ attitude towards
    potential outbreaks in their village

   Farm size is not correlated with farmers’ actions to prevent and reduce aflatoxin
    risks at the farm level using containers.

   Wealth is positively associated with farmers reaction (attitudes) to aflatoxin in
    their village and perception of risks associated with storing wet maize, buying
    maize from local markets, insect/pest damage.

   In the dry transitional area where the 2004 outbreaks occurred, the effects on the
    perception of risk of aflatoxin and attitudes to aflatoxin safety is expected.

   Number of children under 5 had a positive and significant effect on actions to
    prevent and reduce aflatoxin risks at the farm level.
   Social networks
     What is the effect of social network on knowledge of aflatoxin ?
     Which networks has the most influence in the disseminating knowledge?
     How can networks be useful in turning them to correct actions?

   Aflatoxin prevalence
     Does KAP on aflatoxin influence prevalence levels?

   Future work -Impact of education/radio campaigns
     Randomized controls and see what factors altered KAP indices and aflatoxin
      levels

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Findings from the KAP analysis

  • 1. Findings from the Knowledge, Attitude, Perception (KAP) Analysis Clare Narrod, on behalf of the team IFPRI: M. Tiongco, R. Scott, and W. Collier CIMMYT: H. De Groote , J. Hellin, S. Kimenju, B. Munyua KARI: C. Bett International Food Policy Research Institute Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences International Center for the Improvement of Maize ACDI/VOCA/Kenya Maize Development Program and Wheat Kenya Agricultural Research Institute International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Institut d’Economie Rurale Arid Tropics The Eastern Africa Grain Council University of Pittsburgh
  • 2. Knowledge: the degree of factual understanding of the topic and associated issues.  Attitude and perceptions: feelings toward the subject, including judgment of its importance and influence on people’s lives.  Practices: current actions taken as a result of the knowledge, attitude and perception toward the issues.
  • 3. Evaluate the effectiveness of information campaigns – assist policymakers in customizing educational programs . Flyer from Eastern Kenya
  • 4. Knowledge of Attributes of Aflatoxin exposure (i.e. human health symptoms such as stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, etc.).  Knowledge of Causes (Moisture) of Aflatoxin exposure (e.g. wetness in piles of harvested maize, poor storage condition, dampness in storage place, improper drying, etc.).  Attitude (Reaction) about Aflatoxin safety (i.e. farmers’ attitude towards potential outbreaks in their village).  Perception of Risk (i.e. understanding risks of storing wet maize, buying maize from local markets, insect/pest damage, etc.).  Actions (Container) (i.e. using storage practices that avoid Aflatoxin such as maintaining humidity and cleanliness in storage).
  • 5. LT Dry
  • 7. Frequency Percentage Local Language Radio 197 40.4% Kiswahili Radio 118 24.2% Extension Officer 65 13.3% Neighbor 37 7.6% TV 26 5.3% English Radio 13 2.7% School 12 2.5% Newspaper 8 1.6% Chief Council 6 1.2% Health Worker 2 0.4% Church 1 0.2% Buyers/Traders 3 0.6% Note: Percentages are of respondents who had heard of aflatoxin (n=488), total sample size (n=1343).
  • 9. Knowledge Knowledge Attitude Perception Action VARIABLES Attributes Afla moisture Reaction risk container Female 0.02 -0.45 0.08 0.11 0.004 Education of hh -0.28 -0.25 0.66*** 0.48*** -0.03 Number of children <5 0.15 -0.09 0.05 0.01 0.1* Head's prim non-Ag -0.23 -0.82 0.04 -0.005 -0.02 Wealth -0.01 0.11 0.18*** 0.14*** 0.002 Land owned -0.19 0.013 0.05 0.03 -0.08 HH selling maize -0.05 -0.27 -0.06 0.05 -0.13 dry transitional -2.6*** -5.5*** 1.54*** 1.18*** -0.26 dry mid-altitudes -1.07* -6.09*** 1.84*** 1.3*** -0.36 moist mid-altitudes -1.48*** -5.39*** -0.72* -0.89** 0.036 moist transitional -1.32*** -4.82*** 0.07 -0.06 -0.089 high tropics -1.90*** -4.52*** 0.008 -0.06 0.12 Constant -1.73** 9.21*** -2.71*** -2.75*** -0.64** Observations 1,042 1,042 1,042 1,042 1,042 chi2 23.56 1440 153.4 182.6 22.07 pval 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 Log Lik -121 -1032 -630.3 -468.9 -661.3 BIC -6992 -7100 -6607 -6790 -6740 AIC 0.257 2.005 1.235 0.925 1.294
  • 10. Higher education has a positive effect on perception of risk associated with storing wet maize, buying from local markets as well as farmers’ attitude towards potential outbreaks in their village  Farm size is not correlated with farmers’ actions to prevent and reduce aflatoxin risks at the farm level using containers.  Wealth is positively associated with farmers reaction (attitudes) to aflatoxin in their village and perception of risks associated with storing wet maize, buying maize from local markets, insect/pest damage.  In the dry transitional area where the 2004 outbreaks occurred, the effects on the perception of risk of aflatoxin and attitudes to aflatoxin safety is expected.  Number of children under 5 had a positive and significant effect on actions to prevent and reduce aflatoxin risks at the farm level.
  • 11. Social networks  What is the effect of social network on knowledge of aflatoxin ?  Which networks has the most influence in the disseminating knowledge?  How can networks be useful in turning them to correct actions?  Aflatoxin prevalence  Does KAP on aflatoxin influence prevalence levels?  Future work -Impact of education/radio campaigns  Randomized controls and see what factors altered KAP indices and aflatoxin levels