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Slide 1: Medicine Through Time By Miss Norton www.SchoolHistory.co.uk

Slide 2: What are factors? • Factors are the causes that have made things happen in the history of medicine. • They are different influences on the development of medicine. • Each factor plays an important role in medicine’s changes over time. • Factors can help or hinder change.

Slide 3: How do factors work? • Almost always the factors work together to produce or prevent development in medicine. • Although we will examine them separately remember that it would be very unusual for a single factor to alter the history of medicine.

Slide 4: How do we examine factors? • Identify the factors - see how they worked together - examine which was most important, if any. • For example - Penicillin Individuals - Fleming, Florey and Chain Second World War Chance - the The need for an discovery of antibiotic mould!

Slide 5: So what factors play a part in Medicine? • Warfare • Governments • Religion • Chance • Individuals

Slide 6: Warfare • War increased the need for medicine - without effective medicine there would be no army to fight! Roman army hospitals Paré’s ointment and ligatures Nightingale and the conditions in hospitals Penicillin X-rays & Skin grafts

Slide 7: Governments • A government needs to get involved in medicine if it wants to stay in power. • Public Health means health for all, controlled by the government. Romans - aqueducts, baths Medieval towns - 19th Century - Public Health Plague act Mass vaccinations Industrial Cities - cholera, typhoid, 1948 Start of NHS high death rates

Slide 8: Religion It spread ideas and education Provided care for the Prevented dissection needy Prevented new ideas Kept the ideas of Galen as Galen’s fitted the Churches teachings Some helped as they were called by God Dissection allowed around 1400 - Protestantism began

Slide 9: Chance • Chance has played a large role in medicine • What if Pare had not run out of oil? • Pasteur’s work on Chicken cholera was an accident. • What if Fleming had not seen the mould? Or what if he had cleaned up?

Slide 10: Individuals • Hippocrates - father of modern medicine • Galen - Roman creator of medicine for 1500 years. • Vesalius, Pare, Harvey - the new men of the Renaissance

Slide 11: Individuals • Nightingale, Simpson, Lister - nursing, anaesthetic and antiseptic • Koch and Pasteur - where does disease come from? • Fleming, Florey and Chain - penicillin

Slide 12: Other Factors • Communications - new methods of sharing ideas, and of stopping ideas! • Science and Technology - new poor technology prevents advances, new machines, such as microscopes help it • Conservatism - the desire for no change can stop good ideas from spreading

Slide 13: Factors • Factors are essential - without them nothing would happen. • All the factors play a role in medicine, helping and hindering. • In groups examine the following questions - • Which factor do you consider the most important and why? • Which factor advanced medicine the most and why? • Which factor held medicine back and why?