International Workshop on next-generation technologies for Mobile Vehicles’ Air Conditioning by Julius Banks.

1. United Nations Environment
Programme
International Workshop on next-
generation technologies for
Mobile Vehicles’ Air Conditioning
June 8, 2010
Julius Banks
U.S EPA
Office of Air and Radiation
Stratospheric Protection Division

2. Welcome
Julius Banks
Team Lead Refrigerant Recycling and Recovery
Regulatory Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Radiation; Stratospheric Protection
Division
www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html
banks.julius@epa.gov; (202) 343-9870

3. Scope of Briefing
 Overview of EPA’s Ozone Layer Protection
Program
 U.S. transition from ODS in motor vehicle
air conditioning
 Regulatory Framework
 MVAC transition in U.S.
 HFC reductions via voluntary initiatives
 Future alternatives in Ref A/C sectors?

4. Global Warming Potential (GWP)
of ODS Emissions
World Avoided
(2-3%/yr growth) 2010: MP will have reduced net*
GWP-weightedt emissions 5-6
times the reduction target of
Kyoto’s first commitment period
*Net offsets for ozone depletion and
ODS substitutes, approximately 3.9
G. Velders et al., PNAS, 2007
GtCO2-eqyr-1, not shown. t100-yr GWPs.

5. 2007 Montreal Protocol Agreement Added Significant
Climate Protection
With U.S. leadership, Parties agreed to more
aggressive phaseout for ozone-depleting
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
Overall, dramatic HCFC reductions 2010-2040
compared to prior commitments, strengthening
ozone layer protection
Climate benefit 2010-2040: 3,000-16,000 MMTCO2E
 Approximate midpoint is equivalent to eliminating climate
emissions from 50% of all U.S. passenger cars each year for
next 30 years

6. Montreal Protocol Caused Switches to New
Chemicals With Significant Environmental Benefits
2,500
2,000 U.S. Consumption
Million Metric Tons CO 2 Equivalent
1,500 ODS Other
1,000
ODS Ref/AC
500 Service HFC Ref/AC
Service
HFC Other
ODS Ref/AC New
HFC Ref/AC New
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030

7. Regulatory Considerations
 Ban on new manufacture or import of CFC-12
 Tax on stockpiles of virgin CFCs
 Listing of acceptable refrigerants in MACs
 Technician certification mandate
 Approval process for trade organizations
 Listing of programs
 Certification by service shops
 Sales Restriction mandate
 Recovery/Recycling mandate
 Ban on sale of recovery equipment
 3rd party testing by UL and ETL
 Prohibition on sale of used refrigerant
 Reclamation industry allows for a smooth transition
 Recovery mandate at MAC end-of-life
 Certification by metal recyclers (shredders)
 Enforcement

8. A/C Credit for GHG Rule
Obama Administration May 19, 2009 GHG
reductions
Combined avg. 250 g CO2/mile by Model Yr.
2016
9% GHG emissions est. from A/C (5%
leakage v. 4% CO2)
SAE J2727 MAC R-134a Refrigerant
Emissions Chart

9. A/C Credit for GHG Rule
A/C Credit = (MaxCredit) * [ 1 - (§86.166-12 Score/AvgImpactE) *
(GWPRefrigerant/1430)]
 “MaxCredit” is a term for the maximum credits that could be
earned by a manufacturer is limited by the choice of refrigerant
and by assumptions regarding maximum achievable leakage
reductions.
 “Score/AvgImpact” is the leakage score of the A/C system as
measured according to the §86.166-12 calculation in units of
g/yr, where the minimum score which is deemed feasible is
fixed.
 “AvgImpact” is the annual average impact of A/C leakage.
 “GWP defined by EPA (or IPCC).

10. A/C Credit for GHG Rule
R-134a CO2
Cars Trucks Cars Trucks
MaxCredit equation input (grams 12.6 15.6 13.8 17.2
/mile CO2 EQ)
A/C credit maximum (grams /mile 6.3 7.8 13.8 17.2
CO2 EQ)a
§86.166-12 Score AvgImpact 8.3 10.4 8.3 10.4
(grams / HFC year)
Avg Impact (grams / HFC year) 16.6 20.7 16.6 20.7
a IWith electric compressor, value increases to 9.5 and 11.7 for cars and trucks, respectively.

11. Title VI Regulatory Initiatives &
Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership
 SNAP Program
 International standard for ODS alternatives review
 Menu approach not mandate or endorsement of specific alternatives
 Next generation of air conditioning technology- HFO -1234yf
 Component of OTAQ rulemaking on tailpipe emissions reduction
 PMN under TSCA still ongoing
 SNAP review still ongoing
 Sec 608/609 Service Practices to reduce emissions of CFC-12 and HFC-134a
 Work with MACS and SAE to adopt recovery/recycling equipment standards into
regulation
 Adopted MACS training requirements into mandatory technician certification
program
 Mandatory recovery of refrigerant prior to auto shredding or crushing
 MAACPP reduces the environmental impact of mobile air conditioning
 recovery and recycling of CFC-12 and HFC-134a refrigerants
 development of new, environmentally superior air conditioning technologies
 increased cooling efficiency
 improved service procedures
 end-of-life servicing
 MAACPP provided
 Partnership with industry groups
 Research cooperation
 Development and testing of next-generation mobile air conditioning systems, and
 Technical assistance

12. Next Steps
Julius Banks
Team Lead, Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling
Programs
U.S. EPA Office of Air and Radiation, Office of
Atmospheric Programs, Stratospheric Protection
Division
(202) 343-9870
banks.julius@epa.gov
www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html