Marina Voloshina Phys-Math School, Novosibirsk State University, 2008 http://www.slideshare.net/outdoors Cell objects size and number the Cell Inside

A look at the cell in the human scale

1 millimeter (mm) 5 0 average animal cells Cells are very small

20 μ m ( micro meters) 1 micro meter = 10 –6 meter Average human cell

Let’s enlarge the cell to one million times

To the size of a room 20 μ m 20 m

real cell our × 1 000 000 1 micrometer 1 meter 1 nanometer 1 millimeter

Come in! And look around

The walls – cell membrane are very thin. 1 cm only 1 cm

The Nucleus 1 0 m Nucleus – the largest part of the cell

Nuclei of 2 neighbouring cells

5 cm pore 5 cm envelope Chromosomes inside chromosome 20 cm thick

Inside the Nucleus 20 cm thick 2 – 10 m long Chromosomes No = 46 in each human cell

Chromosomes are made of DNA – the information storage molecule The cell brain 2 mm 50 kilometers unfolded DNA of one chromosome

In cell division the nucleus brakes down and chromosomes go out A-A-A !

Chromosomes in cell division

Dividing cell

Back to non-dividing cell A-A-A !

Endoplasmic reticulum – membrane net that fills the whole cell

Endoplasmic reticulum makes proteins, lipids, carbo- hydrates and transport them 5 cm

Mitochondria is the size of a table

But there are hundreds of such « tables » all over the cell

Better to think of mitochondria as a fireplace It produces energy ATP ATP

Bacterial cells are the same size as mitochondria Infection ! Bacteria not allowed

Ribosomes are the smallest organelles in your cell 2 cm

But very important No cell can exist without them Ribosomes make proteins – the “working horses” of cell

If ribosome would be 2 cm then an average protein – just 0.5

The ribosomes are plenty – around 100 000 in the cell

Ribosomes produce proteins – and cytoplasm is crowded with them Cytoplasm: thick like porridge

Some proteins are for internal use. Others are to be secreted outwards proteins

Cell packs them with Golgi Apparatus A size of a bag or rucksack

Many proteins to export -> many bags. 1 – 300 Golgi in different cell types

Some packs stay in the cell - lysosomes 20 cm

Lysosomes are for digestion Digestive enzymes Digestive system

Man has bones and muscles Cell has a cytoskeleton made of protein fibers and tubules

Cytoskeleton 2 cm 0.5 cm

microtubule microfilaments Cytoskeleton

Plant cells up to 100 micrometers = 0.1 mm are larger

some additional srtuctures and have

Thick outer wall membrane, 1 cm 10 cm – meters

Plant cell wall made of cellulose

Chloroplasts for photosynthesis 5 meters 10 – 100 chloroplasts per a plant cell

Photosynthesis Sun light CO 2 from the air All plants and animals exist due to Sun energy fixed in this amazing process Organic matter

You can barely move in plant cell. Most of space is occupied with giant central vacuole Central vacuole

Plant cells of a root

All the measurements we done are × 1 000 000 scale Go out of cell and remember

The end

Links Information on the size of cell organelles http ://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/Tables/8.17.jpg http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_Biology/Introduction/Cell_size http://www.cellbiol.ru/book/kletka/o_kletkah/razmery_kletochnyh_struktur ( russian) Image credits Science photo library http://www.sciencephoto.com/ http:// www.ceraroot.com / eng / pc / education / investigation /

Information on the size of cell organelles

http ://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/Tables/8.17.jpg

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cell_Biology/Introduction/Cell_size

http://www.cellbiol.ru/book/kletka/o_kletkah/razmery_kletochnyh_struktur ( russian)

Image credits

Science photo library http://www.sciencephoto.com/

http:// www.ceraroot.com / eng / pc / education / investigation /