The OSSCube MySQL High Availability Tutorial

MySQL HA Tutorial Presented by – Sonali Minocha and Rakesh Kumar OSSCube

Who Am I?MySQL Cluster Tutorial © OSSCube

Architecture and Organization

What is a Cluster?MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Single MySQL Server Architecture SQL Request MySQL Client MySQL Client MySQL Server Response MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

MySQL Cluster Architecture NDB API Call SQL RequestMySQL Client Partitioning Response Replication Message Response Data Nodes SQL Node (MySQL server) MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Components of MySQL ClusterMySQL Cluster Tutorial © OSSCube

Various Nodes API Node Data NodeApplication Management Node MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

NdbCluster NdbCluster NdbClusterEngine Engine Engine (Data Nodes) MySQL Cluster Tutorial,© OSSCube

OrganizationMySQL Cluster Tutorial,© OSSCube

PartitionMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

PartitioningMySQL Cluster Tutorial © OSSCube

FragmentsMySQL Cluster Tutorial© OSSCube

Node GroupsMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Split BrainI have full Servers can I have fullresponsibility not see responsibilityof the cluster each other of the cluster MySQL Cluster Tutorial,© OSSCube

Arbitration NG 1 Network SplitFirst Node to ask will continue while the other will be shutdown MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

More Data Nodes NG 1 Network Split/ Shutdown NG 2MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Arbitrator IssuesMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Normal Operation I a ive m AlAl m Ia e iv e liv A m Al m Ia Ia e MySQL Cluster Tutorial,© OSSCube iv

Missed Heartbeats I a ive m Al Alive I am Al m Ia eMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube iv

SynchronousMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Phase One: Commit- RequestCommit CommitMessage MessageResponse ResponseMessage Message MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Phase Two: Successful CommitTransaction TransactionSuccessful Successful Commit Commit Transaction Transaction MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Phase Two: Failure (Abort Commit)Transaction Transaction Failed Successful Rollback Rollback Transaction Transaction MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

INSTALL MySQL CLUSTER

Initiate MySQL Cluster• # file "config.ini" - 2 data nodes and 2 SQL nodes# This file is placed in the startup directory of ndb_mgmd (the# management server)• # The first MySQL Server can be started from any host. The second# can be started only on the host MySQLd_5.MySQL.com• [NDBD DEFAULT] NoOfReplicas= 2 DataDir= /var/lib/MySQL-cluster• [NDB_MGMD] Hostname= ndb_mgmd.MySQL.com DataDir= /var/lib/MySQL-cluster• [NDBD] HostName= ndbd_2.MySQL.com• [NDBD] HostName=ndbd_3.MySQL.com• [MySQLD]• [MySQLD] HostName= MySQLd_5.MySQL.com MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Management NodeMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Data Nodes• my.cnf# example additions to my.cnf for MySQL Cluster• [ndbd] connectstring=ndb_mgmd.MySQL.com MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Data Node Configurations OptionsMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

SQL Nodes• my.cnf• # example additions to my.cnf for MySQL Cluster # (will work on all versions)• # enable ndbcluster storage engine, and provide connectstring for management• # server host to the default port 1186• [mysqld] Ndbcluster ndbconnectstring=ndb_mgmd.MySQL.com MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube :1186

Config.ini ParametersGeneral Parameters – Id – Hostname File and Directory Location Parameter – BackupDataDir – DataDir – FileSystemPath MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

•Transaction Handling Parameters •TransactionInactiveTimeout •TransactionDeadlockDetectionTimeou t•Memory Usage Parameters •LockPagesInMainMemory•Utility Programs •ndb_size.pl Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube MySQL

Monitoring the Startup Phases MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

MySQL Cluster Storage Engine --NDB

NDB Storage EngineMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

NDB’s Storage Method• In-Memory Storage• Disk-Based Storage – New in MySQL 5.1 – Undo Logging – Fixed-Width Columns MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Tablespace Tablespace Datafile Datafile DatafileDatafile Log File group Redo log Undo Log MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

IndexesMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Creating Indexes• Each table in the cluster always has a hash index for a Primary Key• Ordered indexes can be created with ALTER TABLE ADD INDEX .... MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

First Node/First Fragment• Hidden field/table created that will handle the management of the Unique Index on Name• Ordered Index (T-Tree) created for Continent field Code_Hash Code Name Continent 1351 CHE Switzerland Europe 1785 CHN China Asia Hidden 1943 FIN Finland Europe Field 2031 GOR United Kingdom Europe 2345 SKO South Korea Asia Ordered Index Hidden Table MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Second Node/Second Fragment• Same as First Node/Fragment setup• Contains the remaining data Code Hash Code Name Continent 1231 BRA Brazil South America 1853 ESP Spain EuropeHidden Field 2145 IND India Asia 2197 MOR Morocco Africa Ordered IndexHiddenTable MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

UniqueKey Lookup network hop Primary Key Lookup may Unique Key Lookup require another Function() Look up rowPK values Hash Data node Data node Look up row Data node Data node MySQL Server MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Parallel Ordered Index Scan T- T- Data node Data node Tree Tree Index Index rowsMySQLServer Data node Data node T- T- Tree Tree Index Index MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Parallel full table scan Data node Data node rowsMySQLServer Data node Data node MySQL Cluster Tutorial, OSSPAC 09 Singapore, © OSSCube

Parallel full table scan ( WHERE condition processed in SQL node) SQL Query Data node Data nodeFew Rows Few Rows rows Rows Many Rows Many MySQL Where Server Conditi on Data node Data node MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Parallel full table scan ( WHERE condition processed in data node) SQL Query Data node Data node WhereFew Rows Few Rows Conditi Fewrows on Rows Few Rows MySQL Server Where Data node Data node Conditi on MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Storage of IndexesMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Characteristics of NDB storage EngineMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

DurabilityMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Global Check Point• A GCP occurs every few seconds, when transactions for all nodes are synchronized and the REDO log is flushed to disk MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Local Check PointMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Memory - RAM• Memory Allocation Total Memory = N(data nodes)* Local Memory / NoOfReplicas -- or -- Local Memory = Total Memory * NoOfReplicas / N(data nodes)• Sizing up the Memory – Fixed size in memory – Variable sized in memory – Fixed size on disk MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Memory PagesMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

HANDLING DATA IN MySQL CLUSTER

Disk Data ObjectsMySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Creating the Log File Group• Create Log File Group CREATE LOGFILE GROUP lg_1 ADD UNDOFILE undo_1.dat INITIAL_SIZE 16M UNDO_BUFFER_SIZE 2M ENGINE NDB;• Adding Undo Files to Log File Group ALTER LOGFILE GROUP lg_1 ADD UNDOFILE undo_2.dat INITIAL_SIZE 12M ENGINE NDB; MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Verifying UNDO Files are Created• INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables SELECT LOGFILE_GROUP_NAME, LOGFILE_GROUP_NUMBER, EXTRA FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.FILES WHERE FILE_NAME = undo_1.dat; SELECT LOGFILE_GROUP_NAME, LOGFILE_GROUP_NUMBER, EXTRA FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.FILES WHERE FILE_NAME = undo_2.dat; MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Creating the Tablespace• Create a Tablespace CREATE TABLESPACE ts_1 ADD DATAFILE data_1.dat USE LOGFILE GROUP lg_1 INITIAL_SIZE 32M ENGINE NDB;• Add an Additional Data File ALTER TABLESPACE ts_1 ADD DATAFILE data_2.dat INITIAL_SIZE 48M ENGINE NDB;• Verifying Data Files are Created SELECT FILE_NAME, LOGFILE_GROUP_NAME, EXTRA FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.FILES WHERE TABLESPACE_NAME = ts_1 AND FILE_TYPE = DATAFILE; MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Create a Disk Data Table• Non-Indexed Columns Stored on Disk in Tablespace CREATE TABLE dt_1 ( memberId INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, lName VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, fName VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, dob DATE NOT NULL, joined DATE NOT NULL, INDEX(lName, fName) ) TABLESPACE ts_1 STORAGE DISK ENGINE NDB;• Alter Existing Non-Cluster Tables ALTER TABLE city TABLESPACE ts1 STORAGE DISK ENGINE=NDB;• View Table Status SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE cityG MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

MySQL CLUSTER MANAGEMENT

MySQL Cluster’s Native Backup Tool Backup-1.2.ctl• Backup Data Data Data Backup-1.2.log Backup-1.0.2.Data – .ctl Node Node Backup-1.1.2.Data – .log – .data• Abort Backup Backup-1.3.ctl Data Data Backup-1.3.log ndb_mgm> ABORT BACKUP 6 Node Node Backup-1.0.3.Data Backup-1.1.3.Data Abort of backup 6 ordered Node 2: Backup 10 started from 1 has been aborted. Error: 1321 MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Restoring Backups• Recovering MySQL Clusters Native Backup Files (1/3) – Verify Management Node is Running shell> ndb_mgm -e "SHOW" – Start and Empty the Data Nodes • Start each data node with the --initial option. MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Optimization

Parallel full table scan ( WHERE condition processed in SQL node) SQL Query Data node WhereFew Rows Condition rows Rows Many MySQL Server Data node MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Parallel full table scan ( WHERE condition processed in data node) Where SQL Query Condition Data nodeFew Rows Few Rows rows MySQL Where Server Condition node Data MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

MySQL Cluster Replication

MySQL Replication MySQL Server Application W SlaveMySQL Server RelaylogMaster IO thread SQL thread MySQL Server Binlog Slave Relaylog Binlog MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

mysqld mysqld Update Data node Update Data node Cluster Data node Data node Update UpdateNdb API Ndb API MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

NDB Injector Thread• A thread inside MySQL server• Responsible for injecting rows in binlog andproduces “Single connical binlog for cluster” • not just one MySQL Server • It contains everything written on all ndbApi program including MySQLd connected to cluster MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

MySQL Cluster Replication MySQLd(slave) Binlog MySQLd(Master) Replication NdbClsuter HandlerNdbClsuter Handler Relaylog IO thread Binlog Apply thread Data node Data nodeData node Data node Cluster Cluster Data node Data nodeData node Data node MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

Thank you for your time and attention For more information, please feel free to drop in a line to sales@osscube.com or visit http://www.osscube.com Or call us at 1-888-9OSSCube (Toll Free for USA) 1-919-791-5472 (From outside USA) MySQL Cluster Tutorial, © OSSCube

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The OSSCube MySQL High Availability Tutorial

by OSSCube LLC A Global Open Source Enterprise for Open Source Solutions on Sep 28, 2010

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