ENGLISH GRAMMAR Part I C.E SERRA E.S.O

PRESENT SIMPLE: Use We use present simple to talk about habits and routines. When appear these adverbs: Always, every day, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, barely, hardly ever, never. With timetables: Bus, planes, underground,…

We use present simple to talk about habits and routines.

When appear these adverbs: Always, every day, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, barely, hardly ever, never.

With timetables: Bus, planes, underground,…

PRESENT SIMPLE: Form The present simple uses the same form as the infinitive for all persons, except the third person singular. To form the negative, we add the auxiliary verb do + not (don’t) before the verb, except the third person singular, when we use does + not (doesn’t)

The present simple uses the same form as the infinitive for all persons, except the third person singular.

To form the negative, we add the auxiliary verb do + not (don’t) before the verb, except the third person singular, when we use does + not (doesn’t)

PRESENT SIMPLE: Form AFFIRMATIVE I play You play He/She/It plays We play You play They play NEGATIVE I do not (don’t) play You do not play He does not (doesn’t)play We do not play You do not play They do not play INTERROGATIVE Do I play? Do you play? Does he/she/it play? Do we play? Do you play? Do they play?

AFFIRMATIVE

I play

You play

He/She/It plays

We play

You play

They play

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Use To talk about actions happening now, at the moment of speaking. ( I'm writing a letter) When you talk about something happening now but not necessarily when you are speaking. (I’m looking for a job at the moment) When you talk about something has decided and it’ll do in the future. ( I'm meeting a friend this evening)

To talk about actions happening now, at the moment of speaking. ( I'm writing a letter)

When you talk about something happening now but not necessarily when you are speaking. (I’m looking for a job at the moment)

When you talk about something has decided and it’ll do in the future. ( I'm meeting a friend this evening)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Form We form the present continuous with verb TO BE + adding –ing directly to the infinitive of the verb. DO - DOING With verbs that end in –e, we omit the vowel and add –ing. HAVE - HAVING With verbs of one syllabe that end in a vowel + a consonant, we double the final consonant and add –ing. CUT - CUTTING With verbs that end in –l, we always double the –l. TRAVEL - TRAVELLING

We form the present continuous with verb TO BE + adding –ing directly to the infinitive of the verb. DO - DOING

With verbs that end in –e, we omit the vowel and add –ing. HAVE - HAVING

With verbs of one syllabe that end in a vowel + a consonant, we double the final consonant and add –ing. CUT - CUTTING

With verbs that end in –l, we always double the –l. TRAVEL - TRAVELLING

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Form AFFIRMATIVE I’m playing You’re playing He/She/It is playing We’re playing You’re playing They’re playing NEGATIVE I am not playing You are not play He is not playing We are not playing You are not playing They are not playing INTERROGATIVE Am I playing? Are you playing? Is he/she/it playing? Are we playing? Are you playing? Are they playing?

AFFIRMATIVE

I’m playing

You’re playing

He/She/It is playing

We’re playing

You’re playing

They’re playing

PAST SIMPLE: Use a.) Use past simple when you talk about finished actions in the past. Usually goes wiht frequency adverb. I bought this car last year b.) To express indeterminate action in the past. They used pencils and paper c.) To express habits and routines in the past. They never drank alcohol d.) To express improbable condition. If I saw her, I should speak to her

a.) Use past simple when you talk about finished actions in the past. Usually goes wiht frequency adverb.

I bought this car last year

b.) To express indeterminate action in the past.

They used pencils and paper

c.) To express habits and routines in the past.

They never drank alcohol

d.) To express improbable condition.

If I saw her, I should speak to her

PAST SIMPLE: Form Add –ed at the end of the verb. SAVE -SAVED Verbs that end in –e: add –d only. TRY-TRIED Verbs that end in a consonant + -y: change the –y to –i and add –ed. ROB-ROBBED One-syllable verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant: double the final consonant and add –ed. STOP-STOPPED Verbs of two or more syllabes ending in one vowel and one consonant: double the final consonant if the final syllabe is stressed. TRANSMIT-TRANSMITTED Verbs that end in –l: double the –l TRAVEL-TRAVELLED

Add –ed at the end of the verb. SAVE -SAVED

Verbs that end in –e: add –d only. TRY-TRIED

Verbs that end in a consonant + -y: change the –y to –i and add –ed. ROB-ROBBED

One-syllable verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant: double the final consonant and add –ed. STOP-STOPPED

Verbs of two or more syllabes ending in one vowel and one consonant: double the final consonant if the final syllabe is stressed. TRANSMIT-TRANSMITTED

Verbs that end in –l: double the –l TRAVEL-TRAVELLED

PAST SIMPLE: Form AFFIRMATIVE I played You played He/She/It played We played You played They played NEGATIVE I did not play You did not play He did not play We did not play You did not play They did not play

AFFIRMATIVE

I played

You played

He/She/It played

We played

You played

They played

NEGATIVE

I did not play

You did not play

He did not play

We did not play

You did not play

They did not play

SIMPLE PAST: Form INTERROGATIVE Did I play? Did you play? Did he play? Did we play? Did you play? Did they play? INT.-NEGATIVE Didn't I play? Didn't you play? Didn't he play? Didn't we play? Didn't you play? Didn't they play?

INTERROGATIVE

Did I play?

Did you play?

Did he play?

Did we play?

Did you play?

Did they play?

INT.-NEGATIVE

Didn't I play?

Didn't you play?

Didn't he play?

Didn't we play?

Didn't you play?

Didn't they play?

PAST CONTINUOUS: Use a.) To express an action in progress in the past. It was raining b.) To express two actions which were happening at the same time. I was reading the newspaper while I was walking home c.) To express two actions which were happening in the past but one of them started before the other. When I arrived John was talking on the phone

a.) To express an action in progress in the past.

It was raining

b.) To express two actions which were happening at the same time.

I was reading the newspaper while I was walking home

c.) To express two actions which were happening in the past but one of them started before the other.

When I arrived John was talking on the phone

PAST CONTINUOUS. Form: past of to be + verb in gerund (ing) I was playing I was not playing Was I playing?

past of to be + verb in gerund (ing)

PRESENT PERFECT: Use To talk about past experiences when you don’t say when something happened. With already, just, and yet. With superlatives and the first, second, last time,etc. For finished actions (no time is specified) which are connected in some way with the present. With How long? And for/since with non-action verbs (=verbs not usually used in the continuous form, e.g. be, have, know, like, etc.) to say that something started in the past and is still true now. TIME EXPRESSIONS Ever and never

To talk about past experiences when you don’t say when something happened.

With already, just, and yet.

With superlatives and the first, second, last time,etc.

For finished actions (no time is specified) which are connected in some way with the present.

With How long? And for/since with non-action verbs (=verbs not usually used in the continuous form, e.g. be, have, know, like, etc.) to say that something started in the past and is still true now.

TIME EXPRESSIONS Ever and never

PRESENT PERFECT: Use I’ve passed my driving test! / He aprobado el exámen de conducir Have you seen the gorgeous new secretary? / ¿Has visto a la atractiva nueva secretaria? A terrorist has bombed a bus (acción en el pasado que tiene un significado ahora) Adolf Hitler bombed London (no tiene relevancia ahora) Since and for 'For' - (how long something has lasted) We’ve had this computer for about six months. / Tenemos esta computadora desde hace unos seis meses. 'Since' - (when something started) We’ve had this car since January / Tenemos este coche desde enero. I’ve known Eric since 1989. I’ve known Eric for 15 years ( si estamos en 2004)

I’ve passed my driving test! / He aprobado el exámen de conducir Have you seen the gorgeous new secretary? / ¿Has visto a la atractiva nueva secretaria?

A terrorist has bombed a bus (acción en el pasado que tiene un significado ahora) Adolf Hitler bombed London (no tiene relevancia ahora)

Since and for 'For' - (how long something has lasted) We’ve had this computer for about six months. / Tenemos esta computadora desde hace unos seis meses. 'Since' - (when something started) We’ve had this car since January / Tenemos este coche desde enero. I’ve known Eric since 1989. I’ve known Eric for 15 years ( si estamos en 2004)

PRESENT PERFECT: Use Just I’ve just made tea, would you like a cup? / Acabo de hacer té. ¿Quieres una taza? Yet and already 'yet' - normalmente se utiliza en frases interrogativas y va al final de la oración . Se usa cuando esperamos que algo va a pasar en el futuro, no en el pasado ni en el presente. Have you done your homework yet? / ¿Has terminado ya los deberes? 'already' - se usa en frases afirmativas e interrogativas y normalmente va detrás de los verbos auxiliares o modales y delante de los demás verbos. Con 'already' decimos que algo está en el presente o el pasado, no en el futuro. Yes, I’ve already finished my homework / Sí, ya he terminado mis deberes

Just I’ve just made tea, would you like a cup? / Acabo de hacer té. ¿Quieres una taza?

Yet and already 'yet' - normalmente se utiliza en frases interrogativas y va al final de la oración . Se usa cuando esperamos que algo va a pasar en el futuro, no en el pasado ni en el presente. Have you done your homework yet? / ¿Has terminado ya los deberes? 'already' - se usa en frases afirmativas e interrogativas y normalmente va detrás de los verbos auxiliares o modales y delante de los demás verbos. Con 'already' decimos que algo está en el presente o el pasado, no en el futuro. Yes, I’ve already finished my homework / Sí, ya he terminado mis deberes

PRESENT PERFECT: Form We form the present perfect with to have (auxiliary) and past participle of the verb. to have + past participle I ’ve lost my book. I don’t have it now Have you seen the new Leonardo Di Caprio film? Your sister has left the door open. The door is open now Hasn’t Danny got married yet? Is he still single? I ’ve finally found a job . I have a job now I’ve known her since I was a child. She’s had the job for six months. Have you ever eaten paella? I’ve never eaten paella.

We form the present perfect with to have (auxiliary) and

past participle of the verb.

to have + past participle

I ’ve lost my book. I don’t have it now

Have you seen the new Leonardo Di Caprio film?

Your sister has left the door open. The door is open now

Hasn’t Danny got married yet? Is he still single?

I ’ve finally found a job . I have a job now

I’ve known her since I was a child.

She’s had the job for six months.

Have you ever eaten paella? I’ve never eaten paella.

PRESENT PERFECT: Form AFFIRMATIVE: I have played You have played He has played We have played You have played They have played NEGATIVE: He has not played INTERROGATIVE: Have you played?

AFFIRMATIVE:

I have played

You have played

He has played

We have played

You have played

They have played

NEGATIVE:

He has not played

INTERROGATIVE:

Have you played?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: Use With How long? And for/since with action verbs to say that action started in the past and is still happening now. For repeated actions, especially with a time expression, e.g. all day, recently. For continuous actions which have just finished (but which have present results)

With How long? And for/since with action verbs to say that action started in the past and is still happening now.

For repeated actions, especially with a time expression, e.g. all day, recently.

For continuous actions which have just finished (but which have present results)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: Use The present perfect simple emphasizes the completion of an action. We’ve painted the kitchen. (=the painting is finished). The present perfect continuous emphasizes the continuation of an action. We’ve been painting the kitchen. (=the painting is probably not finished).

The present perfect simple emphasizes the completion of an action. We’ve painted the kitchen. (=the painting is finished).

The present perfect continuous emphasizes the continuation of an action. We’ve been painting the kitchen. (=the painting is probably not finished).

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: Form SUBJECT + to have + been + gerund I have been playing He has been playing I have not been playing Have I been playing? Haven't I been playing?

SUBJECT + to have + been + gerund

I have been playing

He has been playing

I have not been playing

Have I been playing?

Haven't I been playing?

THE FUTURE (Will): Use We use will/won’t to talk about the future. To make predictions. To make promises and rapid decisions. To make an offer.

We use will/won’t to talk about the future.

To make predictions.

To make promises and rapid decisions.

To make an offer.

THE FUTURE (Will): Use PREDICTION: the weather will be worse tomorrow. PROMISE: I promise I’ll come back early. RAPID DECISION: I’ll do it immediately. OFFER: I’ll cook tonight.

PREDICTION: the weather will be worse tomorrow.

PROMISE: I promise I’ll come back early.

RAPID DECISION: I’ll do it immediately.

OFFER: I’ll cook tonight.

THE FUTURE (Will): Form Affirmative clause Subject + will + main verb--> I will eat (Yo comeré) Negative clause Subject +will + not + main verb --> I will not eat (Yo no comeré) Interrogative clause Will + sujeto + verbo principal? -->Will I eat? (¿Comeré yo?) Short forms I'll, you'll, he'll, she'll... (affirmative) I won't, you won't, she won't... (negative)

Affirmative clause

Subject + will + main verb--> I will eat (Yo comeré)

Negative clause

Subject +will + not + main verb --> I will not eat (Yo no comeré)

Interrogative clause

Will + sujeto + verbo principal? -->Will I eat? (¿Comeré yo?)

Short forms

I'll, you'll, he'll, she'll... (affirmative)

I won't, you won't, she won't... (negative)

THE FUTURE (to be+going to): Use We use going to to talk about plans and intentions for the future. They’re going to get married in May. We use going to to make predictions based on present evidence. She is very sad, I think she is going to cry. We can give our opinion using be going to and the expression I think… It’s very cloudy. I think it’s going to rain.

We use going to to talk about plans and intentions for the future.

They’re going to get married in May.

We use going to to make predictions based on present evidence.

She is very sad, I think she is going to cry.

We can give our opinion using be going to and the expression I think…

It’s very cloudy. I think it’s going to rain.

THE FUTURE (to be+going to): Form The structure be going to uses the present continuous of the verb go + the infinitive with to. I am going to see a film tonight. In short answers we use the verb to be . Are they going to study? Yes, they are.

The structure be going to uses the present continuous of the verb go + the infinitive with to.

I am going to see a film tonight.

In short answers we use the verb to be .

Are they going to study? Yes, they are.

THE FUTURE (to be+going to): Form AFFIRMATIVE: You are going to study. NEGATIVE: You aren’t going to study. INTERROGATIVE: Are you going to study?

AFFIRMATIVE:

You are going to study.

NEGATIVE:

You aren’t going to study.

INTERROGATIVE:

Are you going to study?