Sql for dbaspresentation

SQL For DBAs
Developers and Users will learn
something as well!

Daniel W. Fink

Overview
♦ Where is the information
– Data Dictionary views & tables
♦ How can I extract it?
– SQL, functions
♦ How can I use it?
– SQL*Plus to build and execute the script

Method
♦ Build a script that generates the ‘create
tablespace’ commands for the database
♦ Not all options considered
– AUTOEXTEND
– MINEXTENT
– ONLINE/OFFLINE
– *I have to leave something for you to add…
♦ Not all tablespaces
– Enough to demonstrate likely permutations

Command
♦ Rules
– Tablespace can be TEMPORARY
– TEMPORARY tablespace can use DATA files
or TEMP files
– A single tablespace can have multiple data files
♦ Command structure
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLESPACE tablespacename
[TEMPORARY]
{DATAFILE|TEMPFILE} filename filesize
EXTENT MANAGEMENT [DICTIONARY|LOCAL
[{AUTOALLOCATE|UNIFORM} [size {K|M}]]}]

Oracle’s Data Dictionary
♦ Access via Views
– 1390 in 8i
– 1820 in 9i
♦ DBA_ - Everything in database
♦ ALL_ - What you can see
♦ USER_ What you own
♦ Other – Miscellaneous views

Where does it come from?
♦ Views of underlying base objects
♦ Provides level of abstraction
– Easy to understand
– Hides translations and calculations
– READ ONLY!

Columns View Text
TABLESPACE_NAME select ts.name,
INITIAL_EXTENT ts.blocksize * ts.dflinit,
NEXT_EXTENT decode(bitand(ts.flags, 3), 1, to_number(NULL),
ts.blocksize*ts.dflincr),
MIN_EXTENTS ts.dflminext,
MAX_EXTENTS decode(ts.contents$, 1, to_number(NULL), ts.dflmaxext),
PCT_INCREASE decode(bitand(ts.flags, 3), 1, to_number(NULL),
ts.dflextpct),
MIN_EXTLEN ts.blocksize * ts.dflminlen,
STATUS decode(ts.online$,1,'ONLINE',2,'OFFLINE',
4,'READ ONLY','UNDEFINED'),
CONTENTS decode(ts.contents$, 0, 'PERMANENT', 1, 'TEMPORARY'),
LOGGING decode(ts.dflogging, 0, 'NOLOGGING', 1, 'LOGGING'),
EXTENT_MANAGEMENT decode(ts.bitmapped, 0, 'DICTIONARY', 'LOCAL'),
ALLOCATION_TYPE decode(bitand(ts.flags,3),0,'USER',1,'SYSTEM',2,'UNIFORM',
'UNDEFINED'),
PLUGGED_IN decode(ts.plugged, 0, 'NO', 'YES')
from sys.ts$ ts
where ts.online$ != 3

Where can I find more
information?
♦ Oracle Documentation – Server Reference
Guide
♦ DBA_VIEWS
– text contains the actual text of the view
– SET LONG 10000 in order to see all the text
♦ catalog.sql
♦ sql.bsq

Notes on Data Dictionary
♦ ID
– COLUMN_ID starts at 1
– EXTENT_ID starts at 0
♦ Not All DBA_* views have ALL_* and/or USER_*
counterparts
♦ DBA_EXTENTS and USER_EXTENTS have different
information
– USER_EXTENTS does not contain file information
♦ DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
– Not just table columns, also views, clusters
♦ DBA_IND_COLUMNS
– Reverse Key Indexes have function name instead of table column
name for leading column

Quick Tour of the Data
Dictionary

Tables/Views Indexes Storage
DBA_TABLES DBA_INDEXES DBA_TABLESPACES
DBA_TAB_COLUMNS DBA_IND_COLUMNS DBA_DATA_FILES
DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS DBA_IND_PARTITIONS DBA_TEMP_FILES
DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS DBA_SEGMENTS
DBA_PART_TABLES DBA_PART_INDEXES DBA_EXTENTS
DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS
DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
Users DBA_FREE_SPACE
DBA_CONSTRAINTS DBA_USERS

DBA_CONS_COLUMNS DBA_ROLES

DBA_VIEWS DBA_ROLE_PRIVS
DBA_TAB_PRIVS
DBA_SYS_PRIVS
DBA_PROFILES

Data Dictionary views for script
♦ DBA_TABLESPACES
– All tablespaces in database
♦ DBA_DATAFILES
– All DATAFILEs for all tablespaces
♦ DBA_TEMPFILES
– *New in Oracle 8i
– Identifies TEMPFILES created by command
“create temporary tablespace”

Using SQL to Write SQL
♦ Joins
♦ Unions
♦ Functions
♦ Sorting

Joins
♦ A relationship using common data (natural or
derived) must exist
♦ Inner
– If a related row exists, return both main and related row
– If a related row does not exist, do not return the main
row
♦ Outer
– If a related row exists, return both main and related row
– If a related row does not exist, return main row and null
values for related row

Join
select t.tablespace_name,
d.file_name
from dba_tablespaces t,
dba_data_files d
where d.tablespace_name = t.tablespace_name;

TABLESPACE_NAME FILE_NAME
--------------- ---------------------------------
SYSTEM C:ORADATAORA817SYSTEM01.DBF
TOOLS C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS01.DBF
TOOLS C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS02.DBF
TEMP2 C:ORADATAORA817TEMP201.DBF

Union
♦ Set Operation
♦ Used to combine sets of data
– Joins & Relationships are not used
♦ Columns must be same number and datatype
– A literal expression can be used
♦ Returns one row for each distinct set of values
– UNION ALL will return duplicates

select statement1
union
select statement2

File List
♦ File names are listed in
– DBA_DATA_FILES (10 rows)
– DBA_TEMP_FILES (1 row)
♦ Common Data?
– Both contain tablespace_name…

File List
select d.file_name, t.file_name
from dba_data_files d,
dba_temp_files t

no rows selected

♦ Why?
– Tablespaces use either data files or temp
files…not both
– Even an outer join will miss rows

File List

FILE_NAME
select file_name ------------------------------
from dba_data_files C:ORADATAORA817RBS01.DBF
C:ORADATAORA817SYSTEM01.DBF
union C:ORADATAORA817TEMP01.DBF
C:ORADATAORA817TEMP201.DBF
select file_name C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS01.DBF
from dba_temp_files; C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS02.DBF

Tablespace/File List

select tablespace_name TABLESPACE_NAME
------------------------------------
from dba_tablespaces C:ORADATAORA817SYSTEM01.DBF
union C:ORADATAORA817TEMP01.DBF
C:ORADATAORA817TEMP201.DBF
select file_name C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS01.DBF
from dba_data_files C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS02.DBF
SYSTEM
union
TEMP
select file_name TEMP2
from dba_temp_files; TOOLS

Functions
♦ Concatenation
– Combine 2 or more strings together
♦ DECODE/CASE
– Conditional display/decision-making
♦ TO_CHAR
– Converts a number or date to a character string
♦ CHR
– Displays the ASCII character
♦ ASCII
– Displays the ASCII number

Concatenation
♦ Combine two or more strings together
– Remember to add blanks
♦ CREATE TABLESPACE <ts_name>
CONCAT(‘CREATE TABLESPACE ’,
tablespace_name)
‘CREATE TABLESPACE ’||tablespace_name

DECODE/CASE
♦ Rudimentary decision making function
♦ DECODE available in 7/8/9
♦ CASE available from 8.1.6+
♦ Use to determine
– Type of tablespace
– Extent Management
– Datafile separation

DECODE
♦ DECODE(expression,
comparison1, return1,
comparison2, return2,
…
default)
♦ Can only use equality comparison

DECODE
If DBA_TABLESPACES.CONTENTS = ‘TEMPORARY’ display
‘TEMPORARY’
ELSE IF DBA_TABLESPACES.CONTENTS = ‘PERMANENT’ display NULL
ELSE display NULL

select ‘CREATE ‘||decode(contents,
‘TEMPORARY’,‘TEMPORARY ’,
‘PERMANENT’,NULL,NULL)||
‘TABLESPACE ‘||tablespace_name
from dba_tablespaces;

CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP2
CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS

CASE
♦ Introduced in 8.1.6
♦ Able to return based on variable conditions

CASE WHEN condition1 THEN result1
WHEN condition2 THEN result2
…
ELSE default

CASE
select ‘CREATE ‘||
CASE WHEN contents=‘TEMPORARY’ THEN ‘TEMPORARY ’
WHEN contents=‘PERMANENT’ THEN NULL
ELSE NULL
END||’TABLESPACE ‘||tablespace_name
from dba_tablespaces;

♦ Permanent = NULL not currently needed, but
included for example

Character String Conversion
♦ TO_CHAR([date|number]{,format string})
– Converts numbers or dates to character string
– Uses format codes to change display
♦ TO_CHAR(number)
– Does not require format string
– Oracle will also convert numeric string to number
– If you are not formatting, Oracle will automatically
convert to string…UNLESS it is used in a UNION

Character String Conversion
select 12345||’ is a number’ from dual;
12334 is a number

select ‘12345’-10 from dual;
12335

select 12345 from dual
union
select ‘is a number’ from dual;
ORA-01790: expression must have same datatype as
corresponding expression

CHR
♦ CHR is used to ‘print’ special characters
– CHR(<ascii_number>)
♦ ASCII can be used to determine the number
of the character
– ASCII(‘<character>’)

Single Tic
♦ Data files in statement must be enclosed in single
tic (‘)
– ‘ is a character and can be enclosed in ‘ as a character
string
– but I can never remember how many I need
(I think it’s 4…or is it 3…What if I am using it to end a string?)
♦ CHR(39) prints a single ‘

Single Tic
SQL> select chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)
2 from dba_data_files;

'C:ORADATAORA817SYSTEM01.DBF'
'C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS01.DBF'

SQL> select ’’’’||file_name||’’’’
2 from dba_data_files;

'C:ORADATAORA817SYSTEM01.DBF'
'C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS01.DBF'

New Line
♦ CHR(10) ‘prints’ a newline character
– Able to output single row of data on multiple lines

select ‘Line 1’||chr(10)||’Line 2’
from dual;

Line 1
Line 2

CREATE TABLESPACE
select ‘CREATE TABLESPACE ‘||
t.tablespace_name||chr(10)||
‘DATAFILE ‘||chr(39)||
d.file_name||chr(39)
from dba_tablespaces t,
dba_data_files d

CREATE TABLESPACE Error
DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817SYSTEM01.DBF'

DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS01.DBF'

DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS02.DBF'

CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2
DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TEMP201.DBF‘

♦ 2nd ‘CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS’ statement will fail…
how do we work around?

UNION
♦ UNION of DBA_TABLESPACES,
DBA_DATA_FILES, DBA_TEMP_FILES
♦ Each SQL statement is executed
independently, then the results are
combined
♦ Output will be sorted, in column order
♦ ORDER BY must be last line

UNION
select 'CREATE '||decode(contents, 'TEMPORARY', 'TEMPORARY ', NULL)||
’TABLESPACE ‘||tablespace_name
from dba_tablespaces
union
select 'DATAFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE
'||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K'
from dba_data_files
union
select 'TEMPFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE
'||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K'
from dba_temp_files;

DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817SYSTEM01.DBF' SIZE 280576K
DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400K
DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288K
TEMPFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800K

Errata
♦ Tablespace to File relationship correct, but not in
proper order for SQL statement
– Proper order of lines in command is missing
– We will use columns to sort…but suppress the printing
♦ Still missing storage/extent management clauses…
– Later addition…don’t want to clutter up the statements
just yet
♦ Statement contains an error

SQL*Plus Commands
♦ COLUMN
– noprint
♦ SET
– sqlprompt
– pagesize
– feedback

COLUMN
♦ The CREATE TABLESPACE line needs to
be associated with DATAFILE line
♦ COLUMN command can be used to
suppress printing
– COLUMN column_name NOPRINT
– Size of column will be factored in to
LINESIZE

COLUMN
select tablespace_name ts_name,'CREATE '||
decode(contents, 'TEMPORARY', 'TEMPORARY ',
NULL)||’TABLESPACE ‘||tablespace_name
sql_command
union
select tablespace_name ts_name, 'DATAFILE '||chr(39)||
file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE '||
to_char(bytes/1024)||'K' sql_command
from dba_data_files
union
select tablespace_name ts_name,'TEMPFILE '||chr(39)||file_name
||chr(39)||' SIZE '||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K' sql_command
from dba_temp_files;

COLUMN

TS_NAME SQL_COMMAND
------- -------------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM
SYSTEM DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817SYSTEM01.DBF' SIZE 280576K
TEMP CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP
TEMP TEMPFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800K
TEMP2 CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP2
TEMP2 DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400K
TOOLS CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS
TOOLS DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288K
TOOLS DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400K

COLUMN Formatting
SQL> COLUMN ts_name NOPRINT
SQL> /
SQL_COMMAND
-------------------------------------------------------

Formatting Output
♦ Supress all non-sql statement strings
♦ SET
– PAGESIZE 0 – suppress all breaks, headings,
etc.
– FEEDBACK OFF – suppress ’10 Rows
Returned’ message
– SQLPROMPT “” – removes SQL> prompt
• Be careful…it may look like the command hangs

Formatting Output
SQL> col ts_name noprint
SQL> set pagesize 0 feedback off sqlprompt ""
/

OOPS
♦ DBA_TABLESPACES.CONTENTS lists
contents, but not type of file…
– Each command creates a TEMPORARY
tablespace, but the file specs are not the same!
CREATE TABLESPACE TEMPORARY <name> TEMPFILE <name> <specs>
CREATE TABLESPACE <name> TEMPORARY DATAFILE <name> <specs>

♦ Multiple data or temp files must be
separated by a comma

Proper Syntax for TEMPORARY
select tablespace_name ts_name,
'CREATE TABLESPACE '||tablespace_name||
decode(contents,'TEMPORARY',' TEMPORARY',NULL) sql_command
where tablespace_name in (select tablespace_name from dba_data_files)
union
'CREATE '||decode(contents,'TEMPORARY','TEMPORARY ',NULL)||
’TABLESPACE ‘|| tablespace_name sql_command
where tablespace_name in (select tablespace_name from dba_temp_files)
union
'DATAFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE '||
from dba_data_files
union
'TEMPFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE '||
from dba_temp_files

Proper Syntax for TEMPORARY
CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2 TEMPORARY

Proper Syntax for Multiple Files
CREATE TABLESPACE <tsname>
DATAFILE <filename> <filespecs>,
<filename> <filespecs>

♦ Where can the comma go?
– After the file specs OR
– Before the next file name
• Logic easier for 2nd choice
♦ File order is not important
– Each file has a numeric ID
– Skip the file with the lowest ID

♦ Add file_id as a column and sort by it
♦ While we are at it…add sql_sort column to
insure proper order of statements
♦ Current Sort Order
– tablespace_name
– ts_sort (each part of union has a new value)
– sql_sort (file_id or derived value)

select tablespace_name ts_name, 0 ts_sort, 0 sql_sort,
<create tablespace line>
union
select tablespace_name ts_name, 1 ts_sort, file_id sql_sort
<datafile line>
union
select tablespace_name ts_name, 1 ts_sort, file_id sql_sort
<tempfile line>
union
select tablespace_name ts_name, 2 ts_sort, 0 sql_sort
<storage line>
order by ts_name, ts_sort, sql_sort;

Multiple Files
select df.tablespace_name ts_name, 1 ts_sort, file_id
sql_sort,
decode(df.file_id,tfi.min_file_id,'DATAFILE ',
', ')||chr(39)||df.file_name||chr(39)||
' SIZE '||to_char(df.bytes/1024)||'K'
sql_command
from dba_data_files df,
(select tablespace_name t_name, min(file_id)
min_file_id
from dba_data_files
group by tablespace_name) tfi
where df.tablespace_name = tfi.t_name
and tablespace_name != 'SYSTEM'
♦ Because we are sorting on file_id, we know that the ‘first’
file will be the first displayed

Proper Output (with columns)
TS_NAME TS SQL SQL_COMMAND
------- ---- ----- ------------------------------------------------------------
TEMP 0 0 CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP
TEMP 1 1 TEMPFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800K
TEMP2 0 0 CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2 TEMPORARY
TEMP2 1 4 DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400K
TOOLS 0 0 CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS
TOOLS 1 5 DATAFILE 'C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288K
TOOLS 1 10 , 'C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400K

Proper Output (without columns)
CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2 TEMPORARY
, 'C:ORADATAORA817TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400K

What’s Next?
♦ Extent Management & Storage Clause
– Dictionary Extent Management is default, no need to
specify
– DEFAULT STORAGE and LOCAL extent
management are mutually exclusive
♦ Interesting notes…
– Not all Tablespaces have NEXT defined
– Not all Tablespaces have MAXEXTENTS defined
– What else may be NULL?

Extent Management & Storage
♦ Extent Management can be
– LOCAL
• AUTOALLOCATE
• UNIFORM SIZE
– DICTIONARY
• default…no need to specify

Dictionary Extent Management
CASE WHEN ts.extent_management = 'DICTIONARY'
THEN 'DEFAULT STORAGE ('||
decode(ts.initial_extent, NULL, NULL,
' INITIAL '||to_char(ts.initial_extent/1024)||'K')||
decode(ts.next_extent, NULL, NULL,
' NEXT'||to_char(ts.next_extent/1024)||'K')||
decode(ts.min_extents, NULL, NULL,
' MINEXTENTS '||to_char(ts.min_extents))||
decode(ts.max_extents, NULL, NULL,
' MAXEXTENTS '||to_char(ts.max_extents))||
decode(ts.pct_increase, NULL, NULL,
' PCTINCREASE'||to_char(ts.pct_increase))||');‘

Local Extent Management
♦ Allocation type and the command are not
the same!
WHEN ts.extent_management = 'LOCAL'
THEN 'EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL '||
CASE WHEN ts.allocation_type = 'SYSTEM'
THEN 'AUTOALLOCATE;'
WHEN ts.allocation_type = 'UNIFORM'
THEN 'UNIFORM SIZE '||
to_char(ts.initial_extent/1024)||'K;'
END

Storage Clause/Extent
Managment
OEM_REPOSITORY EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL AUTOALLOCATE;
TEMP EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 10240K;
TEMP2 DEFAULT STORAGE ( INITIAL 40K
NEXT 40K
MINEXTENTS 1
PCTINCREASE 50);
TOOLS DEFAULT STORAGE ( INITIAL 32K
NEXT 32K
MINEXTENTS 1
MAXEXTENTS 4096
PCTINCREASE 0);

Spooling Output
♦ SPOOL <filename>
♦ SPOOL OFF
♦ SPOOL command will overwrite the file if
is exists…and not even ask you “Are You
Sure?”
– be careful not to SPOOL
<sql_filename>…you’ll lose your work

Complete Script
♦ Complete script is attached at the end
♦ Has been tested in 8.1.7 and 9.0.1 on
Win2K
♦ Still room for improvement and missing
clauses…
– Same script was very simple in 7.3!

Notes & Addendum
♦ Formatting not always exact
– Especially Line Spacing
♦ Verify all scripts with new versions and
features
– Data Dictionary structure and data can change
between releases

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