The Power of Open Educational Resources

1. The Power of Open Educa2onal Resources David Wiley, PhD Chief Academic Oﬃcer, Lumen Learning Scholar in Residence, University of Utah

2. Nice and Open Meanings maGer

3. “Nice” -‐ late 13c. "foolish, stupid"

4. “Nice” -‐ late 20c. "kind, thoughRul"

5. What If… an educator revived the old meaning?

6. “Nice people are certain to fail my course.” Which “nice”? How might the student success conversa2on change?

7. “Open” – Early 70s “no admission requirements”

8. “Open” – Late 00s Evolved into a much more nuanced, speciﬁc meaning

9. Open Educa2onal Resources? Any kind of teaching materials – textbooks, syllabi, lesson plans, videos, readings, exams

10. Open Educa2onal Resources? 1. Free and unfeGered access, and 2. Free permission to engage in the “5R ac2vi2es”

11. •  Make and own copies Retain •  Use in a wide range of ways Reuse •  Adapt, modify, and improve Revise •  Combine two or more Remix •  Share with others Redistribute The 5Rs

12. What If… an educator revived the old meaning?

13. “I’m teaching an open online course this fall.” Which “open”? How might the aﬀordability conversa2on change?

14. Genuine Confusion Open = free? Open = free + 5Rs

15. Why Does It MaGer? Open is extremely powerful “Faux-‐pen” is not

16. Educa2on is Sharing Faculty with students Students with teachers

17. Faculty Share With Students Knowledge and skills Feedback and cri2cism Encouragement

18. Students Share With Faculty Ques2ons in Class Assignments Exams

19. Successful Educators Share most compeltely with the most students

20. 2008 Professor in Southern US Claimed (c) of his class lectures, declared student notes deriva2ve works, and asserted control over their use

21. “Demented with the mania of owning things” Walt Whitman

22. If there is no sharing… there is no educa2on.

23. Interlude: A Riddle What can you give without giving it away?

24. Ideas are Magical (Non-‐rival) Can be given without being given away

25. “He who receives ideas from me, receives instruc2on himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine receives light without darkening me.” Thomas Jeﬀerson

26. Physical Expressions Are Not To give a book you must give it away

27. Expressions Are Diﬀerent To give a book you must give it away

28. When Expressions Are Digital They also become magical

29. Unprecedented Capacity We can share (and educate) as never before

30. Except We Can’t © regulates copying, adap2ng, and distribu2ng those copies

31. Internet Enables What to do? Copyright Forbids

32. Use copyright to enable sharing

33. Features of copyright today • aGaches any2me “original work of authorship ﬁxed in tangible medium of expression” • is automa2c • applies to published/unpublished works • lasts a long 2me (typically life of author + 50 or 70 years) • “bundle of rights” = reproduce, deriva2ve works, distribute, public performance

34. Features of copyright today • copyright infringement expensive (in U.S. $750-‐$150,000/work) • public domain = not protected by copyright • copyright = “all rights reserved”; public domain = “no rights reserved” • you have to ask permission

35. But how to ask permission?

36. How to support those that just want to share?

37. A simple, standardized, legally robust way to grant copyright permissions to creative works (and data).

38. “Lowers transaction costs”

39. CC’s legal infrastructure: (1) copyright licenses (2) public domain tools

40. (1) CC copyright licenses

41. How do CC licenses work? • built on tradi2onal copyright law • works within exis2ng system by allowing movement from “all rights reserved” to “some rights reserved” • gives creators a choice about which freedoms to grant and which rights to keep • minimizes transac2on costs by gran2ng the public certain permissions beforehand

42. Step 1: Choose Conditions" Attribution" ShareAlike" NonCommercial" NoDerivatives"

43. Step 2: Receive a License"

44. (2) CC public domain tools

45. CC0 Public Domain Dedication • read “CC Zero” • universal waiver, permanently surrenders copyright and related rights, placing the work as nearly as possible into the worldwide public domain

46. Public Domain Mark • not legally opera2ve, but a label to be used by those with knowledge that a work is already in the public domain • useful for very old works where we know it is in the public domain • only intended for use with works in worldwide public domain

47. Over 500M OER! Over half a billion pieces of content use Crea2ve Commons licenses

48. hGp://crea2vecommons.org/

49. Open Educa2onal Resources? Any kind of teaching materials – textbooks, syllabi, lesson plans, videos, readings, exams

50. Open Educa2onal Resources? 1. Free and unfeGered access, and 2. Free permission to engage in the “5R ac2vi2es”

52. Open = Use a CC License The de facto way to make something OER

53. Internet Enables OER Allows Leveraging the full technical capability of the internet

54. Decreasing Cost and Increasing Learning Prac2cal beneﬁts of OER

55. Tui2on Is Very Poli2cal Textbook adop2ons are less poli2cal

56. Textbook Costs $1229 year ($3131 tui2on) 60% some2mes skip 23% regularly skip

57. “Displacing Adop2ons” Make the required textbook cost $0

58. Kaleidoscope Open Course Ini2a2ve NGLC / Gates funding 8 community colleges / OA colleges

59. Core Ac2vi2es Deﬁning and aggrega2ng outcomes Finding and aligning OERs to outcomes Crea2ng 100% OER textbook replacements

60. X-‐Ins2tu2onal Collabora2on Goals Cover 10 GE courses and 4,000 students Drop required textbook cost by 50%

61. Phase 1 Results Covered 11 GE courses and 9,000 students Dropped required textbook cost to $0 Increased success rate by ~ 10%

62. Developmental Math Results" Percentage passing with C or better 48.40% 60.18% 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% Spring 2011 No OER Spring 2013 All OER n=2,842

63. Phase 2 Now Underway Cover 35 GE courses 28 Ins2tu2onal partners

64. Open Course Frameworks Making OER Simple to Adopt

65. Open Course Frameworks •  Start from learning outcomes, •  curated collec2ons of OER, •  openly licensed with detailed aGribu2on, •  organized in a way that looks and feels like an online course, •  intended to be modiﬁed before use, •  compa2ble with our con2nuous improvement analy2cs service.

70. “Textbook Zero” En2re degree program based on OER Up to 30% oﬀ the cost to graduate

71. “Textbook Zero” Opened Fall 2013 at Tidewater CC Finalist for Bellwether Innova2on Award Cost $112k to launch Each graduate saves ~ $3000

72. The Daily Divide The diﬀerence between OER and Fauxpen

73. Analog ⇒ Digital Music, Phones, TV, Newspapers, Movies, Journals, &c.

74. Tethered ⇒ Mobile Phones, Internet Access, Employment

75. Concealing ⇒ Sharing Photos, Videos, Journal Entries

76. Isolated ⇒ Connected People, Content, Systems

77. Generic ⇒ Personal Cars, Computers, Mobile Phones

78. Consuming ⇒ Crea2ng Newspapers / Blogs Movies & TV / YouTube

79. Closed ⇒ Open Research (Ar2cles, Journals) Data (Government, Weather, GIS) Content (Open Educa2onal Resources)

80. Then vs Now Analog ⇒ Digital Tethered ⇒ Mobile Concealing ⇒ Sharing Isolated ⇒ Connected Generic ⇒ Personal Consuming ⇒ Crea2ng Closed ⇒ Open

81. Educa2on vs Everyday Analog ⇒ Digital Tethered ⇒ Mobile Concealing ⇒ Sharing Isolated ⇒ Connected Generic ⇒ Personal Consuming ⇒ Crea2ng Closed ⇒ Open

82. “Daily Divide” (As opposed to the digital divide)

83. “Academic” (This is where the common usage derives)

84. “Academic” (This is where the common usage derives)

85. What About Online Learning?

86. What About Online Learning? Very innova2ve in 1994!

87. Online Learning Analog or Digital Tethered or Mobile Concealing or Sharing Isolated or Connected Generic or Personal Consuming or Crea2ng Closed or Open

88. What About MOOCs?

89. MOOCs Analog or Digital Tethered or Mobile Concealing or Sharing(?) Isolated or Connected Generic or Personal Consuming or Crea2ng Closed or Open

90. “You may not take any Online Course oﬀered by Coursera or use any Statement of Accomplishment as part of any tui2on-‐based or for-‐ credit cer2ﬁca2on or program for any college, university, or other academic ins2tu2on without the express wriGen permission from Coursera.”

91. Open is Fundamental Why?

95. Connec2ng It’s “hard” to connect to something if you don't have access to it

96. Personalizing It’s “hard” to personalize something if you don't have permission to modify it

97. Crea2ng and Sharing It’s “hard” to make and share things when you’re constantly worried about being sued

98. When You Can Assume “Open” These problems disappear

99. OER-‐based Courses Analog or Digital Tethered or Mobile Concealing or Sharing Isolated or Connected Generic or Personal Consuming or Crea:ng Closed or Open

100. Divide is Growing Apart -‐ Fast Moving both direc2ons at once

101. Expensive ⇒ Aﬀordable Music, Movies, TV Shows

102. Aﬀordable ⇒ Expensive Textbooks (+800%)

103. Content Aﬀordability Provider Cost Ne?lix – 20,000 Movies (and TV) $7.99 / month Hulu Plus – 45,000 TV (and Movies) $7.99 / month Spo:fy – 15M Songs $9.99 / month CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $20.25 / month

104. Content Aﬀordability Provider Cost Ne?lix – 20,000 Movies (and TV) $7.99 / month Hulu Plus – 45,000 TV (and Movies) $7.99 / month Spo:fy – 15M Songs $9.99 / month CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $20.25 / month OpenStax – 1 Open Bio Textbook $0.00 / month

105. Impacts of Open on: Pedagogy Assessment Tenure and Promo2on Research Scholarship Business Model

106. Organizing and Transforming (0.85) “Overt or covert rearrangement of instruc2onal materials to improve learning. (e.g., making an outline before wri2ng a paper).... The types of strategies included in this category (such as summarizing and paraphrasing) promote a more ac3ve approach to learning tasks.” Ha}e, p. 190-‐191 hGp://pm4id.org/

107. But Where Are All These OER?!? Demo 2me!

108. OER + Analy2cs Con2nuous improvement

109. OER Give you permission to make changes But don’t tell you what to change

110. Analy2cs Tell you what to change But don’t give you permission to make changes

111. OER + Analy2cs Con2nuous improvement

112. Faculty Feedback “I wish I had this for every class I teach, for every module! The feedback and recommenda2ons are posi2ve, speciﬁc and are changes that I can implement quickly with minimal eﬀort on my part.”

113. Conclusion (Finally!)

114. Genuine Open Moves Us Forward Increase learning Decrease costs Enable new pedagogies Empower faculty Facilitate con2nuous improvement

115. Fauxpen Takes Us Backward Free but not open None of the beneﬁts of open

116. Lumen Learning It’s all open Full set of services enabling open learning (e.g., training, licensing, ID, hos2ng, support, CI)

117. Discussion hGp://lumenlearning.com/ hGp://davidwiley.org/ @opencontent