The document provides information about a 2011 field trip to Seoraksan National Park led by Professor Chang Zin Lee from October 30th to November 10th. It includes schedules, maps, and descriptions of the geology that will be investigated over the course of the trip, including various igneous and metamorphic rocks like granite, gneiss, schist and their formation processes. Stops include peaks like Jungcheongbong, Daecheongbong and temples like Bongjeongam. The trip will examine the granite batholiths, gneiss complexes, and evidence of regional metamorphism in the area. Participants are expected to pay $100 and bring their own supplies.

1. 2011 GEO-EDU
in Korean Nature
Seoraksan, 30 September-3 October
Jeju Island, 6-10 November
Leader: Prof. Chang Zin Lee
Office: +82-43-261-2737
Mobile: +82-10-6553-8880
leecz@cbnu.ac.kr

2. Information of field trip
All participants have to pay 100USD for the
Seoraksan field trip
Food, accommodation and travel expenses
during field trip will be shouldered by the
organizer
Preparation: Hiking boats, mountain-climbing
clothes, sun cream, hat, pencil, note, camera,
computer, sunglass, wind jacket, knapsack
Weather: 0-15°C, Rain or bright

5. Seoraksan investigating members

7. Welcome to Seoraksan

8. Granite peaks exposed on the Seoraksan ridge

9. East sea coast from Daecheongbong
仁者樂山智者樂水
Benevolent person delights in the mountain,
wise person delights in the sea

10. Granite peaks exposed along the Dinosaur Ridge(Gongryong
Neugseon), the most dangerous and rough ridge of Seoraksan

11. Seoraksan National Park was designated the 5th
national park in Korea in 1970 and also internationally
recognized for its rare species. Seoraksan was
designated as a Biosphere Preservation District by
UNESCO in 1982.
The total area of Seoraksan National Park is about
400 km2 and it is divided two regions; Naeseorak and
Oeseorak. Seoraksan has a total of 30 imposing
peaks.
Over 2,000 animal species live in Seoraksan,
including the Korea goral, Musk deer and others.
There are also more than 1,400 rare plant species,
such as the Edelweiss, here as well.

12. 1st day, Field Trip Schedule of Seoraksan
Seoraksan; September 30
Time Student Agenda Location
September 30
05:30-10:00 Departure to Seoraksan CBNU
Investigation of granite, banded gneiss, schist,
Hangyeryeong Information
September 30 porphyroblastic gneiss, granitic gneiss, augen
Center(HIC) to
10:30-18:30 gneiss, quartz, feldspar, biotite, weathering and
Jungcheongbong(JCB)
erosional surface and geography of Seoraksan
September 30
Walk down to Bongjeongam JCB to Bongjeongam
18:30-19:30
September 30
Temple style dinner Bongjeongam
19:30-20:30
September 30
Free time Bongjeongam
20:30

13. 2nd day, Field Trip Schedule of Seoraksan
Seoraksan; October 1
Time Student Agenda Location
October 1
Departure to DCB Bongjeongam
8:00
Investigation of granite, banded gneiss, schist,
October 1 porphyroblastic gneiss, migmatite, granitic gneiss,
8:00-17:30 DCB to Seorakdong
augen gneiss, quartz, feldspar, biotite and
geography of Seoraksan
October 1
19:00-20:00 Dinner and free time Ilseong condominium
October 1
20:00 Free time Ilseong condominium

14. 3rd day, Field Trip Schedule of Seoraksan
Seoraksan; October 2
Time Student Agenda Location
October 2
9:00 Departure to Ulsanam Ilseong condominium
Investigation of some kinds of rocks, beach sand
and geography Naksansa temple
October 2
9:00-14:00
Buddhism and ancient culture by Prof. Yong hwan East Sea shoreline
Kim
October 2
Lunch East Sea shoreline
14:00-16:00
October 2
16:00 Free time Ilseong condominium

15. 3rd day, Field Trip Schedule of Yeongwol
Seoraksan and Yeongwol; October 3
Time Student Agenda Location
October 3
Departure to the field sites in Yeongwol Ilseong condominium
5:30
October 3 Buddhism explanation on Beopheungsa
Beopheungsa temple
9:30-12:30 Temple by Prof. Yong Hwan Kim
October 3 Investigation of geologic and sedimentary
Yeongwol
12:30-14:30 structures, fossils and geography
October 3
Moving from Yeongwol to Cheongju Yeongwol to Cheongju
14:30-18:00
October 3
The end of the Seoraksan field trip CBNU
18:00

16. Geographic Map and Hangyeryeong Pass Course
Hangyeryeong Pass Course
Travel Time : 13 hours 20 minutes
Distance : 19.3 km
Altitude : 1,000 m

18. Big Mass of Ulsanam Granite
In the Seoraksan, there are many rocky peaks which are all composed of granite or gneiss.
The peaks are well-exposed with some weathering evidences; exfoliation dome, castle
koppie, tor and panhole(weathering pan or solution pan). The Ulsanam is the best of the Se
oraksan peaks in the view of spectacle, weathering evidences and scale.

19. Tor
Panhole
Exfoliation dome
Castle wall-shaped Ulsanam

20. Geologic Sequence of Rocks and Strata in
Seoraksan
Geologic age Name Relation
Quaternary
Alluvium Unconformity
Cenozoic Period
Era Tertiary
Dilluvium Unconformity
Period
Granite Porphyry Intrusion
Ulsan Granite Intrusion
Masanite Intrusion
Pinkish Granite Intrusion
Mesozoic Cretaceous
Jeombongsan Granite Intrusion
Era Period
Biotite Granite Intrusion
Seoraksan Granite Intrusion
Hornblend Granite Intrusion
Seoraksan Formation Unconformity
Precambrian Gneiss Complex

21. Porphyritic Granite including feldspar porphyry(left)
Granodiorite(right)

22. Granite, coarse-grained

23. Quartz vein in granite

24. Occurrences and Processes of Igneous Rock
Occurrences: A = magma chamber(batholith); B = dike; C = laccolith; D =
pegmatite; E = sill; F = stratovolcano
Processes: 1 = newer intrusion cutting through older one; 2 = xenolith; 3 =
contact metamorphism; 4 = uplift due to laccolith emplacement

25. Basic Classification of Igneous Rock

26. Basic Classification of Igneous Rock
Rhyolite: Greek rhyax "stream of lava"
Dacite: Dacia, a province of the Roman Empire which lay between the Danube River
and Carpathian Mountains (now modern Romania)
Andesite : Andes mountain range.
Basalt: Latin basaltes, misspelling of L. basanites "very hard stone," which was imported
from Ancient Greek, basani'ty*s (basanites), from ba'sano*s (basanos, "touchstone")
Komatiite: Komati River in South Africa
Granite: Latin granum "grain"
Diorite: Greek diorizein "distinguish"
Gabbro: A town in the Italian Tuscany region
Peridotite: Peridot, a gemstone and pale green olivine

27. Porphyroblast: A large mineral crystal in a metamorphic rock which has
grown within the finer grained groundmass. Porphyroblasts are
commonly euhedral crystals, but can also be partly to completely
irregular in shape.
Gneiss: Middle German gneist, “to spark”(because the rock glitters)
Schist: Greek schistos, “to split”
Slate: French escalate, “to split thin plate”
Phyllite: “to split into sheets”
Hornfels: “hornstone”
Migmatite: Greek migma, “to mix”

28. Two types of Seoraksan Gneiss Complex
Left: Porphyroblastic Gneiss including feldspar crystals
Pressure<Temperature
Right: Augen Gneiss
Pressure>,=Temperature

29. Geologic route map of the Hangyeryong-Daecheongbong course
Augen
Gneiss
Jungc. Daec.
Intrusive
rock Soc.
Miarolitic Aplite
texture
Porphyroblastic
Banded texture
Pinkish feldspar Gneiss
Granite
White feldspar
Granite
Pinkish feldspar
Granite
Hangyeryong
The upper part of Seoraksan: Metamorphic rock, Gneiss
The lower part of Seoraksan: Granite

30. Geologic route map of the Hangyeryong-Daecheongbong course
8. Banded Gneiss High Pressure>High Temperature
Augen Gneiss High Pressure>,=High Temperature
Porphyroblastic Gneiss
High P<High T

31. Types of Metamorphism
Regional metamorphism
Important factor: Pressure and temperature
Regional metamorphism occurs large areas of continental crust
typically associated with mountain ranges, particularly subduction
zones.
Contact metamorphism
Important factor: Temperature>>pressure
Contact metamorphism occurs typically around intrusive igneous
rocks as a result of the temperature increase caused by the
intrusion of magma into cooler country rock.
Dynamic metamorphism
Important factor: Pressure>>Temperature
Dynamic metamorphism is associated with zones of high to
moderate strain such as fault zones. Cataclasis, crushing and
grinding of rocks into angular fragments, occurs in dynamic
metamorphic zones, giving cataclastic texture.

32. Rock Cycle
1 = magma; 2 = crystallization (freezing of rock); 3 = igneous rocks; 4 = erosion; 5 = sedimentation; 6 =
sediments and sedimentary rocks; 7 = tectonic burial and metamorphism; 8 = metamorphic rocks; 9 = melting

33. Types of Volcanic Rock
Rhyolite
Andesite
Basalt
Trachyte

34. Types of Intrusive Rock
Gabbro
Diorite
Granite
Pegmatite

35. Types of Metamorphic Rock (I)
Hornfels
Marble
Cataclastic
Rock
Migmatite

36. Types of Intrusive Rock (II)
Slate
Schist
Phyllite
Gneiss

37. Augen Gneiss

38. Bongjeongam; small temple, accommodation available

39. Talus, weathering products near Gwitaegichungbong

40. Dome-shaped granite mass

41. Daecheongbong

42. Observatory and mountain cabin(left) located near
summit(right) of Seoraksan

43. Daechungbong summit and Jungcheongbong cabin
Direction of Daechungbong summit
Daechungbong summit Jungchungbong cabin

44. Squirrel in Soraksan

45. Interaction between Matteo and
Korean squirrel

46. Fall foliage, scarlet mapple leaves

48. Sunset; photographing near Jungcheongbong

49. Rocky mountains near Cheonbuldong valley

50. Cubic joint in Chunbuldong granite

51. V-shaped valley(left) and entrance(right) of Cheonbuldong valley

52. Water fall flowing on granite in Cheonbuldong valley

53. Migmatic gneiss

54. Augen gneiss

55. Aplite dyke in augen gneiss

56. Naksan sand beach and lagoon
lagoon

57. Questionnaire of Seoraksan Field Trip
1. What kind of rocks can be observed along the mountain ridge and also in
the valley area?
2. Compare the metamorphic condition between augen gneiss and
porphyroblastic gneiss.
3. What is the original rocks of the gneiss before metamorphism?
4. The Seoraksan granites show coarse-grained texture, which indicate the
evidence crystallized at deep Earth crust. However all the granites are
found on the ground surface easily. Explain the reason.
5. Explain the formational processes the metamorphic rocks and igneous
rocks distributed in our field course.

58. Matteo Lindner’s Q&A of Seoraksan Field Trip
1. What kind of rocks can be observed along the mountain ridge and also in the
valley area?
• On the base of the mountain we mainly observed coarse grained granite with a
composition of 40% quartz, 40% feldspar, and 20% biotite. The crystals' diameter of
3-5mm led us to the conclusion that the granite was formed in a slow cooling process
in a batholith. Occasionally we also found medium grained granite, which formed in
a dyke where the cooling process is faster. Moreover, we found some evidence
contact metamorphism between mudrock and granite that resulted in hornfels and
a quartz vein. Towards the top of the mountain we observed various types of gneiss,
which covers the granite. We also found small amounts of andesite, which must have
come from a dyke.
2. Compare the metamorphic condition between augen gneiss and
porphyroblastic gneiss.
• Augen and poryphyroblastic gneiss forms through regional metamorphism. The
regular alignment of the layers and eyes in Augen gneiss is due to high pressure.
Poryphyroblasts form in gneiss when it recrystallizes due to high temperature.

59. Matteo Lindner’s Q&A of Seoraksan Field Trip
3. What were the original rocks of the gneiss before metamorphism?
• On Seoraksan the original rocks would be mudrock or granite.
4. The Seoraksan granites show a coarse-grained texture, which indicates
crystallization deep in the earth crust. However, all the granites can be found
on the ground surface easily. Explain the reason.
• The earth crust consists of tectonic plates that are constantly moving. When two
plates move towards each other and one moves under the other, it's called
subduction. The exposed granites on Seoraksan crystallized deep inside the Earth
crust, but the subduction of the Eurasian and the Pacific plate moved the granites
of the Eurasian plate to the surface. After the geotectonic movement the upper part
of the crust, which lay on the granite, were eroded over a long geologic period.
5. Explain the formational processes of the metamorphic and igneous rocks that
were distributed over our hiking course.
• The igneous rock granite crystallized deep in the earth crust (we also call this
intrusive) in batholiths. The igneous rock andesite crystallized in dykes. The
metamorphic rocks were formed through regional metamorphism, which occurs in
large areas of the continental crust – typically associated with mountain ranges,
particularly subduction zones. The original rocks were either mudrock or, of course,
granite, which was metamorphosed.

60. Bongjeongam Temple below Socheongbong

61. Bongjeongam Temple
Dancheong: traditional multicolored paintwork on wooden buildings

62. Naksansa Temple
Dancheong: traditional multicolored paintwork on wooden buildings

63. Sinheungsa Temple(left) and Buddha Statue(right)

65. Yeongwol Geo-park
Geology, Geography, Biology, Culture and Sports
500million-years-old
strata & fossils
Karst Danjong
topography Jangneung
Donggang
rafting Biodiversity
Museum
complex

68. in the northeastern region, South Korea

69. Stratigraphy of Yeongwol
Quaternary strata
~unconformity~
Mesozoic strata
~unconformity~
Late Paleozoic(Carboniferous-Permian) strata
~unconformity~
Early Paleozoic(Cambrian-Ordovician) strata

70. PALEOZOIC STRATA and FOSSILS,
YEONGWOL GUN, KOREA
Algal mat Algal mat & desiccation crack
Stromatopoloid
Invertebrate & trace fossils

71. algal mats
desiccation crack

72. • Origin of Stromatolite
a. When it gets sun light, blue-green algae
starts photosynthesis combining CaO and
CO2 and making oxygen.
b. Suspended particles, mostly fine sand, are
stuck to algae when the sun sets.
Deposition on the bottom.
c. When the sun rises, algae repeat its daily
process growing up day by day.
d. After several thousand years, it turns into
rock looks like a mushroom.

75. Trace fossil

76. Reference
Trace fossils
Trace fossils, also called ichnofossils (Greek; ιχνος ikhnos "trace, track"),
are geological records of biological activity. Trace fossils may be impressions
made on the substrate by an organism

77. Stromatoporoid

78. General characteristics of stromatoporoid
• The stromatoporoids had massive calcareous skeletons that are
preserved as rather conspicuous fossils.
• The surface of the skeleton, where most of the living tissue resided,
has raised structures called mamelons.
• The stromatoporoid grew by secreting calcareous sheets. This growth
process resulted in layers, termed laminae, parallel to the substrate
and rod-like pillars perpendicular to the laminae.
• Some stromatoporoids formed domes in excess of 5 m in diameter.

79. Matteo Lindner’s Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip
1. If some mud cracks, ripple marks and stromatolites are found in a bed,
what is the depositional environment of the bed.
2. Explain about the formational process of stromatolite.
3. What is the difference between stromatolite and stromatoporoid? And
do they have something in common with each other?
4. What is the trace fossil? Can you classify some trace fossils?
5. In the Yeongwol field site, we observed the sequence of strata as
below. Please interpret the depositional environment.
Limestone <upper>
Shale
Mudstone
Siltstone
Sandstone
Conglomerate <lower>

80. Matteo Lindner’s Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip
1. If some mud cracks, ripple marks, and stromatolites are found in a bed, wh
at is the depositional environment of the bed?
It's intertidal. Ripple marks don't necessarily need to be found in intertidal zones;
they can also be found in subtidal zones, but they show that the bed was once
in the shallow marine. Mud cracks (also: desiccation cracks) form as muddy
sediment dries and contracts. They show that the bed was somewhen underwater.
Stromatolites are sedimentary structures found in shallow water. Alltogether, we
now that the bed comes from a place where shallow ocean water somewhen
receded, so the depositional environment must have been in an intertidal zone.
2. Explain the formational process of a stromatolite.
a) Microorganisms (cyano-bacteria, aka blue-green
algea) in shallow water trap CaO and CO2 during
the day. They bind the CaO and CO2 for
photosynthesis, and produce O2.
b) After the sunset the sand sticks to the algae.
c) Like that, layer after layer of CaCO3 is binded
by new algae every day.
d) After several 1000 years the result is a layered
concentric structure.

81. Matteo Lindner’s Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip
3. What is the difference between stromatolites and stromatoporoidea? And do
they have something in common?
Stromatolites are fossils of sedimentary structures (see question 7), whereas stromat
oporoidea are fossils of an extinct sponge-like animal with a calcareous skeleton.
What the two have in common is their concentric layered shape. They can be disting
uished by the color and texture within the layer. The stromatoporoidea's layers are w
hite and have a gridiron texture, whereas the stromatolites have a gray and simple
texture.
4. What is a trace fossil? Can you classify some trace fossils?
Trace fossils are geological records of biological activity, also called bioturbations.
There are:
- Dwelling trace fossils (Domichnia), e.g. burrows.
- Surface trace fossils (Cubichnia), e.g. the trace a starfish makes when it's moved
there and back by waves or the footprint of a dinosaur.
- 3-dimensional feeding trace fossils (Fodinichnia)
- Locomotory trace fossils (Repichnia), e.g. the crawling traces of a trilobite.
• (The trace fossils are also classified as the next plate(82))

82. Reference
Trace fossils
Trace fossils, also called ichnofossils (Greek; ιχνος ikhnos "trace, track"),
are geological records of biological activity. Trace fossils may be impressions
made on the substrate by an organism

83. Matteo Lindner’s Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip
5. In the Yeongwol field site, we observed the sequence of strata as below.
Please interpret the depositional environment.
The fact that the coarsest sediments are located in the lower part of a bed
and the finest sediments and limestone in the upper bed part of a bed points
towards a transgressional depositional environment i.e. a bed (stratum)
which is underwater where the sea level continuously increases.

84. Homagnostus Agnostotes Haniwoides Pseudoyuepingia Eochuangia
obesus orientalis longus asaphoides hana(pygidium)
Pseudorhaptag
nostus Ivshinagnostus Irvingella megalops(cephalon) Irvingella megalops(미부)
Some Trilobite fossils from the Early Paleozoic strata in Yeongwol

85. Trilobite fossil and its external morphology

86. Relationship between the
Pyeongan Supergroup and
the Choson Supergroup:
Disconformity
Columnar section of the Permo-
Carboniferous strata in the Yeongwol
coalfield showing stratigraphic
distribution of some typical fusulinids

87. The vertical sandstone and conglomerate of the Carboniferous strata

88. Quartzite pebble in conglomerate

89. Fold structures: simple anticline and drag folding

90. Fusulinid
Fossil range: middle Carboniferous-
Permian
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Foraminifera
Order: Fusulinida
Fusulinoidean grain (left; x 2) and scientific classification (right).
The fusulinids are an extinct group of foraminiferan protozoa. They produce
calcareous shells, which are of fine calcite granules packed closely together;
this distinguishes them from other calcareous forams, where the test is usually
hyaline. Fusulinids appeared late in the Mississippian Period. They were a part
of the Carboniferous and Permian marine communities. They are excellent
index fossils for Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks. However, fusulinids
became extinct at the end of the Permian Period

91. Some stone pillar in a stractite grotto

92. Sink hole in Doline

93. Carren in the Karst topography

94. Karst topography near Kunming in China

95. Limestone pillars in Karst topography, Kunming

96. Korean peninsula-shaped topography formed by
meandering river in Yeongwol, Gangwondo

97. Donggang rafting

98. Danjong was enthroned in 12, but after less than 3 years, he was deprived his throne by Sejo, his
uncle. Sayuksin including Seong, Sammun planned his restoration, but the plan was revealed
before it was carried out. Danjong was banished in Yeongwol. He died in 17.