Airborne Infection Control in the Design of Green Buildings: Applications for Upper-room Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Kevin F. Banahan Candidate for Master of Science Department of Environmental Health Harvard School of Public Health

Objective To demonstrate how an airborne infection control technology could be implemented into an existing framework for the design of green buildings

To demonstrate how an airborne infection control technology could be implemented into an existing framework for the design of green buildings

Outline Upper-room UVGI What is green building? “ Innovation in Design” credit for UVGI

Upper-room UVGI

What is green building?

“ Innovation in Design” credit for UVGI

What is UV-C? http://www.uvcomparison.com/images/scienceUV-Cspectrum.jpg

Upper-room UVGI http://www.ultraviolet.com/air/hygeai04.htm distances in feet

High Levels of Air Disinfection McDevitt JJ, Milton DK, Rudnick SN, First MW (2008) Inactivation of Poxviruses by Upper-Room UVC Light in a Simulated Hospital Room Environment. PLoS ONE 3(9): e3186. Eq. ACH due to UV

Cost-effectiveness Depends on: Organism susceptibility Risk of transmission Site characteristics: air mixing, relative humidity, occupancy Hypothetical scenario with TB in waiting room (Ko, 2001) $133 UVGI $420 Stand-alone HEPA $1,708 Increased Ventilation Present value ($) per TST conversion Control Strategy

Depends on:

Organism susceptibility

Risk of transmission

Site characteristics: air mixing, relative humidity, occupancy

How to apply UVGI to design of Green Buildings? Potential benefits Improved occupant health Energy efficient

Potential benefits

Improved occupant health

Energy efficient

Indoor Environmental Quality Minimum IAQ Performance (req’d) Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control (req’d) Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring Increased Ventilation Construction IAQ Management Plan Low-Emitting Materials Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control Controllability of Systems Thermal Comfort Daylighting and Views

Minimum IAQ Performance (req’d)

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control (req’d)

Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring

Increased Ventilation

Construction IAQ Management Plan

Low-Emitting Materials

Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control

Controllability of Systems

Thermal Comfort

Daylighting and Views

“ Innovation in Design” credit “ To provide design teams and projects the opportunity to be awarded points for exceptional performance above the requirements set by the LEED Green Building Rating system and/or innovative performance in Green Building categories not specifically addressed by the LEED Green Building Rating System.”

“ To provide design teams and projects the opportunity to be awarded points for exceptional performance above the requirements set by the LEED Green Building Rating system and/or innovative performance in Green Building categories not specifically addressed by the LEED Green Building Rating System.”

“ Innovation in Design” credit Innovation credit intent Requirement for compliance Submittals to demonstrate compliance Potential design approaches

Innovation credit intent

Requirement for compliance

Submittals to demonstrate compliance

Potential design approaches

Innovation Credit Intent: Reduction of Airborne Pathogens Reduce risk of transmission of airborne disease Provide additional equivalent air exchanges for airborne infection control Above the required outdoor ventilation rates

Reduce risk of transmission of airborne disease

Provide additional equivalent air exchanges for airborne infection control

Above the required outdoor ventilation rates

Requirements for Compliance Design & installation by qualified professional Verification of occupant safety during commissioning Operations and Maintenance Plan http://www.ultraviolet.com/air/hygeai03.htm

Design & installation by qualified professional

Verification of occupant safety during commissioning

Operations and Maintenance Plan

Potential Design Approaches Upper-room UVGI In-duct UVGI Stand alone air cleaners Increased mechanical ventilation Natural ventilation

Upper-room UVGI

In-duct UVGI

Stand alone air cleaners

Increased mechanical ventilation

Natural ventilation

Conclusions UVGI in Green Buildings? Potential for reduced risk of indoor air infection Energy efficient compared to alternatives Upper-room UVGI should be considered on a site specific basis Life-cycle assessment would improve design decisions for green building applications

UVGI in Green Buildings?

Potential for reduced risk of indoor air infection

Energy efficient compared to alternatives

Upper-room UVGI should be considered on a site specific basis

Life-cycle assessment would improve design decisions for green building applications

Acknowledgements Philip Brickner and Richard Vincent St. Vincent’s Hospital Manhattan, Department of Community Medicine Robert Herrick Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health

Philip Brickner and Richard Vincent

St. Vincent’s Hospital Manhattan, Department of Community Medicine

Robert Herrick

Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health

Questions?