How to Use the Harvard Style
of Referencing
Norman Creaney

Referencing - how, what, why?
In scientific and There are a number of ways of
technical report writing referencing other people’s work, but
you will often want to they all share some features.
refer to other work that
is somehow related to A citation is inserted at the
your own. appropriate point in your text to
indicate the existence of related
Failure to properly work.
acknowledge your
sources may leave you A full reference is given
open to accusations of separately for each citation, to
plagiarism. enable the reader to trace the
corresponding work.

Harvard - how, what, why?
Main Text
The Harvard
Referencing System Google's search engine uses the concept of PageRank
(Brin, S., Page, L. 1998) to assign a value to each
is an agreed individual web page. This enables it to identify the most
standard. important pages that match a user's query.
It ensures that ... ...
references are clear Reference List
and unambiguous.
Brin, S. & Page, L., 1998. The Anatomy of a Large-Scale
Hypertextual Web Search Engine. In: Seventh
There are other International conference on World-Wide Web (WWW
standards but 1998), April 14-18, 1998, Brisbane, Australia.
Harvard is widely
... ...
used.

How to Reference a Book
Author's surname followed by a comma.
Author's initials in capitals, with full-stop after each - and a final comma.
Year of publication followed by full-stop.
Full title of book in italics with capitalization of first word and proper
nouns only - followed by full-stop unless there is a sub-title - follow by full-
stop.
Edition number followed by the abbreviation \"ed.\" - followed by full-stop.
Place of publication: Town or city, follow by colon.
Publisher - company name followed by full-stop.
Russell, D.E. & Norvig, P., 2009. Artificial Intelligence: a modern
approach , 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall.

How to Reference a Journal Article
Author's surname followed by a comma.
Author's initials in capitals, with full-stop after each - and a final
comma.
Year of publication followed by full-stop.
Full title of the article - not in italics - with capitalization of first word
and proper nouns only - followed by full-stop unless there is a sub-title.
Full title of journal, in italics, with capitalization of key words - followed
by comma.
Volume number
Issue/Part number in brackets, followed by comma.
Page range preceded by \"pp.\"
Knuth, D.E. & Moore, R.W., 1975. An Analysis of Alpha-Beta Pruning,
Artificial Intelligence 6(4), pp. 293-326.

How to Reference a Conference Paper
Author's surname followed by a comma.
Author's initials in capitals, with full-stop after each - and a final
comma.
Year of publication followed by full-stop.
Full title of conference paper - not in italics - with capitalization of first
word and proper nouns only - followed by full-stop.
Full title of conference, in italics - followed by comma.
Location followed by a comma.
Date followed by a comma.
Publisher (company name) followed by colon.
Place of publication (town or city name) follow by full-stop.
Brin, S. & Page, L., 1998. The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual
Web Search Engine. In: Seventh International conference on World-
Wide Web (WWW 1998) , April 14-18, 1998, Brisbane, Australia.

How to Reference a Website
Authorship or Source - followed by comma
Year - followed by full-stop.
Title of web document or web page - in italics - followed by \"[Online]\"
Date of most recent update - within round brackets.
Available at - followed by the URL (underlined)
Date of most recent access - in square brackets - followed by full-stop
Creaney, N., 2008. Legal Issues for IT Professionals [Online]
(Updated 26 September 2008) Available at: http://knol.google.
com/k/-/-/1hzaxtdr9c09g/7# [Accessed 30 January 2009].

How to Reference an Unpublished
Work
If a work has been accepted for publication but not yet published,
then the reference is structured as follows:
Creaney, N., (inpress) Dummies Guide to Professional Ethics . O'Really
If a work is circulated informally but not published, then the reference is
structured as follows:
Creaney, N., 2009. Lecture Notes on Professional Ehics. [Leaflet]
University of Ulster.

References with Incomplete
Information
199- the decade is the 1990s but the year is not known
199? the decade is thought to be the 1990s
1993 the year is thought to be 1993
Anon the author is not known
s.l. the place of publication is not known
s.n. the name of the publisher is not known

Whether you are quoting, paraphrasing or extending
someone else’s work, it is essential that you acknowledge
your sources.
The Harvard Referencing System is a collection of rules
and conventions that help you to do this clearly,
consistently and unambiguously.
Citations are in parentheses in the main text and
include author name and publication year.
References are listed at the end of the report and are
sorted by author name, then publication date.
For more information ...

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