3. Likely Regional Impacts of Climate Change on Human
Communities and Livelihoods
Africa
By 2020, 75-250 m people suffering water shortages
Some countries - 50% reduction yield from rain-fed agriculture
Strong links to poverty, migration and food security
Asia
By 2050s, freshwater availability projected to decrease.
Coastal areas, esp. heavily populated delta regions, flooding risk
Increased pressures on natural resources from agriculture expansion
Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea/disease rise.
Islands
Sea level rise -inundation, storm surge, erosion, other coastal hazards.
By 2050, reduced water resources and shortages
With higher temperatures, increased invasion by non-native species.
4. Ecosystems As Part of the Solution
Enhance resilience to climate change:
Mitigation
Store: Prevent loss of C in vegetation & soils
Capture: Sequester CO2 from atmosphere
Adaptation
Protect : maintain ecosystem integrity, buffer
climate, reduce risks and impacts of extreme
events (droughts, floods, storms, sea level rise)
Provide: maintain essential services: water
supplies, fisheries, agricultural productivity
5. Ecosystems & Global Carbon Cycle
Forests 35% of land, 50% terrestrial C
– Remove 2.4 b tons C/yr (=1/3 fossil fuel emissions)
– Wetlands, seagrass beds, mangroves, kelp
forests some of the most efficient C sinks.
BUT Land Conversion 20% global emissions
Deforestation:1.6 b ton C/yr. Peat - 3% land;
degradation equiv. 6% fossil fuel emissions.
Many areas high BD, high C value
Globally 15% terrestrial C stored in PAs
6. Amazon Region Protected
Area Program
The ARPA program (Brazilian Amazon)
– Created 22.28 million ha of new PAs.
– Better management 8.65 m ha existing PA
– Mosaic of state, provincial, private, &
indigenous reserves (30.93 m ha).
ARPA contributes to avoided deforestation.
Carbon stock estimated 4.5 bn tons. Reduced
emissions estimated at 1.8 bn tons of carbon.
Role recognized in the 2006 Stern Review.
7. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
Natural ecosystems maintain water flows and quality.
Provide coastal protection and natural flood control
and pollution-reduction mechanisms.
Maintain nursery, feeding and breeding grounds for
fisheries and wildlife
Protect reservoirs of wild crop relatives, pollinators,
pest control. (genetic diversity and resilience for crop
improvements; increased agricultural production).
Healthy ecosystems restrict spread of invasive alien
species (IAS) and disease vectors.
Proven, cost-effective and sustainable solutions –
reducing the impact of CC
8. Forests and Water Security
Quantity: cloud forests increase water flow
Quality: 33/105 major cities depend on PAs
for domestic water – Jakarta, Quito, New York
Another 10%:water from protected watersheds
Forests reduce sedimentation - irrigation canals
and reservoirs e.g. Bogani Nani Wartabone NP
Value to downstream agriculture – Madagascar
- 6m hectares of PAs
9. Protecting against hazards
Coral reefs & mangroves – coastal protection,
fisheries & food security.
Mangroves $300,000/km coastal defences Malaysia.
Vietnam: Investment US$1.1m saved est.US$7.3
m/year sea dyke maintenance. Typhoon Wukong 2000.
Flood control New Zealand: Whangamarino Ramsar
site, swamp – flood prevention worth US$4 m (1998).
Switzerland 17% forests - stop avalanches, landslides
& flooding, valued at US$2-3.5 billion per year
Green infrastructure – Argentina, Parana flood control
Mali - role of national parks in desertification control.
PA reservoirs of drought-resistant species
10. Looking Forward
PROTECT: More & larger protected areas: marine;
areas high C & BD; watersheds, peat, lowland, FW
CONNECT Protected areas in landscapes/seascapes
Full range of PA governance (state to communities)
Improve protection & management for C, BD & ES
RESTORE - degraded habitats within & around PAs.
Incorporate PAs into CC/Adaptation/Disaster
Reduction Strategies and spatial planning
COST $23b/yr (4x current) – REDD, C funds, PES
11. Advocacy to Action – How to Mainstream?
For more
information
please visit:
www.worldbank.org
/biodiversity
12. IUCN defines a protected area to be:
“a clearly defined
geographical space,
recognized,
dedicated and
managed,
through legal or other
effective means,
to achieve the long-
term conservation of
nature with associated
ecosystem services and
cultural values”
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
13. CBD Strategic Plan: Target 11
At least
17 % of terrestrial and inland water, and
10 % of coastal and marine areas,
especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity
and ecosystem services, are conserved
through effectivelyCBD & Climate
and equitably managed,
Kathy MacKinnon
ecologically representative and well-connected systems
of protected areas, and
other effective area-based conservation measures,
and integrated into the wider landscape and seascape.
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
14. What does this imply for the
establishment, management and
governance of protected areas?
Kathy MacKinnon
CBD & Climate
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
15. 1. PA system design
“ecologically representative and well-
connected systems”
% of North American Ecozones Protected
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
CBD Target
0.15
Kathy MacKinnon
0.1
CBD & Climate
0.05
0
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
16. Distribution of the Number of North American
Protected Areas by Size Class
20000
18478
18000
Number of Protected Areeas
16000 90% of North American
Protected Areas are Less Than
14000 100 km2 in area
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000 1428
296
27
0 11 4 4
0 - 100 100 - 1000 1000 - 10000 10000 - 20000 20000 - 30000 30000 - 40000 > 40000
Size Class in Km2
17. Species are being lost in small protected areas:
e.g. Changes in Amphibian species richness in Pt. Pelee
Species Historical 1972 1994
Mudpuppy ? ?
Tiger salamander gone gone
American toad
Fowler’s toad gone gone
Blanchard’s frog gone
Spring peeper
Western Chorus frog
Gray treefrog
Kathy MacKinnon
CBD & Climate
gone gone
Bullfrog gone
Green frog
Leopard frog
11 7 5
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
18.
19. Tracking Target 11: Protection of
ecoregions
We need to get here!
We are here!
20. 2. Management capacity
“effectively....managed”
Standards and guidance for
protected area managers
• Category assignment
• Management planning
• Community engagement
• Communication and
education
• Managing in the face of
Kathy MacKinnon
CBD & Climate
climate change
Professional development
standards, curriculum, quali-
fications
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
21. 2+ Financial capacity
“effectively....managed”
• A global assessment of
PA financing
• Application of a suite of
financing mechanisms
(government
funding, trust
funds, payments for
ecosystem
services, mitigation
Kathy MacKinnon
CBD & Climate
offsets)
• Skills to
motivate, manage and
deploy finance
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
22. 3. Facilitating equitable
governance
“equitably....managed”
• Address inadequacies in
protected area
legislation
• Focus on recognition of
all PA governance types
in the production
landscape/ seascape
Kathy MacKinnon
CBD & Climate
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
23. Governance A. Governance by B. Shared Governance C. Private D. Indigenous Peoples &
type Government Governance Community Governance
Federa Local/ Govern Trans- Collaborativ Joint Declared …by …by for Indigenous bio- Community
l or municip ment- boundar e management and run non- profit cultural areas & Conserved Areas
nation al delegate y managemen (pluralist by profit organisat Territories- - declared and
al ministry d manage t (various management individu organisat ions (e.g.
Category ministr or manage ment forms of board) al land- ions (e.g. corporat
declared and run by run by
Indigenous Peoples traditional
(manag. y or
agency
agency
in
ment
(e.g. to
pluralist
influence)
owner NGOs,
univ.
e land-
owners ) peoples and local
objective) change an NGO) etc.) communities
I - Strict Nature
Reserve/
Wilderness Area
II – National
Park (ecosystem
protection;
protection of
cultural values)
III – Natural
Monument
IV – Habitat/ Kathy MacKinnon
Species CBD & Climate
Management
V – Protected
Landscape/
Seascape
VI – Managed
Resource
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
24. Kathy MacKinnon
CBD & Climate
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
25. 3+ Facilitate equitable governance
“other effective area-
based conservation
measures”
• Social assessment of PAs
• Enable multiple agency,
biosphere reserve and
transboundary protected
areas governance
• Pilot, test and
demonstrate Access and
Benefit Sharing
arrangements
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
26. 4. Meeting global challenges
“integrated into
the wider landscape
and seascape”
• Developing guidance
for embedding
biodiversity and PAs
into development
and land-use
planning
• Achieving sectoral
support for the
critical role of PA
systems
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
29. 5. Achieving and communicating
effective performance
“Areas that are particularly important for
Biodiversity are conserved”
The IUCN GREEN LIST of
well-managed protected
areas that achieve
conservation of
biodiversity
Recognize and
measure progress,
celebrate success,
innovation and
endeavour in
protected area
management
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
30. THE IUCN GREEN LIST OF WELL-
MANAGED PROTECTED AREAS
Values stated, objectives declared and
being met
Protected area legally established,
boundaries secure
Management capacity, policies and
actions to achieve objectives in place
Governance, participation, equity and
benefit-sharing fulfils standards
Visitor management and communication
meets standards
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
31. World Database on Protected Areas
• Only global database of protected areas
• 30 years old
• 200,000 + records
• Partnership between UNEP and IUCN
• Includes nationally designated parks and protected areas
• International sites (World Heritage, UNESCO MAB, Ramsar, etc.)
World Database on Protected Areas, 2012 Panamanian protected areas from protectedpla
32. 5+ Using the power of social
networks
IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
