The Contact Period 1800 - 1840 REVISION

Maori before 1800: Mana Maori life was centered on Mana Mana was measured in terms of birthright, achievements or knowledge. Important concepts included Utu(Reciprocity) and Tapu. (Forbidden) Both used to control relationships and behaviour.

Maori life was centered on Mana

Mana was measured in terms of birthright, achievements or knowledge.

Important concepts included Utu(Reciprocity) and Tapu. (Forbidden)

Both used to control relationships and behaviour.

Maori before 1800: Whanau Maori relationships were based on belonging: Whanau – Extended Family Hapu – Whanau joined by marriage (sub-tribe) Iwi – Hapu joined by marriage (Tribe) Tribes maintained their Rangatiratanga over their Rohe. (Chieftainship over land)

Maori relationships were based on belonging:

Whanau – Extended Family

Hapu – Whanau joined by marriage (sub-tribe)

Iwi – Hapu joined by marriage (Tribe)

Tribes maintained their Rangatiratanga over their Rohe. (Chieftainship over land)

Maori before 1800: War Warfare was endemic (Ballara) Hapu could fight Hapu and Iwi could fight Iwi. Alliances could be made and broken. Uti played a large role in most disputes. Pre-musket most fighting was non-lethal.

Warfare was endemic (Ballara)

Hapu could fight Hapu and Iwi could fight Iwi.

Alliances could be made and broken.

Uti played a large role in most disputes.

Pre-musket most fighting was non-lethal.

The Contact Period: Explorers Abel Tasman 1642 Searching for Staten Landt. Misunderstood Maori challenge. 4 Crewmen killed and eaten. Reports discouraged further exploration

Abel Tasman 1642

Searching for Staten Landt.

Misunderstood Maori challenge.

4 Crewmen killed and eaten.

Reports discouraged further exploration

The Contact Period: Explorers 2 James Cook 1769 Searching for Terra Incognita. Had Tupaia as Interpreter. Relations with Maori generally good Spent 6 months surveying country. Reported favourably on Maori. Reported on resources especially Timber and Flax.

James Cook 1769

Searching for Terra Incognita.

Had Tupaia as Interpreter.

Relations with Maori generally good

Spent 6 months surveying country.

Reported favourably on Maori.

Reported on resources especially Timber and Flax.

The Contact Period: Explorers 3 Jean-Francois Surville 1769 Arrives 2 weeks after Cook. Makes similar observations to Cook. Kidnaps Maori chief. Both die of scurvy on return voyage.

Jean-Francois Surville 1769

Arrives 2 weeks after Cook.

Makes similar observations to Cook.

Kidnaps Maori chief.

Both die of scurvy on return voyage.

Explorers: Overview Cook had reported favourably on New Zealand. It had significant natural resources especially flax and timber. He considered Maori a noble race with a stratified society and a culture adapted to trade. Later explorers generally supported his view.

Cook had reported favourably on New Zealand.

It had significant natural resources especially flax and timber.

He considered Maori a noble race with a stratified society and a culture adapted to trade.

Later explorers generally supported his view.

Contact Period: Australia Britain needed a convict settlement. Other places had been unsuitable (to close or too dangerous) Cooks report on Australia made it more suitable than New Zealand. In 1788 the First Fleet arrived. Almost immediately trade with Maori began.

Britain needed a convict settlement.

Other places had been unsuitable (to close or too dangerous)

Cooks report on Australia made it more suitable than New Zealand.

In 1788 the First Fleet arrived.

Almost immediately trade with Maori began.

The Contact Period: Sealers Seals skin were valued in Britain and China. Sydney merchants began to exploit Australian seals. In 1792 the first sealing gang arrived in Doubtful Sound. Gangs were usually former convicts. Life was hard, Gangs were left with limited food for long periods.

Seals skin were valued in Britain and China.

Sydney merchants began to exploit Australian seals.

In 1792 the first sealing gang arrived in Doubtful Sound.

Gangs were usually former convicts.

Life was hard, Gangs were left with limited food for long periods.

The Contact Period: Sealers 2 Gangs quickly killed off the Seals. By 1812 the trade had emptied most seal colony’s on the mainland. Gangs could easily kill 5-20,00 gangs in a season. One ships took 100,000 skins to Sydney in a single trip. Some gangs were marooned. One gang was rescued after 4 years.

Gangs quickly killed off the Seals.

By 1812 the trade had emptied most seal colony’s on the mainland.

Gangs could easily kill 5-20,00 gangs in a season.

One ships took 100,000 skins to Sydney in a single trip.

Some gangs were marooned.

One gang was rescued after 4 years.

The Contact Period: Sealers 3 Sealing Gangs and Maori Sealers were terrified of being attacked and eaten. James Caddells gang were eaten and he became a Pakeha-Maori Another gang were forced to eat each other. Most sealers had little to trade. Gangs around Southland did trade with Maori and provided them with muskets.

Sealing Gangs and Maori

Sealers were terrified of being attacked and eaten.

James Caddells gang were eaten and he became a Pakeha-Maori

Another gang were forced to eat each other.

Most sealers had little to trade.

Gangs around Southland did trade with Maori and provided them with muskets.

Contact Period: Timber An extraction Industry: Timber was major industry from the early 1800’s. New Zealand Timber was of a high quality. It helped build Sydney and was useful cargo for returning Convict ships. Ships called into the Hokianga Harbour to cut or employ Maori to provide suitable lumber. Hokianga Ngapuhi benefited from this trade.

An extraction Industry:

Timber was major industry from the early 1800’s.

New Zealand Timber was of a high quality.

It helped build Sydney and was useful cargo for returning Convict ships.

Ships called into the Hokianga Harbour to cut or employ Maori to provide suitable lumber.

Hokianga Ngapuhi benefited from this trade.

The Contact Period: Whaling Whale oil was valuable. Whale oil was used to lubricate machinery or in street lighting. By 1790 Whales were harder to find in the Atlantic. In 1799 the first Whalers (American) arrived and reported large Whaling fields. Quickly more ships followed them into the Pacific.

Whale oil was valuable.

Whale oil was used to lubricate machinery or in street lighting.

By 1790 Whales were harder to find in the Atlantic.

In 1799 the first Whalers (American) arrived and reported large Whaling fields.

Quickly more ships followed them into the Pacific.

The Contact Period: Whalers 2 Ocean Whaling ships needed supplies. Ships were at sea for 2-3 years. They needed fresh food and water. Sydney did not allow American ships. Fees and taxes in Sydney were also high. The Whalers sought an alternative. They began to call into the Bay of Islands.

Ocean Whaling ships needed supplies.

Ships were at sea for 2-3 years.

They needed fresh food and water.

Sydney did not allow American ships. Fees and taxes in Sydney were also high.

The Whalers sought an alternative.

They began to call into the Bay of Islands.

The Contact Period: Whalers 3 Ocean Whalers and the Maori. From 1806 Kororareka became a favourite port of call for Whalers. By the late 1820’s dozens of ships were using the port with crews of 20-50. Ngapuhi quickly realised the value of having access to European trade goods. This gave them Mana and trading power with other tribes. They diversified their crops to include European foods. They offered women for sex. Increasingly the trade centred on Muskets.

Ocean Whalers and the Maori.

From 1806 Kororareka became a favourite port of call for Whalers.

By the late 1820’s dozens of ships were using the port with crews of 20-50.

Ngapuhi quickly realised the value of having access to European trade goods.

This gave them Mana and trading power with other tribes.

They diversified their crops to include European foods.

They offered women for sex.

Increasingly the trade centred on Muskets.

The Contact Period: Whalers 4 The Hellhole of the Pacific. Missionaries who arrived in 1814 deplored the effect that contact with Whalers had on Maori. Drunken brawls and prostitution were common. After the mission at Paihia was set up they began to compare their Heaven to Kororarekas Hell. Ocean Whalers began to decline after 1840.

The Hellhole of the Pacific.

Missionaries who arrived in 1814 deplored the effect that contact with Whalers had on Maori.

Drunken brawls and prostitution were common.

After the mission at Paihia was set up they began to compare their Heaven to Kororarekas Hell.

Ocean Whalers began to decline after 1840.

The Contact Period: Whalers The Shore Whalers From the late 1820’s Whaling Stations were established around the coast. (Jacky Guard) This was cheaper than equipping a ship. Long term relationships developed. Often Maori were employed and some marriages occurred. Increased trade meant the supply of muskets was opened up to other tribes (Ngati Toa)

The Shore Whalers

From the late 1820’s Whaling Stations were established around the coast. (Jacky Guard)

This was cheaper than equipping a ship.

Long term relationships developed.

Often Maori were employed and some marriages occurred.

Increased trade meant the supply of muskets was opened up to other tribes (Ngati Toa)

Whalers Overview Ocean whalers increased contact with Maori. Whalers introduced many new ideas to Maori including the cash economy, new foods and technology. Many Maori (Ruatara) travelled the world on Whalers and brought back stories of what they had seen. (incl. British Imperial power) Negative effects include prostitution, disease, alcohol and the musket. Some Whalers also began to buy land (Johnny Jones)

Ocean whalers increased contact with Maori.

Whalers introduced many new ideas to Maori including the cash economy, new foods and technology.

Many Maori (Ruatara) travelled the world on Whalers and brought back stories of what they had seen. (incl. British Imperial power)

Negative effects include prostitution, disease, alcohol and the musket.

Some Whalers also began to buy land (Johnny Jones)

The Contact Period: Missionaries Evangelical Imperialism. As Britain expanded it took its religion with it. The Anglican Church was represented by the Church Mission Service (CMS) In Sydney this was led by Samuel Marsden. In 1806 Marsden met Ruatara a Ngapuhi chief. He decided that Maori would make good converts.

Evangelical Imperialism.

As Britain expanded it took its religion with it.

The Anglican Church was represented by the Church Mission Service (CMS)

In Sydney this was led by Samuel Marsden.

In 1806 Marsden met Ruatara a Ngapuhi chief.

He decided that Maori would make good converts.

Contact Period; Missionaries 2 A Mission at Rangihoua. Marsdens plans were put on hold by the 1809 Boyd Incident. About 1810 Ruatara returned to learn agricultural skills at his farm. In 1814 he received permission to establish a mission in New Zealand. Rutara accompanied him to Rangihoua. Marsden planned to civilise and convert Maori

A Mission at Rangihoua.

Marsdens plans were put on hold by the 1809 Boyd Incident.

About 1810 Ruatara returned to learn agricultural skills at his farm.

In 1814 he received permission to establish a mission in New Zealand.

Rutara accompanied him to Rangihoua.

Marsden planned to civilise and convert Maori

Contact Period: Missionaries 3 Civilise and Convert Marsdens plan was to introduce Maori to British technology which would convince them of its superiority and lead them to accept Christianity. The first missionaries included Kendall Hall and King. The were not a success. They fought and Kendall was not a strong leader.

Civilise and Convert

Marsdens plan was to introduce Maori to British technology which would convince them of its superiority and lead them to accept Christianity.

The first missionaries included Kendall Hall and King.

The were not a success.

They fought and Kendall was not a strong leader.

Contact Period: Missionaries 4 Hongi Hika Ruatara died shortly after the mission was established. Hongi Hika replaced him as protector of the Missionaries. He had a low opinion of their religion but valued the trade their presence encouraged. Without his support no conversions could take place.

Hongi Hika

Ruatara died shortly after the mission was established.

Hongi Hika replaced him as protector of the Missionaries.

He had a low opinion of their religion but valued the trade their presence encouraged.

Without his support no conversions could take place.

Contact Period: Missionaries 5 Kendalls Downfall. Kendall started a school but it failed. He lacked the mana to impress Maori. Hika went to London with Kendall in 1820 Hika took the chance to buy more muskets. In 1822 Kendall was expelled for having an affair with a Maori student In 1823 he was replaced by Henry Williams.

Kendalls Downfall.

Kendall started a school but it failed.

He lacked the mana to impress Maori.

Hika went to London with Kendall in 1820

Hika took the chance to buy more muskets.

In 1822 Kendall was expelled for having an affair with a Maori student

In 1823 he was replaced by Henry Williams.

Contact Period: Missionaries 6 Henry Williams Williams was a former naval officer. He was more forceful than Kendall and acquired more mana. He changed the focus and began to actively evangelise. He encouraged learning of Te Reo and built a schooner to spread the message. The Weslyans arrived in 1823. He was joined by his brother and Colenso.

Henry Williams

Williams was a former naval officer.

He was more forceful than Kendall and acquired more mana.

He changed the focus and began to actively evangelise.

He encouraged learning of Te Reo and built a schooner to spread the message.

The Weslyans arrived in 1823.

He was joined by his brother and Colenso.

Contact Period: Missionaries 7 Conversions Begin: In 1827 the New Testament was published in Maori. (Wm. Colenso) In 1828 (French) Catholics arrived. In 1829 Hika died. Within a year local Maori began to convert. They were weary of war, their confidence was undermined by disease and alcohol. By 1840 30,000 converts had been achieved.

Conversions Begin:

In 1827 the New Testament was published in Maori. (Wm. Colenso)

In 1828 (French) Catholics arrived.

In 1829 Hika died.

Within a year local Maori began to convert.

They were weary of war, their confidence was undermined by disease and alcohol.

By 1840 30,000 converts had been achieved.

Contact Period: Missionaries 8 Missionaries and the Treaty Missionaries were central to the treaty discussions. They had translated Hobsons instructions, and assisted in translating the views of Maori on the first day. (Feb 5 th ) They stressed the “Covenant” between Maori and the Queen. They took most of the copies around the country seeking more signatures.

Missionaries and the Treaty

Missionaries were central to the treaty discussions.

They had translated Hobsons instructions, and assisted in translating the views of Maori on the first day. (Feb 5 th )

They stressed the “Covenant” between Maori and the Queen.

They took most of the copies around the country seeking more signatures.

Missionary Overview Initially Maori only saw Missionaries as conduits for trade. 1814 -1829 there were no converts. Kendall was a poor choice as leader. Williams changed to evangelising and improved status through Te Reo. Conversions after 1830 led to major changes in Maori culture. No slaves, tattooing or polygamy, Many freed slaves spread Christianity.

Initially Maori only saw Missionaries as conduits for trade.

1814 -1829 there were no converts.

Kendall was a poor choice as leader.

Williams changed to evangelising and improved status through Te Reo.

Conversions after 1830 led to major changes in Maori culture. No slaves, tattooing or polygamy, Many freed slaves spread Christianity.

Contact Period: Government Officials Humanitarianism and Imperialism. Colonial Office officials (Stephen) were concerned about the welfare of Native peoples. Reports of poor behaviour (Kororareka) and violence (1809 Boyd & 1834 Harriet) concerned them. The 1830 Elizabeth affair also highlighted a gap in their jurisdiction. Missionaries also warned of growing French interest in New Zealand.

Humanitarianism and Imperialism.

Colonial Office officials (Stephen) were concerned about the welfare of Native peoples.

Reports of poor behaviour (Kororareka) and violence (1809 Boyd & 1834 Harriet) concerned them.

The 1830 Elizabeth affair also highlighted a gap in their jurisdiction.

Missionaries also warned of growing French interest in New Zealand.

Contact Period: Government Officials Britain is dragged into New Zealand. 1814 Kendall was appointed as Magistrate. In 1830 the Petition to King William was accepted as recognition of some form of Government in New Zealand. In 1833 Busby was appointed as Resident. In 1834 he creates a Flag which is recognised by the Admiralty. In 1835 he creates the Declaration of Independence which the Colonial Office also recognises.

Britain is dragged into New Zealand.

1814 Kendall was appointed as Magistrate.

In 1830 the Petition to King William was accepted as recognition of some form of Government in New Zealand.

In 1833 Busby was appointed as Resident.

In 1834 he creates a Flag which is recognised by the Admiralty.

In 1835 he creates the Declaration of Independence which the Colonial Office also recognises.

Contact Period: Government Officials 2 Britain seeks a Treaty. The Colonial Office became concerned that a more formal presence was needed. In 1837 Hobson arrived to review the situation. He called for Factories to be established. Wakefields “Systematic colonisation” promised thousands of migrants, seeking land. Factories would not solve this issue. Continued concerns about French intentions.

Britain seeks a Treaty.

The Colonial Office became concerned that a more formal presence was needed.

In 1837 Hobson arrived to review the situation.

He called for Factories to be established.

Wakefields “Systematic colonisation” promised thousands of migrants, seeking land. Factories would not solve this issue.

Continued concerns about French intentions.

Contact Period: Government Officials 3 The Annexation of New Zealand. The Colonial Office could not simply invade New Zealand. Recognition in 1830,1834 and 1835 made this legally difficult They gave orders that the Chiefs of New Zealand be asked to give their assent freely. Hobson returned with brief instructions for a Treaty.

The Annexation of New Zealand.

The Colonial Office could not simply invade New Zealand.

Recognition in 1830,1834 and 1835 made this legally difficult

They gave orders that the Chiefs of New Zealand be asked to give their assent freely.

Hobson returned with brief instructions for a Treaty.

Contact Period: Government Officials 4 Drafting the Treaty. Hobson asked Williams to assist. He had difficulty with the terms Governorship and Sovereignty. He attempted to make the meaning clearer in the discussions on Feb 5 th . 35 Chiefs signed the Treaty on Feb 6 th . By September another 500 had added theirs to it.

Drafting the Treaty.

Hobson asked Williams to assist.

He had difficulty with the terms Governorship and Sovereignty.

He attempted to make the meaning clearer in the discussions on Feb 5 th .

35 Chiefs signed the Treaty on Feb 6 th .

By September another 500 had added theirs to it.

Contact Period: Government Officials

Maori in 1840 Maori were familiar with Europe 7 Europeans. Many were Christian. (Protestant or Catholic) and literate in Maori. They had abandoned tattooing, slavery, cannibalism and polygamy. Many had adopted European clothes, smoking and drinking. Maori travellers had seen the power of Gt. Britain. Land was already being traded especially in the north & increasingly in the South.

Maori were familiar with Europe 7 Europeans.

Many were Christian. (Protestant or Catholic) and literate in Maori.

They had abandoned tattooing, slavery, cannibalism and polygamy.

Many had adopted European clothes, smoking and drinking.

Maori travellers had seen the power of Gt. Britain.

Land was already being traded especially in the north & increasingly in the South.