HR Management

HR Management for Non HR Managers Essentials of HR Management

Training Agenda
HR Management : An Overview
HR Planning and Recruitment
Employee Selection
Training and Development
Performance Management
Career Management

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Human Resource Management : An Overview

HR Management Cycle Recruitment & Selection Training & Development Performance Management Reward Management Career Management

HR Strategy and Business Result Recruitment & Selection Training & Development Performance Management Reward Management Career Management HR STRATEGY Business Strategy Business Result

Manpower Planning & Employee Recruitment

Manpower Planning Company Strategy What staff do we need to do the job? What staff is available within our organization? Is there a match? If not, what type of people do we need, and how should we recruit them? Job Analysis
Performance appraisal
Company data banks
Training
Employee management and development
What is impact on wage and salary program?

Manpower Planning
The financial resources available to your organization
Factors in Forecasting Personnel Requirements
Projected turnover (as a result of resignation and terminations)
Quality and nature of your employees (in relation to what you see as the changing need of your organization)

Technique to Determine Number of Recruits
Study of a firm’s past employment needs over a period of years to predict future needs
Trend Analysis Ratio Analysis
A forecasting technique for determining future staff needs by using ratios between sales volume and number of employees needed

Recruitment from External Resources
Recruiting new staff from external sources will be influenced by several factors, namely :
When the economic conditions are relatively difficult, there will usually be an oversupply, or the number of applicants will much higher than the demand. In such a case, the company will find it relatively easier to select new employees from the large number of applicants.
Macro- Economic Conditions of a Nation

When the sector is one that is considered a ‘rare’ sector, the company will have more difficulty in recruiting staff for this sector. For example, computer technology, or cellular engineering.
Availability of Manpower in Desired Sectors Recruitment from External Resources

It will tend to be easier for a company to find and recruit the best people if the company has a good reputation, therefore the best fresh graduates will flock to apply to the company. Example : Google, McKinsey or Microsoft.
Company Reputation Recruitment from External Resources

Some employers use a recruiting yield pyramid to determine the number of applicants they must generate to hire the required number of new employees.
Example of Recruitment Curve:
1200 - Leads generated
200 - Candidates invited
150 - Candidates interviewed
100 - Offers made
50 - New hires
Recruitment Yield Pyramid

Recruitment Sources Advertising (newspaper, magazine, internet) College Recruitment Recruitment Agent (headhunter) Recruitment Sources

Employee Selection

Basic Concept of Selection Tests The quality of an employee selection test is determined by three main factors, namely :
Criterion Validity : A type of validity based on showing that scores on the test (“predictors”) are related to job performance (“criterion”).
Content Validity : A test that is “content valid” is one in which the test contains a fair sample of the tasks and skills actually needed for the job in question.
Reliability : The consistency of scores obtained by the same person when retested with identical or equivalent test.

Some Types of Selection Test
1. Cognitive Ability Test
Personality Test
3. Interview

Cognitive Ability Test
Cognitive Abilities Tests: Paper and pencil or individualized assessment measures of an individual's general mental ability or intelligence.

Advantages of Cognitive Ability Test
highly reliable
verbal reasoning and numerical tests have shown high validity for a wide range of jobs
the validity rises with increasing complexity of the job
may be administered in group settings where many applicants can be tested at the same time
scoring of the tests may be completed by computer scanning equipment
lower cost than personality tests

Disadvantages of Cognitive Ability Test
non-minorities typically score one standard deviation above minorities which may result in adverse impact depending on how the scores are used in the selection process
differences between males and females in abilities (e.g., knowledge of mathematics) may negatively impact the scores of female applicants

Personality Test
Personality Tests: A selection procedure measure the personality characteristics of applicants that are related to future job performance.
Personality tests typically measure one or more of five personality dimensions: extroversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.

Advantages of Personality Test
can result in lower turnover due if applicants are selected for traits that are highly correlated with employees who have high longevity within the organization
can reveal more information about applicant's abilities and interests
can identify interpersonal traits that may be needed for certain jobs

Disadvantages of Personality Test
difficult to measure personality traits that may not be well defined
responses by applicant may be altered by applicant's desire to respond in a way they feel would result in their selection
lack of diversity if all selected applicants have same personality traits
lack of evidence to support validity of use of personality tests

Interview
Interviews: A selection procedure designed to predict future job performance on the basis of applicants' oral responses to oral inquiries.

Advantages of Interview
useful for determining if the applicant has requisite communicative or social skills which may be necessary for the job
can assess the applicant's job knowledge
can be used for selection among equally qualified applicants
enables the supervisor and/or co-workers to determine if there is compatibility between the applicant and the employees
allows the applicant to ask questions that may reveal additional information useful for making a selection decision

Disadvantages of Interview
subjective evaluations are made
decisions tend to be made within the first few minutes of the interview with the remainder of the interview used to validate or justify the original decision
interviewers form stereotypes concerning the characteristics required for success on the job
research has shown disproportionate rates of selection between minority and non-minority members using interviews
negative information seems to be given more weight
not as reliable as tests

Training & Development

Training Need Analysis Training Objectives Training Delivery Training Evaluation Training Process What are the training needs for this person and/or job? Objective should be measurable and observable Techniques include on-the-job-training, action learning, etc. Measure reaction, learning, behavior, and results

Assessing Training Needs Task Analysis
A detailed analysis of a job to identify the skills required, so that an appropriate training program can be instituted
Competency Analysis
Careful study of competency level to identify a deficiency and then correct it with a training program, or some other development intervention.

Competency Analysis Required competency level for certain position Competency Gap Competency Assessment Current competency level of the employee Training and Development Program

Competency Profile Per Position Score Required Competency Type

Competency Profile Per Position

Training Matrix for Competency Development V = compulsory training Training Title

Enhance Training Effectiveness Make the material meaningful Provide for transfer to learning Motivate the trainee Training Effectiveness

Enhance Training Effectiveness Make the material meaningful
At the start of training, provide the trainees with a bird’s-eye view of the material to be presented. Knowing the overall picture facilitates learning.
Use a variety of familiar examples when presenting material
Organize the material so that it is presented in a logical manner and in meaningful units
Try to use terms and concepts that are already familiar to trainees
Use as many visual aids as possible

Enhance Training Effectiveness Provide for transfer to learning
Maximize similarity between the training situation and the work situation
Provide adequate training practice
Identify each feature of the step in the process

Enhance Training Effectiveness Motivate the trainee
People learn best by doing. Try to provide as much realistic practice as possible
Trainees learn best when correct response on their part are immediately reinforced.
Trainees learn best when they learn at their own pace. If possible, let trainees pace themselves.

Type of Training Program Formal course OFF THE JOB Simulation Wilderness Trip
Does not interfere with job
Provides for fact learning
Helps transfer of learning
Creates lifelike situations
Builds teams
Builds self-esteem

Type of Training Program Job instruction training ON THE JOB Apprenticeship training Job rotation Mentoring
Facilitates transfer of learning
Does not require separate facilities
Does not interfere with real job performance
Provides extensive training
Gives exposure to many jobs
Allows real learning
Is informal
Is integrated into job

Evaluation of Training Effectiveness Level 1 - Reaction Level 2 - Learning Level 3 – Behavior Application Level 4 – Business Impact Four Levels of Training Effectiveness

Evaluation of Training Effectiveness Test the trainees to determine if they learned the principles, skills, and facts they were to learn. Evaluate trainees’ reactions to the program. Did they like the program? Did they think it worthwhile? Level 1 - Reaction Level 2 - Learning

Evaluation of Training Effectiveness What final results were achieved in terms of the training objectives previously set? Did the number of customer complaints about employee drop? Did the reject rate improve? Was turnover reduced, and so forth. Ask whether the trainees’ behavior on the job changed because of the training program. For example, are employees in the store’s complaint department more courteous toward disgruntled customers than previously? Level 3 – Behavior Application Level 4 – Business Impact

Employee Performance Management

Why Performance Appraisal?
Appraisal provide information upon which promotion and salary decision can be made.
Appraisal provide an opportunity for a manager and his/her subordinates to sit down and review the subordinate’s work-related behavior, and then develop a plan for corrective action.
Appraisal provide a good opportunity to review the person’s career plans in light of his/her exhibited strengths and weaknesses.

Performance Management Cycle Performance Planning (Setting Performance Targets) Regular Review and Monitoring Feed back Corrective Action Performance Appraisal and Evaluation
Training & Development Plan
Salary/Bonus Adjustment
Career Development

Performance Management Cycle Defining Performance Standard/ Targets Appraising Performance Providing Feedback for Development
Defining the performance standards means making sure that you and your subordinate agree on his/her duties and targets that you expect
Appraising performance means comparing your subordinate’s actual performance to the standard/targets set in step one.
Providing feedback means discussing plans for any development that is required.

Problems in Performance Appraisal Lack of standards Irrelevant or subjective standards Poor measures of performance Poor feedback to employee Negative communication Failure to apply evaluation data Common Performance Evaluation Problems

Bias in the Appraisal Process Halo Effect The "halo" effect occurs when a supervisor’s rating of a subordinates on one trait biases the rating of that person on other traits Central Tendency A tendency to rate all employees the same way, such as rating them all average

Leniency The problem that occurs when a supervisory has a tendency to rate all subordinates either high or low Bias The tendency to allow individual differences such as age, race, and sec affect the appraisal rates these employees receives. Bias in the Appraisal Process

Performance appraisal elements has two main categories: 2. Performance Result : Hard or quantitative aspects of performance (result) 1. Competencies : It represents soft or qualitative aspects of performance (process) Performance Appraisal Element

Competencies Score
2. Performance Result Score Overall Score Will determine the employee’s career movement, and also the reward to be earned Performance Appraisal Element

Element # 1 : Competencies Competency : Collaboration Draws upon the full range of relationships (internal, external, cross The company) at critical points in marketing and negotiations. Ensures events and systems, eg IT, for collaboration are in place and used. Manages alliance relationships through complex issues such as points of competing interest. Drives and leads key relationship groups across The company. Builds and maintains relationships across The company. Encourages co-operation rather than competition within the team and with key stakeholders. Uses cross functional teams to draw upon skills and knowledge throughout the organization. Uses cross functional teams to draw upon skills and knowledge throughout the organization. Involves teams in decisions that effect them. Builds internal and external networks and uses them to efficiently to create value. Actively builds internal and external networks. Balances complementary strengths in teams and seeks diverse contributions and perspectives. Responds promptly to other team members’ needs. Shares resources and information. Shares resources and information. Shares resources and information. Shares resources and information. Empathise with audience and formulates messages accordingly. Empathise with audience and formulates messages accordingly. Empathise with audience and formulates messages accordingly. Empathise with audience and formulates messages accordingly. Actively listens, and clarifies understanding where required, in order to learn from others. Actively listens, and clarifies understanding where required, in order to learn from others. Actively listens, and clarifies understanding where required, in order to learn from others. Actively listens, and clarifies understanding where required, in order to learn from others. Expert Advanced Intermediate Basic

Element # 2 : Performance Results Target should be measurable and specific

Employee Career Management

Career Planning and Development Providing employees the assistance to form realistic career goals and the opportunities to realize them Career Planning & Development

Entry Level First Line Middle Management Senior Management Top Management Join Company 22 years old Supervisor/Ass. Manager 26 - 29 years old Managers 29 - 35 years old GM/Senior Managers 35 - 45 years old CEO/BOD 45 - 55 years old Typical Career movement

Career Stage Trial Stage The period from about age 25 to 30 during which the person determines whether or not the chosen field is suitable and if it is not, attempts to change it. Stabilization Stage The period, roughly from age 30 to 40, during which occupational goals are set and more explicit career planning is made to determine the sequence for accomplishing goals

Mid career Crisis Stage The period occurring between the mid-thirties and mid-forties during which people often make a major reassessment of their progress relative to their original career ambitions and goals Maintenance Stage The period form about ages 45 to 65 during which the person secures his or her place in the world of work Career Stage

Decline Stage The period during which many people are faced with the prospect of having to accept reduced levels of power and responsibility. Career Stage

Career Anchors Career Anchor : A concern or value that someone will not give up if choice has to be made Career anchors, as their name implies, are the pivots around which a person’s career swings; a person becomes conscious of them as a result of learning about his or her talents and abilities.

Five Career Anchors Technical/ Functional Career Anchor Managerial Competence as a Career Anchor Creativity as a Career Anchor Autonomy and Independence as Career Anchor Security as a Career Anchor

Five Career Anchors Technical/ Functional Career Anchor
People who have a strong technical/functional career anchor tend to avoid decisions that would drive them toward general management.
Instead, they make decisions that will enable them to remain and grow in their chosen technical or functional field

Five Career Anchors Managerial Competence
People who show strong motivation to become managers
Their career experience enables them to believe that they have the skills and values necessary to rise to such general management position

Five Career Anchors Creativity
People who go on to become successful entrepreneurs
These people seem to have a need to build or create something that is entirely their own product – a product or process that bears their name, a company of their own, or a personal fortune that reflects their accomplishments.

Five Career Anchors Autonomy and Independence
People who are driven by the need to be on their own, free from the dependence that can arise when a person elects to work in a large organization.
Some of these people decide to become consultants, working either alone or as part of relatively small firm. Others choose to become professors, free-lance writers, or proprietors of a small retail business.

Five Career Anchors Security
People who are mostly concern with long-run career stability and job security.
They seem willing to do what is required to maintain job security, a decent income, and a stable future in the form of a good retirement program and benefits.

Career Management and the First Assignment
Factors to keep in mind about the important first assignment, include :
Avoid reality shock (reality shock refers to the result of a period that may occur at the initial career entry when the new employee’s high job expectations confront the reality of boring, unchallenging jobs.
Provide challenging initial jobs
Provide realistic job preview in recruiting
Be demanding

Career Management and the First Assignment
Provide periodic job rotation
Provide career-oriented performance appraisals
Encourage career-planning activities

Recommended Further Readings
Gary Dessler, Human resource Management, Prentice Hall
Susan Jackson and Randall Schuler, Managing Human Resource : A Partnership Perspective, South-Western College Publishing

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HR Management

by Yodhia Antariksa on May 19, 2007

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