1. 11
Linked Data for
Sustainable Tourism
Destinations
Ander García*, María Teresa Linaza*, Cristina Múgica** and Iñaki
Bolumburu**
*Department of eTourism and Cultural Heritage
Vicomtech-IK4
agarcia@vicomtech.org
**LKS, S. Coop.
2. 22
eTourism and Cultural Heritage
• Introduction
• Linked Open Data (LOD)
• Certification of Sustainable Tourism
Destinations (STDs)
• Proposed scenario
• Conclusions
3. 33
Applied Research in Computer
Graphics, Visual Computing &
Multimedia
Research lines
Visualization and Virtual Reality Augmented Reality Image Processing Multimedia Flow Management
Service Provision Technologies Multimedia Digital Libraries Natural Language & Speech Processing
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
We embody
specialization
experts in
leading the way
Research lines
4. 44
LOD
• Linked Open Data (LOD) = Open Data + Linked
Data:
– non-privacy-restricted and non-confidential data
produced with public money
– made available without any restrictions on its usage
or distribution
– published on the Web
– machine readable
– its meaning is explicitly defined
– it is linked to other external dataset
6. 66
LOD
• Publishing LOD involves 3 basic steps:
– assign URIs to the entities described by the
dataset and dereference these URIs over the HTTP
protocol into RDF representations
– set RDF links to other data sources on the Web
– provide metadata about published data
• Researchers have proposed different
methodologies to publish LOD for a variety of
domains
7. 77
LOD Methodology
• Based on Open Source tools
• Main steps:
– Configuration
– Pre-processing
– Triplification
– Publication
8. 88
LOD Configuration
• Non-technical issues:
– Selection and categorization of data
– Publication license, main options:
• public domain: free to share, create and adapt
• attribution: requires to include mentions to source data
• share-alike: requires public reusers of your data to
share back changes (and attribute).
• Keep-open: in case of redistribution of the data or its
adaptation, it requires a redistribution of a free version
9. 99
LOD Configuration
• Technical issues:
– Design of URIs:
– Multilingual data publicatin patterns:
• All languages associated to the same/diferent URI
• Use labels
• …
10. 1010
LOD Pre-processing
• Extract, clean, and normalise data:
– Format for strings and numbers
– Format for multilingual values
– Storage of multivalued fields
– Detection of errors and non-existant values
• LOD Refine software to transform original data
based on formulas expressed on GREL
11. 1111
LOD Triplification
• Analyse the domain: ontologies, datasets,
vocabularies
• Create new ontologies and/or vocabularies if
required
• Express data as RDF triples
• Link data to external datasets
• LOD Refine software to generate RDF triples
12. 1212
LOD Publication
• Both as OD (repository) and LOD (triple store)
• Include metadata adhering to the Data
Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT)
• DKAN (OD) and Virtuoso (LOD) software
15. 1515
Certification of Sustainable Tourism Destinations
• Main initiatives:
– Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria (GSTC)
– United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
– European Tourism Indicator System (ETIS)
– Green Globe
• Analysis and comparison of the different Sustainable
Tourism Indicators (STIs) proposed by each initiative
• Similarities between some STIs. For example, the
existence of sustainable tourism policies:
– GSTC A1, UNWTO 3.13.1, ETIS A.1.1, Green Globe A.1
16. 1616
Certification of Sustainable Tourism Destinations
• Only some data about STIs is available as
Open Data (daily spend per tourist, stays,…):
• Hard to find, reuse and compare data about
STIs of destinations:
– ETIS example of Vitoria/Gasteiz
17. 1717
Proposed scenario
• Data about STIs available as LOD:
– Network of LOD about STDs
– Common/Compatible ontologies and vocabularies
– Data sources:
• STDs
• Certification entities
• Public bodies
• Private entities
18. 1818
Proposed scenario
• Benefits:
– Reuse
– Transparency
– Benchmarks
– Data updates
– Advanced queries
– Common tools (dashboards, widgets, auto-
evaluation,…)
– New applications developed by third parties
(sustainable tourism destination recommender,…)
19. 1919
Proposed scenario
• Challenges, shared by LOD community:
– Provenance
– Data updates
– Multilingual data
– “Standardization” of data modelling
– Network of LOD repositories
– Coordination of several agents
20. 2020
Conclusions
• Publication of LOD is an advanced task, eased
by the proposed methodology and Open
Source tools
• There are several certification entities of STDs,
each one proposing different STIs
• Publishing LOD about STIs presents several
advantages and challenges, requiring the
coordination of several agents
