A St ro l l Th ro u g h t he H I s t o r y & C u l t u re of J a p a n A Stroll Through the History and Culture of Japan

Osaka Kansai (KIX) Hokkaido Honshu Kyushu Shikoku

Shinkansen Kodama Hikari Nozomi

Shinkansen

Kodama

Hikari

Nozomi

The Search for the History of Japan begins at Tokyo National Museum North Tokyo, Ueno Park

DATES PERIODS EVENTS B.C.E. -to - 300 JOMON CULTURE Prehistoric culture characterized by hand-made pottery with rope pattern design.

Yayoi Pottery DATES PERIODS EVENTS JOMON CULTURE 300 BCE - 300 CE YAYOI CULTURE (ca. 300) Immigration of rice growers and rice culture from China Emergence of nature religion, Shinto

Shinto has: No founder, No scriptures, No code of ethical requirements Central aspects of Shinto: harmony with the (kami) (non- anthropomorphic “god” or “spirit” or “force”) purification rituals Matsuri : festivals

Shinto has:

No founder,

No scriptures,

No code of ethical

requirements

Central aspects of Shinto:

harmony with the (kami)

(non- anthropomorphic “god”

or “spirit” or “force”)

purification rituals

Matsuri : festivals

Shinto Shrine consists of... Torii The torii gate marks the approach and entrance to a shrine. Purification trough Near the entrance, for purification. Clean your hands and mouth before approaching the main hall. Main and offering hall The main contains the shrine's sacred object, and visitors make their prayers and offerings. Ema Shrine visitors write their wishes on these wooden plates and then leave them at the shrine in the hope that their wishes come true. Most people wish for good health, success in business, passing entrance exams, love or wealth Omikuji Fortune telling papers at shrines and temples. Randomly drawn, they contain predictions ranging from "great good luck“ to "great bad luck". By tying the paper around a tree's branch, good fortune will come true or bad fortune can be averted. Charm against evils

ISE Shrine : The Naiku Most revered Shinto shrine. The Naiku enshrines Amaterasu Omikami, the ancestral goddess of Japan's imperial house and the great ancestral deity of the Japanese people and home of the spirits of all past emperors. Amaterasu

Itsukushima Shinto Shrine

Money

Kasuga Shrine: Nara

Heian Shrine : Kyoto

Tomb of Emperor Nintoku Yamato or Kofun Period ca. 300-710 Tomb Period Great earthen grave mounds and their funery objects, such as clay haniwa --terra-cotta figurines of people and animals models of buildings and Reform based on ideas imported from China: Buddhism (552) writing system, (kanji) bureaucratic organization, Nara designed like Ch’ang-an Imperial (Court) government. Emperor ruled by Decree of Heaven with absolute authority and by descent from Amaterasu United provinces ruled by central bureaucracy

Great earthen grave mounds and their funery objects, such as clay haniwa --terra-cotta figurines of people and animals models of buildings and

Reform based on ideas imported from China:

Buddhism (552)

writing system, (kanji)

bureaucratic organization,

Nara designed like Ch’ang-an

Imperial (Court) government.

Emperor ruled by Decree of Heaven with absolute

authority and by descent from Amaterasu

United provinces ruled by central bureaucracy

Basic elements of a Buddhist: Life is suffering Suffering is due to desire Desire must be extinguished Salvation through walk on “Noble eight fold path” right understanding (belief) right thinking (purpose) right speech right conduct Buddhism

Basic elements of a Buddhist:

Life is suffering

Suffering is due to desire

Desire must be extinguished

Salvation through walk on “Noble eight fold path”

right understanding (belief)

right thinking (purpose)

right speech

right conduct

Buddhism Buddha of Curing Pains Kannon (Deity of Mercy) with 11 faces and 1000 arms Siddhartha Gautama, Amida, the Buddha of Everlasting Light, was a previous incarnation of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha Anyone who calls his name, with faith will get eternal life in the Pure Land

Jizo , guardian Bosatsu (bodhisattva) of those who suffer

Main Schools of Japanese Buddhism Tendai (T'ien Tai, Chinese): Founded in Japan by Saicho (d. 822 C.E. All Buddhas are bodhisattva; none are yet in nirvana; all work compassionately to lead all to nirvana Shingon : Founded by Kukai (d. 835 C.E); enlightenment through rituals and meditation. Jodo or Pure Land: Began at the time of the publication of the treatise of Honen (d. 1212 C.E) ; entrance into the happy land through devotion to kannons through chants and prayers Joho Shinshu or True Pure Land: Founded by Shinran (d. 1262 C.E; salvation not through merit and chants but only through the power and mercy of amida. Nichiren: Named after its founder Nichiren (d. 1282 C.E; Enlightenment and this-worldly benefits (health, wealth) through chants Zen (Soto and Rinzai Sects): The monk Eisai (d. 1215 C.E). Meditation, concentration and self-forgetfulness

Main Schools of Japanese Buddhism

Tendai (T'ien Tai, Chinese):

Founded in Japan by Saicho (d. 822 C.E. All Buddhas are bodhisattva;

none are yet in nirvana; all work compassionately to lead all to nirvana

Shingon :

Founded by Kukai (d. 835 C.E); enlightenment through rituals and

meditation.

Jodo or Pure Land:

Began at the time of the publication of the treatise of Honen (d. 1212 C.E) ;

entrance into the happy land through devotion to kannons through

chants and prayers

Joho Shinshu or True Pure Land:

Founded by Shinran (d. 1262 C.E; salvation not through merit and

chants but only through the power and mercy of amida.

Nichiren:

Named after its founder Nichiren (d. 1282 C.E; Enlightenment and this-worldly

benefits (health, wealth) through chants

Zen (Soto and Rinzai Sects):

The monk Eisai (d. 1215 C.E). Meditation, concentration and self-forgetfulness

Buddhist Temples consit of... Main hall The sacred objects of worship, such as statues, are displayed in the main hall. Lecture hall Lecture halls are for meetings and lectures and often also display objects of worship. Structure with up to five stories. Pagodas store remains of the Buddha Most cemeteries in Japan are Buddhist and are located at a temple. Gates mark the entrance to the temple grounds

Kiyomizu Temple: Kyoto

Many devout worshippers stand beneath the waterfall to perform the rite of cold water ablution while worshipping Fudo Myoo (the God King of Fire) who is enshrined at the waterfall's fount.

Main Hall is with 125 metres is the longest wooden structure in the world. 1164 AD Sanjusangendo Temple, Kyoto

Sanjusangen-do Temple . Kyoto 1001 statues of the Kannon (buddhist goddess of mercy),

Daibutsu-den Nara Period: 710-794 Chinese plan Chinese governmental structure 700 NARA (710-784) Establishment of first permanent capital at Nara ; emergence of Japanese patterns of administration and institutions. Beginning of classical period. 800 HEIAN (794-1185) (Late Heian: FUJIWARA) 1100 KAMAKURA (1185-1333) Kemmu Restoration (1333-1336) 1400 ASHIKAGA (1338-1573) (MUROMACHI)

Nara

Daibatsu (Great Buddha) of the Todaji Temple Todaji Temple

Kasuga Shrine

Kasuga Shrine

 Emperor’s Gate at the Imperial Palace Kyoto 700 NARA 800 HEIAN (794-1185) (Late Heian: FUJIWARA) Capital moved to Kyoto . Great flowering of classical Japanese culture. Elegant court life. Court aristocracy, especially women, produced a great body of literature--poetry, diaries, the novel The Tale of Genji. Development of “KANA” script

Kyoto: Shrines and Temples Everywhere Kyoto boasts: 1,600 Buddhist temples 400 Shinto shrines As well as 2 imperial villas 1 palace 1 castle

Kyoto boasts:

1,600 Buddhist

temples

400 Shinto shrines

As well as

2 imperial villas

1 palace

1 castle

Kiyomizu Temple: Kyoto

Sanjusangendo Temple, Kyoto Main hall with 1,001 figures of Kannon carved in the 12th and 13th centuries. Tendai sect.

Shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo Feudal Age 700 NARA (710-784) 800 HEIAN (794-1185) 1100 KAMAKURA (1185-1333) A feudalistic, military government based on a Shogun (military general) who ruled in place of the emperor and was served by Daimyo (war lords) and Samurai (warriors). Imperial court remained in Kyoto but shogun's governing organization was based in Kamakura, which is south of modern Tokyo.

Himeji Castle Samurai Castle

Ashikaga Cultural Developments Beauty in Simplicity Noh Drama Tea Ceremony Landscape gardening 700 NARA (710-784) 800 HEIAN (794-1185) 1100 KAMAKURA ( 1185-1333) 1400 ASHIKAGA (1338-1573) (MUROMACHI) New warrior government in Kyoto retained marginal control of the country, but from its base in Kyoto's Muromachi district became patron of newly flourishing artistic tradition, influenced by Zen Buddhist culture as well as samurai and court society.

Beauty in Simplicity

Noh Drama

Tea Ceremony

Landscape gardening

Fosters harmony, reverence, purity & tranquility (Zen) Beauty in Simplicity Tea in promoting physical and spiritual health Japanese Tea Ceremony

Fosters harmony, reverence, purity & tranquility (Zen)

Beauty in Simplicity

Tea in promoting physical and spiritual health

Kinkakuji-Temple (Golden Pavilion) Originally a villa of the Saionji family on the hills of Kitayama, but offered to the third shogun of the Ashikaga Shogunate, Yoshimitsu Ashikaga in 1397 Kinkakuji-Temple

Originally a villa of the Saionji family on the hills of Kitayama, but offered to the third shogun of the Ashikaga Shogunate, Yoshimitsu Ashikaga in 1397

Japanese Gardens come from a Shinto love of nature and Buddhist ideal of paradise Rock garden at Ryoanji - Kyoto Paradise Garden, Nijo-Castle Stroll Garden, Shukkeien Garden, Hiroshima Tea Garden -Tokyo

Beginning in the 15th Century the bonds of loyalty between the Ashikaga Shogunate and the daimyo grew frayed and decades of war followed.

1549: The Portuguese Jesuit Francis Xavier establishes Christian mission in Japan with support of regional aristocrats Portuguese come in 1543 Christians come in 1549 Ignatius sends Francis Xavier Xavier monument in Yamaguchi

1549: The Portuguese Jesuit Francis Xavier establishes Christian mission in Japan with support of regional aristocrats

Francis Xavier and Fernandez preaching in the streets of Yamaguchi By 1600: flourishing church in Japan: 300,000 believers out of 25 million inhabitants 250 Japanese catechist; 3 ordained Japanese priests Largest community in port of Nagasaki

By 1600: flourishing church in Japan:

300,000 believers out of 25 million inhabitants

250 Japanese catechist; 3 ordained Japanese priests

Largest community in port of Nagasaki

CHRISTIANS Persecuted Toyotomi Hideyoshi , bans Christianity, expels missionaries, executes those who refuse to apostatize ( executed 26 Franciscans in Nagasaki ) Monument for the 26 Franciscans in Nagasaki.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi ,

bans Christianity,

expels missionaries,

executes those who refuse to apostatize ( executed 26 Franciscans in Nagasaki )

Three men changed the history of Japan Oda Nobunaga (1534-82) Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-98) Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616)

Oda Nobunaga

(1534-82)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

(1536-98)

Tokugawa Ieyasu

(1542-1616)

In 1600 Ieyasu achieves hegemony in battle of Sekigahara

Ieyasu destruction of Hideyori ( Hideyoshi ’s heir) in Osaka Castle

Tokugawa Ieyasu Country at War Unification (1568-1598) 1600 1800 TOKUGAWA (EDO) (1600-1867) Country unified under military government which maintained 250 years of secluded peace, leading to development of vibrant urban "middle-class" culture with innovations in economic organization, literature, and the arts. 1900 .

Seclusion policy 1639-1854 prohibited trades and contracts with foreigners All contact with the West via small Dutch trading station on island in Nagasaki’s harbour 2. Strict division of social/economic roles Samurai, peasants, artisans, tradesmen implied low social and economic mobility Unique institutions of Edo Era 3 . Alternate attendance - Daimyōs had to alternate their residences between Edo and their home territories every other year - Their families had to live in Edo 4. Persecution of Christians Christians killed or expelled beginning in 1616 Christian peasant rebellion in 1638 [4000 killed] “ Hidden Christians” practice their faith in secret until 1860s Christianity reintroduced by missionaries in late 1800s

Seclusion policy 1639-1854

prohibited trades and contracts with foreigners All contact with the West via small Dutch trading station on island in Nagasaki’s harbour

2. Strict division of social/economic roles

Samurai, peasants, artisans, tradesmen

implied low social and economic mobility

4. Persecution of Christians

Christians killed or expelled beginning in 1616

Christian peasant rebellion in 1638 [4000 killed]

“ Hidden Christians” practice their faith in secret until 1860s

Christianity reintroduced by missionaries in late 1800s

Built by Tokugawa Ieyasu, in 1603 as his residence in Kyoto. Emperor resided in Kyoto until 1867 but Ieyasu moved the government to Edo (Tokyo) The fifteenth shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu return his administrative power to the imperial household in 1867 in the Nijo-Castle Nijo Castle

Built by Tokugawa Ieyasu, in 1603 as his residence in Kyoto. Emperor resided in Kyoto until 1867 but Ieyasu moved the government to Edo (Tokyo)

The fifteenth shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu return his administrative power to the imperial household in 1867 in the Nijo-Castle

The Kara-mon gate,

"nightingale" floors

Ieyasu moved the government to Edo (Tokyo)

Ieyasu moved into this place in Edo (Tokyo )

Asakusa, Senso-ji Temple

Tokugawa culture Bunraku Kabuki

Abe Masahiro Commodore Matthew Perry steamed into Tokyo Bay, 1853-54 Opened Japan

CRY: Sonno joi – “ revere the emperor; expel the barbarians” Daimyo in Choshu and Satsuma fire on British ships in 1863 British retaliate with uncontested bombardments of Japanese cities Realization: West can only be contained through acquisition of Western knowledge The Buddhist fire deity Fudoson is studying western ways

CRY: Sonno joi –

“ revere the emperor; expel the barbarians”

Daimyo in Choshu and Satsuma fire on British ships in 1863

British retaliate with uncontested bombardments of Japanese cities

Destruction of Tokugawa Meiji Restoration: 1867 Empress Haruko in Western garb 1900 MEIJI RESTORATION (1868) Meija Period (1868-1912) Taisho (1912-1926) Showa (1926-1989) CONTEMPORARY JAPAN 1945-Present Heisei (1989- ) Emergence, through Western Stimulus, into modern international world marked by drastic alterations in Institutions, traditional social organization, and culture.

Meija Period (Meija 1868-1912) Taisho (Yoshihito 1912-1926) Showa (Hirohito 1926-1989) ( Akihito 1989-) 125th emperor . Crown Prince Naruhito and Masako Owada Imperial Houshold Agency

Rushing into Westernization

Sino-Japanese War, 1894 Russo-Japanese War, 1904 Manchurian Incident, 1931 World War II, 1941 Rapid Rise to World Power Status

Attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

Military Command Building, Hiroshima

Hiroshima

Hiroshima

Yasukuni Shrine is dedicated to the souls of the 2.5 million Japanese war dead from the mid 1800s to 1945. Class-A war criminals including Premier Tojo are enshrined here. Inside, there are military relics including artillery pieces and a kamikaze torpedo guided by a suicide pilot.

Cables everywhere

THE END