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Tiger Grass, Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.)
     O. Kuntze: A review of its biology
                 and uses

                           by
                 Eddie G. Fetalvero
                       EDSC 350
        PhD in Education (major in Biology Educ.)
         UP Open University, Los Baños ,Laguna
Presentation Outline
               Purpose of the Review
               Brief Biology
               Uses
                    Industry
                    Medicine
                    Agriculture
                    Bioengineering
                    Phytoremediation
                    Climate Change Adaptation
                    Other Uses
               Challenges
               Conclusion
Purpose of the Review
 To come up with a comprehensive compilation of
  literature about the potentials of T. maxima as a
  multipurpose crop backed by scientific studies
  and investigations, since in the Philippines, it is
  mainly utilized as materials for soft broom
  making only.

 To provide inputs for the R&D unit of my
  University and other R&D institutions in the
  country in setting the research roadmap for this
  potential crop.
BIOLOGY
Brief Biology
 Taxonomic Characteristics
   Family
      Poaceae or Graminae
   Scientific Name
      Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Ktze.
   Local/Common Names:
      English
         tiger grass, broom grass, bouquet grass
      Philippines
         tambo (Tagalog), boi-boi (Ilocano), lasa (Bicol),
          sugbo (Catanduanes), luway (Romblon)
Biogeography (Southeast Asia)
Biogeography (Philippines)
Ilocos Norte, Apayao,
Bontoc, Benguet, Nueva
Viscaya, Nueva Ecija, La
Union, Bulacan,
Zambales, Bataan,
Laguna, Tayabas,
Sorsogon, Cebu, Mindoro,
Palawan, Batangas,
Romblon and other places
in Mindanao
Morphoanatomy
Life Cycle
1        2   3   4




5        6   7   8
USES
USES
   Industry
   Medicine
   Agriculture
   Bioengineering
   Phytoremediation
   Climate Change Adaptation
   Others
Industry
Soft Brooms



 High demand in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Japan and
  Middle East
 One hectare yields US$503 (Vernon, 2006)
 Annual Indian broom market estimate is US$60M (Shankar et
  al., 2001)
 1 ton of flowers processed into soft brooms fetches about
  US$1,333 (Bhuchar, 2008)
 Worth of flowers increases up to 2.65 times if processed into
  soft brooms (Fetalvero et al., 2011)
 Return on Investment is 1.7 times of the total investment
  (Bhuchar, 2008)
Unique “X” Species in Laos?

             “A new variety of tiger grass,
             introduced to Houn district in
             Oudomxay by a Thai investor, has
             more bristles and produces
             different ‘male’ and ‘female’
             stems. The female stems are
             preferred for broom making, as
             they have many more bristles. The
             taxonomy of this new variety is not
             yet clear.”

             http://www.tabi.la/lao-ntfpwiki/index.php/Dok_khaem
Pulp and Paper
          A potential source of raw material
           for pulp-and- paper making
           industries either alone or in
           combination with other raw
           materials (Saikia et al., 1992)
          Fibers (1.25 mm long) are
           obtained from the culms at 45%
           yield and are processed into
           papers
          Paper properties:
             Burst factor: 30
             Breaking length: 3,555
             Tear factor: 106
Pulp and Paper
                 Pulps are processed into insulation
                  boards with very good strength but
                  moderate heat insulating
                  properties
                 Moisture resistance compared
                  favorably with the imported ones
                  (Razzaque and Khan, 1978)


 Leaves have been tried in
  cellulase and ethanol production
  (Yimyong et al., 2005)
Medicine
Medicinal Uses
ROOTS
 Positively respond against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtillis, E.
  coli (Mahato and Chaudhary, 2005)
 Decoction: bronchial problem, flatulence, mouthwash during fever,
  halitosis, mouth sore, anthelmintic
 Paste: boils
FLOWERS
 Poultice: rheumatic pain and skin swelling
 Paste: contraceptive for women, boils and cancer
STEM
 Juice of young stem: red and dirty eyes
Agriculture
Agricultural Uses
 Tender culms, leaves and tips are used as fodders
  for cattle, elephant, buffaloes and rabbits.
 One of the most preferred fodders for butterfat
  production among ruminants; palatable to livestock
  even during rain or cold weather conditions
 It satisfies appetite of buffalo for 6.33 hrs. (Subba et
  al., 2004).
 Rumen degradability after 48 h ranges within 404 to
  488 g/kg (Huque et al., 2001)
Rabbit Experiment
(Rohilla & Bujarbaruah, 2000)

PARAMETER                 T1                    T2                        T3
                    (fresh T. maxima   (100% dried and ground   (mixture of 40% dried and
                         leaves)          T. maxima leaves)      ground T. maxima leaves
                                                                  with 60% concentrate)

Growth                  9.76                  11.78                     15.73
(g/day)
Dry Matter             106.99                112.65                    115.72
Intake (DMI)
(g/day)


 Subjects: 18 rabbits (6 per treatment), 10-12 weeks old
 Duration: 105 days
 Result: Tiger grass feeding had a significant effect on growth
  and dry matter intake (DMI) of rabbits (α<0.05).
Nutritional Values of Leaf
(Bhuchar, 2008)

Parameter              Palni et al.   Singh et al.    Bhuchar
                        (1994)          (1995)         (2002)
Digestibility             57.9             -         54.3 - 57.9
Total Ash                 11.8           5.65        10.7 - 11.8
Ether extract             6.67           1.94         4.2 - 6.7
N-free extract            33.1           51.6        39.3 - 44.6
Crude protein             18.1           10.2        15.1 - 18.2
Crude fiber               30.4           30.5        29.5 - 31.0
Cellulose                 30.2             -         30.3 - 37.8
Hemicellulose             29.6             -         29.6 - 34.4
Lignin                     9.1             -          4.6 -9.2


 The leaves have balanced proportion of nutrients
  qualifying them as good forage and fodder for livestocks
Drawbacks
 Produces more foliage (Kafle, 2005), however
  its leaf to stem ratio is less (Livestalk, 2011).
 Palatability is less; causes haematuria among
  cattle and buffaloes (Joshil & Singh, 1989).
 Preferred fodder for milk production, but animal
  response is low (Subba et al., 2002).
Bioengineering
Soil and Water Conservation
 Its cultivation promotes nature friendly, cost-
  effective and sustainable use of fragile and
  degraded lands
 Roots bind the soil and protect topsoil and
  nutrient erosion on sloping terrain, agricultural
  fields and landslide.
 Used as backup fodder grass on contour strips
  and terrace risers, a good soil cover, a crop to
  maximize land use, a tool for management of
  pine forest, a protection from forest fires and a
  slope stabilizer in hills and mountains.
Soil and Water Conservation
 Contour planting with tiger grass shows better
  performance in terms of vegetative cover,
  surface runoff and erosion yield in newly burned
  pine watershed; cheapest among the treatments
  investigated for revegetation and rehabilitation
  (Costales, 1985).
 Suitable hedgerow species in controlling soil loss
  (55-80%) and runoff (30-70%) using CHIAT
  (Khisa, 2001).
Soil and Water Conservation
 Improves soil fertility and productivity when
  planted with Cajanas cajan than as a sole crop
  (RFRI, 2007).
 Improves forage production and soil
  conservation if planted in agriculture terrace
  margins without affecting the productivity of the
  crops.
 Effective vegetative barrier in controlling soil
  erosion, improving crop yield and restoring soil
  fertility (although not as comparable with the
  other two grasses studied) (Sudhishri et al.,
  2008).
Bioengineering
 Plot Type                 Water runoff    Soil loss          CV water      CV soil
                              (liter)        (kg)               (%)          (%)
 Maize                        25±4        1.51±0.16             69            56
 Finger-mullet                18±3        1.32±0.14             78            62
 Mixed cropping               12±3        0.95±0.12             85            73
 Large cardamom               15±3        0.45±0.06             81            87
 Broom grass                  10±2        0.41±0.07             88            88
 Bare land                   80±11        3.46±0.35              -             -

 Land Use Type                               Soil loss (t/yr/ha)         Runoff (%)
 Outward sloping terrace                               10.4                 2.8
 Degraded land                                         21.3                40.1
 Degraded land treated with broom grass                12.6                16.5

CV: Conservation value
Bioengineering
 Engineering functions of grasses: catch, armor,
  reinforce, anchor, support and drain (Clark and
  Hellin, 1996).
 T. maxima has excellent catch, moderately
  useful armor, excellent reinforce and moderately
  useful support.
 Hydrologic functions: excellent soil binding
  capacity and ground surface protection,
  interception, storage, leaf drip but moderate
  infiltration (Kafle, 2005).
Bioengineering Characteristics of T. maxima
(Kafle, 2005)

 Rooting depth                               Quantity of planting material required
  7.0 to 9.5 m                                 For single row of 5m, 10m, 25m, 50m,
                                               75m, 100m length, quantity of planting
 Root lateral spread                          material is 4, 10, 21, 31 and 41
  10.3 to 13.2 m radial                        respectively.
                                              For double row of 5m, 10m, 25m, 50m,
 Height                                       75m, 100m length, quantity of planting
  3.2 to 4.9 m                                 material is 5, 11, 29, 62, 92 and 122
                                               respectively.
 Ground surface area protected by
  foliage against direct raindrop effect
  47.19 to 82.87 m2                           Shade effect
  Mean: 66.49 m2                               Max. 6.8m for mean height 3.9m
 Volume of Soil bound by roots
  2.33 to 5.20 m3                             Type of root
  Mean: 3.78 m3                                Fibrous

 Effective Spacing                           Propagation
  Plain: 2.40 m
                                               Slip cuttings
  Slope: 1.80 m
Bioengineering
Phytoremediation
Bo Ngam Lead Mine, Thailand
(Rotkittikhun, et al., 2007)
Lead Experiment
(Rotkittikhun, et al., 2007)

 T. maxima is comparable with
  vetiver grass for
  phytostabilization.
 Shows very high tolerance to
  lead concentrations in its roots
  and shoots up to 100,000
  mg/kg.                             Tiger grass

 Application of inorganic                         Vetiver grass

  fertilizer (150mg/kg)
  improves its growth and
  uptake of Pb, while amending
  the soil with pig manure
  reduces the roots’ uptake and
  transport of Pb.
Water Level Experiment
(Sengupta, et al., 2004)


 Independent: water level (below surface,
  saturated, 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm)
 Dependent: Soil and water nutrients, plant
  growth and nutrient uptake
 Controlled: 60 x 60 x 60 cm cement tank
 Nos. of replication: 3
 Plants per tank: 5
 Duration: 12 weeks
 Measurements: before and after
Water Level Experiment
(Sengupta, et al., 2004)


 Soil and Water Nutrients:
     No significant change in carbon
     P and N concentrations decreased with time
 Plant Growth
     Height increase: 79 cm
     Shoot increase: 12 (20 cm treatment)
     Biomass increase: 2.85g (leaves), 5.56g (stems), 5.32g (roots)
 Nutrient Uptake
     P accumulation in wet soils:
      0.37g (leaves), 0.74g (stems) and 0.66g (roots)
     P accumulation at 20 cm water depth:
      1.18g (leaves), 5.4g (stems), 3.5g (roots)
     N concentration in leaves increased by 1.2% ranging from 12.8mg
      in wet soil to 63.4 mg at 20 cm water depth
Fertilization Experiment
(Sengupta, et al., 2004)


 Independent: application of DHAP (control, 50,
  100, 250 and 500 mg/kg)
 Dependent: soil nutrients, growth, biomass and
  nutrient uptake
 Controlled: pot size
 Nos. of replication: 3
 Plants per pot: 4
 Duration: 9 weeks
 Measurements: every after 3 weeks for 9 weeks
Fertilization Experiment
(Sengupta, et al., 2004)


 Soil and Water Nutrients:
     No significant change in carbon
     P and N concentrations increased with increasing DAHP supply
 Plant Growth
     Shoot length increase: 21.9 cm (500mg)
     Biomass increase: 0.55g (leaves), 0.55g (stems), 0.93g (roots)
 Nutrient Uptake
     P accumulation is highest in roots:
      0.046% (control), 0.208% (500 mg)
     N concentration is highest in the leaves
Climate Change
   Adaptation
Adapted for Climate Change
 A C4 species; can withstand drought (Saxena and
  Ramakrishnan, 1983).
 Villagers (65%) in Nepal reported that T. maxima
  is the best adapted species for climate change
  (Khadka, 2011).
 Significant rise (83%) in tiger grass cultivation in
  Meghalaya, India during the past three decades
  because it is least affected by climate change
  (Lyngdoh & Baishya, 2010).
Other Uses
Other Uses
 Leaves have been used as substrates in the
  cultivation of oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sp.
 Leaf extract exhibited moderate attractive potency to
  oriental fruit fly, a destructive pest
 Weed suppressor, support stake for trailing crops,
  landscape and ornament
 Leaves: mulching, roofing material, wrapper for
  steamed foods
 Culms: fuel, reed-pens, support for cotton wick, wall
  building material
 Panicles: organic paintbrush, carnival costumes,
  decorative extenders
Challenges
Challenges
 Overconsumption makes it vulnerable to local
  extinction
 Reported to be susceptible to fire (NCVST, 2009)
  as against report of Baldino (2002).
 Depletion of gene pool
 Capacity to outcompete native species
CONCLUSIONS
Conclusions
 There is a body of scientific evidence supporting
  the potential and significance of T. maximaI as a
  multi-purpose crop.
 The grass is best adapted for climate change due
  to its C4 nature and based from reports from the
  field about its tolerance to drought plus the
  increasing number of farms established each
  year.
 Can be an environment-friendly alternative in
  restoring mined out areas in the country as it was
  found to absorb lead and antimony.
Conclusions
 It can help mitigate climate-change related
  disasters because of its water and soil
  conservation and bioengineering potential.
 Its potential as a traditional herbal remedy must
  be scientifically validated and its potential as
  feeds must be perfected.
 Its potential as feedstock for biomass
  technologies must be explored through PPP.
THANK YOU!

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Fetalvero Paper

  • 1. Tiger Grass, Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Kuntze: A review of its biology and uses by Eddie G. Fetalvero EDSC 350 PhD in Education (major in Biology Educ.) UP Open University, Los Baños ,Laguna
  • 2. Presentation Outline  Purpose of the Review  Brief Biology  Uses  Industry  Medicine  Agriculture  Bioengineering  Phytoremediation  Climate Change Adaptation  Other Uses  Challenges  Conclusion
  • 3. Purpose of the Review  To come up with a comprehensive compilation of literature about the potentials of T. maxima as a multipurpose crop backed by scientific studies and investigations, since in the Philippines, it is mainly utilized as materials for soft broom making only.  To provide inputs for the R&D unit of my University and other R&D institutions in the country in setting the research roadmap for this potential crop.
  • 5. Brief Biology  Taxonomic Characteristics  Family  Poaceae or Graminae  Scientific Name  Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Ktze.  Local/Common Names:  English  tiger grass, broom grass, bouquet grass  Philippines  tambo (Tagalog), boi-boi (Ilocano), lasa (Bicol), sugbo (Catanduanes), luway (Romblon)
  • 7. Biogeography (Philippines) Ilocos Norte, Apayao, Bontoc, Benguet, Nueva Viscaya, Nueva Ecija, La Union, Bulacan, Zambales, Bataan, Laguna, Tayabas, Sorsogon, Cebu, Mindoro, Palawan, Batangas, Romblon and other places in Mindanao
  • 9. Life Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
  • 10. USES
  • 11. USES  Industry  Medicine  Agriculture  Bioengineering  Phytoremediation  Climate Change Adaptation  Others
  • 13. Soft Brooms  High demand in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Japan and Middle East  One hectare yields US$503 (Vernon, 2006)  Annual Indian broom market estimate is US$60M (Shankar et al., 2001)  1 ton of flowers processed into soft brooms fetches about US$1,333 (Bhuchar, 2008)  Worth of flowers increases up to 2.65 times if processed into soft brooms (Fetalvero et al., 2011)  Return on Investment is 1.7 times of the total investment (Bhuchar, 2008)
  • 14. Unique “X” Species in Laos? “A new variety of tiger grass, introduced to Houn district in Oudomxay by a Thai investor, has more bristles and produces different ‘male’ and ‘female’ stems. The female stems are preferred for broom making, as they have many more bristles. The taxonomy of this new variety is not yet clear.” http://www.tabi.la/lao-ntfpwiki/index.php/Dok_khaem
  • 15. Pulp and Paper  A potential source of raw material for pulp-and- paper making industries either alone or in combination with other raw materials (Saikia et al., 1992)  Fibers (1.25 mm long) are obtained from the culms at 45% yield and are processed into papers  Paper properties:  Burst factor: 30  Breaking length: 3,555  Tear factor: 106
  • 16. Pulp and Paper  Pulps are processed into insulation boards with very good strength but moderate heat insulating properties  Moisture resistance compared favorably with the imported ones (Razzaque and Khan, 1978)  Leaves have been tried in cellulase and ethanol production (Yimyong et al., 2005)
  • 18. Medicinal Uses ROOTS  Positively respond against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtillis, E. coli (Mahato and Chaudhary, 2005)  Decoction: bronchial problem, flatulence, mouthwash during fever, halitosis, mouth sore, anthelmintic  Paste: boils FLOWERS  Poultice: rheumatic pain and skin swelling  Paste: contraceptive for women, boils and cancer STEM  Juice of young stem: red and dirty eyes
  • 20. Agricultural Uses  Tender culms, leaves and tips are used as fodders for cattle, elephant, buffaloes and rabbits.  One of the most preferred fodders for butterfat production among ruminants; palatable to livestock even during rain or cold weather conditions  It satisfies appetite of buffalo for 6.33 hrs. (Subba et al., 2004).  Rumen degradability after 48 h ranges within 404 to 488 g/kg (Huque et al., 2001)
  • 21. Rabbit Experiment (Rohilla & Bujarbaruah, 2000) PARAMETER T1 T2 T3 (fresh T. maxima (100% dried and ground (mixture of 40% dried and leaves) T. maxima leaves) ground T. maxima leaves with 60% concentrate) Growth 9.76 11.78 15.73 (g/day) Dry Matter 106.99 112.65 115.72 Intake (DMI) (g/day)  Subjects: 18 rabbits (6 per treatment), 10-12 weeks old  Duration: 105 days  Result: Tiger grass feeding had a significant effect on growth and dry matter intake (DMI) of rabbits (α<0.05).
  • 22. Nutritional Values of Leaf (Bhuchar, 2008) Parameter Palni et al. Singh et al. Bhuchar (1994) (1995) (2002) Digestibility 57.9 - 54.3 - 57.9 Total Ash 11.8 5.65 10.7 - 11.8 Ether extract 6.67 1.94 4.2 - 6.7 N-free extract 33.1 51.6 39.3 - 44.6 Crude protein 18.1 10.2 15.1 - 18.2 Crude fiber 30.4 30.5 29.5 - 31.0 Cellulose 30.2 - 30.3 - 37.8 Hemicellulose 29.6 - 29.6 - 34.4 Lignin 9.1 - 4.6 -9.2  The leaves have balanced proportion of nutrients qualifying them as good forage and fodder for livestocks
  • 23. Drawbacks  Produces more foliage (Kafle, 2005), however its leaf to stem ratio is less (Livestalk, 2011).  Palatability is less; causes haematuria among cattle and buffaloes (Joshil & Singh, 1989).  Preferred fodder for milk production, but animal response is low (Subba et al., 2002).
  • 25. Soil and Water Conservation  Its cultivation promotes nature friendly, cost- effective and sustainable use of fragile and degraded lands  Roots bind the soil and protect topsoil and nutrient erosion on sloping terrain, agricultural fields and landslide.  Used as backup fodder grass on contour strips and terrace risers, a good soil cover, a crop to maximize land use, a tool for management of pine forest, a protection from forest fires and a slope stabilizer in hills and mountains.
  • 26. Soil and Water Conservation  Contour planting with tiger grass shows better performance in terms of vegetative cover, surface runoff and erosion yield in newly burned pine watershed; cheapest among the treatments investigated for revegetation and rehabilitation (Costales, 1985).  Suitable hedgerow species in controlling soil loss (55-80%) and runoff (30-70%) using CHIAT (Khisa, 2001).
  • 27. Soil and Water Conservation  Improves soil fertility and productivity when planted with Cajanas cajan than as a sole crop (RFRI, 2007).  Improves forage production and soil conservation if planted in agriculture terrace margins without affecting the productivity of the crops.  Effective vegetative barrier in controlling soil erosion, improving crop yield and restoring soil fertility (although not as comparable with the other two grasses studied) (Sudhishri et al., 2008).
  • 28. Bioengineering Plot Type Water runoff Soil loss CV water CV soil (liter) (kg) (%) (%) Maize 25±4 1.51±0.16 69 56 Finger-mullet 18±3 1.32±0.14 78 62 Mixed cropping 12±3 0.95±0.12 85 73 Large cardamom 15±3 0.45±0.06 81 87 Broom grass 10±2 0.41±0.07 88 88 Bare land 80±11 3.46±0.35 - - Land Use Type Soil loss (t/yr/ha) Runoff (%) Outward sloping terrace 10.4 2.8 Degraded land 21.3 40.1 Degraded land treated with broom grass 12.6 16.5 CV: Conservation value
  • 29. Bioengineering  Engineering functions of grasses: catch, armor, reinforce, anchor, support and drain (Clark and Hellin, 1996).  T. maxima has excellent catch, moderately useful armor, excellent reinforce and moderately useful support.  Hydrologic functions: excellent soil binding capacity and ground surface protection, interception, storage, leaf drip but moderate infiltration (Kafle, 2005).
  • 30. Bioengineering Characteristics of T. maxima (Kafle, 2005)  Rooting depth  Quantity of planting material required 7.0 to 9.5 m For single row of 5m, 10m, 25m, 50m, 75m, 100m length, quantity of planting  Root lateral spread material is 4, 10, 21, 31 and 41 10.3 to 13.2 m radial respectively.  For double row of 5m, 10m, 25m, 50m,  Height 75m, 100m length, quantity of planting 3.2 to 4.9 m material is 5, 11, 29, 62, 92 and 122 respectively.  Ground surface area protected by foliage against direct raindrop effect 47.19 to 82.87 m2  Shade effect Mean: 66.49 m2 Max. 6.8m for mean height 3.9m  Volume of Soil bound by roots 2.33 to 5.20 m3  Type of root Mean: 3.78 m3 Fibrous  Effective Spacing  Propagation Plain: 2.40 m Slip cuttings Slope: 1.80 m
  • 33. Bo Ngam Lead Mine, Thailand (Rotkittikhun, et al., 2007)
  • 34. Lead Experiment (Rotkittikhun, et al., 2007)  T. maxima is comparable with vetiver grass for phytostabilization.  Shows very high tolerance to lead concentrations in its roots and shoots up to 100,000 mg/kg. Tiger grass  Application of inorganic Vetiver grass fertilizer (150mg/kg) improves its growth and uptake of Pb, while amending the soil with pig manure reduces the roots’ uptake and transport of Pb.
  • 35. Water Level Experiment (Sengupta, et al., 2004)  Independent: water level (below surface, saturated, 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm)  Dependent: Soil and water nutrients, plant growth and nutrient uptake  Controlled: 60 x 60 x 60 cm cement tank  Nos. of replication: 3  Plants per tank: 5  Duration: 12 weeks  Measurements: before and after
  • 36. Water Level Experiment (Sengupta, et al., 2004)  Soil and Water Nutrients:  No significant change in carbon  P and N concentrations decreased with time  Plant Growth  Height increase: 79 cm  Shoot increase: 12 (20 cm treatment)  Biomass increase: 2.85g (leaves), 5.56g (stems), 5.32g (roots)  Nutrient Uptake  P accumulation in wet soils: 0.37g (leaves), 0.74g (stems) and 0.66g (roots)  P accumulation at 20 cm water depth: 1.18g (leaves), 5.4g (stems), 3.5g (roots)  N concentration in leaves increased by 1.2% ranging from 12.8mg in wet soil to 63.4 mg at 20 cm water depth
  • 37. Fertilization Experiment (Sengupta, et al., 2004)  Independent: application of DHAP (control, 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg)  Dependent: soil nutrients, growth, biomass and nutrient uptake  Controlled: pot size  Nos. of replication: 3  Plants per pot: 4  Duration: 9 weeks  Measurements: every after 3 weeks for 9 weeks
  • 38. Fertilization Experiment (Sengupta, et al., 2004)  Soil and Water Nutrients:  No significant change in carbon  P and N concentrations increased with increasing DAHP supply  Plant Growth  Shoot length increase: 21.9 cm (500mg)  Biomass increase: 0.55g (leaves), 0.55g (stems), 0.93g (roots)  Nutrient Uptake  P accumulation is highest in roots: 0.046% (control), 0.208% (500 mg)  N concentration is highest in the leaves
  • 39. Climate Change Adaptation
  • 40. Adapted for Climate Change  A C4 species; can withstand drought (Saxena and Ramakrishnan, 1983).  Villagers (65%) in Nepal reported that T. maxima is the best adapted species for climate change (Khadka, 2011).  Significant rise (83%) in tiger grass cultivation in Meghalaya, India during the past three decades because it is least affected by climate change (Lyngdoh & Baishya, 2010).
  • 42. Other Uses  Leaves have been used as substrates in the cultivation of oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sp.  Leaf extract exhibited moderate attractive potency to oriental fruit fly, a destructive pest  Weed suppressor, support stake for trailing crops, landscape and ornament  Leaves: mulching, roofing material, wrapper for steamed foods  Culms: fuel, reed-pens, support for cotton wick, wall building material  Panicles: organic paintbrush, carnival costumes, decorative extenders
  • 44. Challenges  Overconsumption makes it vulnerable to local extinction  Reported to be susceptible to fire (NCVST, 2009) as against report of Baldino (2002).  Depletion of gene pool  Capacity to outcompete native species
  • 46. Conclusions  There is a body of scientific evidence supporting the potential and significance of T. maximaI as a multi-purpose crop.  The grass is best adapted for climate change due to its C4 nature and based from reports from the field about its tolerance to drought plus the increasing number of farms established each year.  Can be an environment-friendly alternative in restoring mined out areas in the country as it was found to absorb lead and antimony.
  • 47. Conclusions  It can help mitigate climate-change related disasters because of its water and soil conservation and bioengineering potential.  Its potential as a traditional herbal remedy must be scientifically validated and its potential as feeds must be perfected.  Its potential as feedstock for biomass technologies must be explored through PPP.