Code Switching and Code Mixing Nina Setyaningsih

J. A. Fishman  who speaks (or write) what language (or what language variety), to whom and when, and to what end?  People interact with each other and any particular languages or codes will be used on the basis of who they are communicating with in a certain situation and what objective or purpose they expect by speaking in such certain languages or codes.

J. A. Fishman  who speaks (or write) what language (or what language variety), to whom and when, and to what end?

 People interact with each other and any particular languages or codes will be used on the basis of who they are communicating with in a certain situation and what objective or purpose they expect by speaking in such certain languages or codes.

Bilingualism It is the practice of using two languages interchangeably It is closely related to the cultural aspects of the community Example: different speech levels used by Javanese people People have to speak different codes (i.e. languages)  code switching/mixing occurs

It is the practice of using two languages interchangeably

It is closely related to the cultural aspects of the community

Example: different speech levels used by Javanese people

People have to speak different codes (i.e. languages)  code switching/mixing occurs

The term “code” A neutral term that refer to language, dialect, sosiolect, or language variety (Sumarsono & Partana, 2002). Tanner (in Pride & Holmes eds., 1972) It includes language and intra-language distinctions called varieties (speech levels, dialects, and style).

A neutral term that refer to language, dialect, sosiolect, or language variety (Sumarsono & Partana, 2002).

Tanner (in Pride & Holmes eds., 1972)

It includes language and intra-language distinctions called varieties (speech levels, dialects, and style).

Code includes not only a language people use, but also the varieties of the language, including dialect, speech level, and style. In other words, code is a system that is used by at least two people to communicate with each other.

includes not only a language people use, but also the varieties of the language, including dialect, speech level, and style. In other words, code is a system that is used by at least two people to communicate with each other.

Code switching Crystal  code, or language switching occurs when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two languages during his/her speech with another bilingual person. code switching entails that the language codes are used intersententially  code switching is the alternation of the use of at least two languages or their varieties or styles in the same conversation in a bilingual community, and structurally it is inter-sentential. It is also functional (done on purpose)

Crystal  code, or language switching occurs when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two languages during his/her speech with another bilingual person.

code switching entails that the language codes are used intersententially

 code switching is the alternation of the use of at least two languages or their varieties or styles in the same conversation in a bilingual community, and structurally it is inter-sentential. It is also functional (done on purpose)

Example A: Yanis, tu veux du "gado-gado"? (1) (Yanis, would you like gado-gado?) B: Mais oui, je veux aussi du "es dawet". Quand on travaille dur, on a toujours faim. (2) (Yes, I’d like es dawet too. When we work hard, we are always hungry.) A: Pak Mar, tolong pesen gado-gado kalih, es dawet kalih . (3) (Pak Mar, please bring us two gado-gado and es dawet .) C: Inggih, inggih . (4) (Alright.) (Cited from http://www.apfi-pppsi.com/alihkode.html)

A: Yanis, tu veux du "gado-gado"? (1) (Yanis, would you like gado-gado?)

B: Mais oui, je veux aussi du "es dawet". Quand on travaille dur, on a toujours faim. (2) (Yes, I’d like es dawet too. When we work hard, we are always hungry.)

A: Pak Mar, tolong pesen gado-gado kalih, es dawet kalih . (3) (Pak Mar, please bring us two gado-gado and es dawet .)

C: Inggih, inggih . (4) (Alright.)

(Cited from http://www.apfi-pppsi.com/alihkode.html)

Code mixing the change of codes within a simple utterance without any associated topic change occurs when you incorporate small units (words or short phrases) from one language to another one. It is often unintentional and is often in word level. the language codes are used intrasententially in code mixing there is a base code that is used and has its own function and autonomy, whereas the other codes involved are not more than pieces without having function or autonomy as a code.

the change of codes within a simple utterance without any associated topic change

occurs when you incorporate small units (words or short phrases) from one language to another one. It is often unintentional and is often in word level.

the language codes are used intrasententially

in code mixing there is a base code that is used and has its own function and autonomy, whereas the other codes involved are not more than pieces without having function or autonomy as a code.

Example Awas. Hati-hati! Dalam meng- cover berita itu terutama headline, kamu harus correct, balance, jernih, lugas. Jangan memihak, jangan memvonis . Hal ini penting, jangan terjadi trial by the press. (Cited from http://www.apfi-pppsi.com/alihkode.html)

Awas. Hati-hati! Dalam meng- cover berita itu terutama headline, kamu harus correct, balance, jernih, lugas. Jangan memihak, jangan memvonis . Hal ini penting, jangan terjadi trial by the press.

(Cited from http://www.apfi-pppsi.com/alihkode.html)

Grosjean’s List of Factors Influencing the Code Choice

The kinds of code switching Metaphorical  topic change (formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity) Situational  based on the situations where the speakers find that they speak one language in one situation and another in different one, no topic change Internal  ngoko-krama or vice versa External  Indonesian-English or vice versa

Metaphorical  topic change (formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity)

Situational  based on the situations where the speakers find that they speak one language in one situation and another in different one, no topic change

Internal  ngoko-krama or vice versa

External  Indonesian-English or vice versa

In sum… When you change language intentionally and you do it because of specific purposes (e.g. the presence of third person that does not share the same language, or the change of topic or situation), in other word the switch is functional , that means you code-switch. When you insert a piece of word other than that of your language, and you have no specific purpose or intention when doing that, that means you code-mix.

When you change language intentionally and you do it because of specific purposes (e.g. the presence of third person that does not share the same language, or the change of topic or situation), in other word the switch is functional , that means you code-switch. When you insert a piece of word other than that of your language, and you have no specific purpose or intention when doing that, that means you code-mix.