Management of UK Heritage

The Management System of the UK’s Cultural Objects and the UN Heritage Reserves and
The Management System and Modes of National Parks
Nick Poole, Chief Executive, Collections Trust

Thank you!

AGENDA
Introductions
Lecture 1: UK Cultural Sector, structure & governance
Lecture 2: Survey & Registration System of Heritage
Lecture 3: Protection technologies
Lecture 4: Finance for Heritage Protection
Questions and answers

Introduction
Chief Executive of the Collections Trust
Formerly a Government adviser on Heritage Policy
UK representative on Culture in the European Union
Councillor of the Museums Association
Covering issues including Cultural Property, technology and the law

The Collections Trust
Independent UK charity
Campaigning for the public right to access and engage with Collections.
Promoting best practice
Encouraging innovation
Representing the sector

Funded by the UK Government, the European Commission and through trading activity
Publishing standards, advice and guidance through:
www.collectionslink.org.uk
Advice and guidance on issues of Cultural Property:
www.culturalpropertyadvice.gov.uk

Publishing professional standards jointly with the British Standards Institute
Building professional networks and communities
Working with broadcasters (such as the BBC) to digitise cultural content and share it with a mass audience

The UK ‘Home Nations’
England
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland

The UK ‘Administrative Regions’
9 Regions, each with a Government office
London
East Midlands
East of England
North East
North West
West Midlands
Yorkshire
South East
South West

The UK Culture Sector: Definition
Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment.
They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artefacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society.
This definition includes art galleries with collections of works of art, as well as museums with historical collections of objects.
- UK Museums Association

The UK Culture Sector: Basic Facts
2,500 museums in the UK
1,880 Accredited under the Museum Accreditation Scheme
4 out of the top 5 tourist attractions are museums
Employing approx. 40,000 paid & volunteer staff
40.3m visits during 2008/09
Net contribution to tourist economy = £1.1bn per annum

The UK Culture Sector: Top 10 attractions
Tate Modern 4,915,376
British Museum 4,837,878
National Gallery 4,562,471
Natural History Museum 3,754,496
Science Museum 2,440,253
Victoria & Albert Museum 2,372,919
National Portrait Gallery 1,601,448
Tate Britain 1,597,359
National Railway Museum 902,149
The Lowry 850,000

The UK Culture Sector: Visitors
Adults 78%
Children 22%
Overseas 38%

Government Responsibility for Culture
Gordon Brown, Prime Minister
Cabinet Ministers
Ben Bradshaw
Secretary of State for Culture
Sion SimonCreative Industries Minister
Barbara Follett
Tourism and Culture Minister
Gerry Sutcliffe
Sports Minister

Government Agencies for Culture
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
Government Agencies
Museums, Libraries, Archives Council
English Heritage
Heritage Lottery Fund

Museums, Libraries & Archives Council
Sponsored by DCMS
Lead strategic agency for the sector
Putting people first
Working for excellence
Learning at the core
Delivering change
Promoting partnership

The UK Culture Sector
Structure
Size
Workforce
Funding
Governance
Standards

The UK Culture Sector: Structure
Main museum types/groups:
National Museums
Local Authority Museums
Independent Museums
University Museums
Regimental Museums

Central Government
Department for Culture, Media & Sport
Ministry of Defence
National Museums
Military/Regimental Museums

Central Government
Higher Education Funding Council
Local Government
Universities
Local Authority Museums
University Museums

Fact File: National Museums
Established under charter from the Crown
Funded directly by the Department for Culture
21 museums, incl. Tate, British Museum, V&A
13 ‘National’ and 8 ‘sponsored’
Incl. National museums & galleries of Scotland and Wales
Academic analogue status (ie. the same as Universities)
Receive £320m each year

UK Culture Sector: Size (by type)

UK Culture Sector: Workforce
40,000 professional & volunteer staff
More than 50% unpaid volunteer
Mostly post-graduate qualified

UK Culture Sector: Workforce by type

UK Culture Sector: Funding
Funding sources:
Central Government
Local Government
Trusts/Foundations
Grants
Trading income
Exhibition income
Net expenditure = £3.34 per capita of population

UK Culture Sector: Free Admission for Museums
Universal free access since 2001
124% increase in visitors
9 million extra visits each year
National Maritime Museum up by 154%
Natural History Museum up by 127%
National Museums Liverpool up by 239%

UK Culture Sector: Governance
Governance varies by type
Most common type is a ‘Charitable Trust’
Venue operates as an independent entity
Governed by a ‘Board of Directors’
Charitable status confers preferential tax arrangements

UK Culture Sector: Standards
A strong commitment to UK & international professional standards
The Museum Accreditation Scheme accounts for 75% of the sector
Requires minimum standards from all museums
Tied to Government and other funding sources

Standards: Museum Accreditation Scheme
Based on an annual self-assessment
Reviewed by a panel of experts
4 priorities:
Governance & management
User services
Visitor facilities
Collections Management

Standards: SPECTRUM
Published in 1994
UK and International standard for Knowledge & Information Management in museums
Translated into 4 languages and adopted throughout Europe
12 of the 14 major Collections Management Systems
Free for non-commercial use

Standards: Benchmarks for Collections Care
Developed by the Museums, Libraries & Archives Council and Collections Trust
Defines ‘good’, ‘better’ and ‘best’ practice for museums
An interactive tool used to support planning
Enables funders to assess the quality of Collections Care
Also...

Standards in the Care of Collections
Geology
Archaeology
Biology
Larger & Working Objects
Musical Instruments
Touring Exhibitions
Costume & Textiles
Photography

Standards: CT/BSI PAS 197
Developed jointly by the Collections Trust and British Standards Institute
A new national standard for professional Collections Management
Shared between museums, archives and libraries

Standards
Supporting the sector:
Funders: MLA, DCMS, HLF, Charitable Trusts and Foundations
Agencies: Collections Trust, Museums Association, Special Interest Groups
Agents: Development Officers, Consultants, Expert Advisers, Curatorial Advisers
Professionals: Managers, staff, Boards
Volunteers: Students, retired people, others

End of Lecture 1
Questions?

Break

Lecture 2
Survey and Registration System of Cultural Heritage

Primary Agencies
Museums, Libraries & Archives Council
English Heritage
National Trust
Collections Trust
Individual heritage organisations and sites
Funding organisations

Overall aim
Strategic, targeted investment of resources and policy to deliver:
Public Sector Efficiency
Public Value
Based on up-to-date research (evidence-based policy)

Priorities for Heritage Protection Policy
Reviewing science behind Environmental standards
Promoting more cost-effective practice
Updating attitudes to risk
Using technology for outreach
Changing attitudes towards acquisition

Surveying Heritage
5 primary mechanisms:
Museum Accreditation Scheme
Collections Surveys/Collection Level Description
National Monuments Record
Culture Grid database of cultural sites
Individual organisation surveys and inspections

Heritage/Environment Agencies
Agencies
National Trust
English Heritage
CABE

English Heritage
Government’s adviser on the built environment
Advising on the preservation of the Historic Environment
Promoting public engagement
Promoting education and research

English Heritage: Registration
Maintaining registers of the UK’s historic buildings, monuments and landscapes:
National Monuments Record
Blue Plaques
Maritime Archaeology
Landscape Protection
Aerial Survey
Scientific Research
Listing

English Heritage: National Monuments Record
Based at the National Monuments Record Centre in Swindon
10 million archive items including plans, maps and aerial photographs
Searchable database of all English Heritage sitesand landscapes

English Heritage: Blue Plaques
Scheme to mark the buildings inhabited by famous historical figures
Based in London
Running for over 140 years
Nominated by members of the public

English Heritage: Maritime Archaeology
Responsibility established in the 2002 Heritage Act
Responsible for:
Coastal planning
Protection of Wrecks and Wreck sites
Undersea archaeology

English Heritage: Landscape Protection
Visual assessment of the landscape
Aerial Survey
Metric Survey
Time Team
National Parks
Ordnance Survey (maps)

English Heritage: Aerial Survey
Photography from the sky & visual assessment
National Mapping Programme
Aerial Photographs
Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) technology
Satellite images

English Heritage: Metric Survey
Support to English Heritage on metric surveying (using visual instruments):
Theodoloite – equipment for surveying
Photogrammetry – using photographs
3D computer-aided modelling

English Heritage: Time Team
Joint programme between Channel 4 & English Heritage
Weekly investigation of archaeological sites
Presented by Tony Robinson

Listing
6 main lists:
Schedule of Monuments
Register of Parks and Gardens
Register of Historic Battlefields
World Heritage sites
Conservation Areas
Listed Buildings

Listing: Schedule of Monuments
Registration of more than 31,000 sites :
Castles
Archaeological sites
Monasteries
Listed monuments are protected under law
Must be of national importance

Wansdyke, Wiltshire
Thought to be created through military excavation.

Norman church, Knowlton, Devon
Church built in top of prehistoric burial site

Jewish Cemetary, Ponsharden, Cornwall

Listing: Register of Parks & Gardens
Registration of 1,450 parks & gardens

Listing: Register of Historic Battlefields
Lists 43 historically significant battlefields
Listed on the UK Battlefield Resource Centre
Battlefields as sites of potential archaeological interest

Listing: World Heritage Sites
Based on the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention
878 World Heritage Sites
27 in the UK...

Stonehenge

Kew Gardens

Tower of London

Listing: Conservation Areas
Conservation Areas are protected by their Local Government Authority
First created in 1967, there are now 8000 in the UK
In a Conservation Area, the council has control over:
Demolition
Building works
Trees

Listing: Listed Buildings
Listing recognises and celebrates the particular historical significance of a building
372,905 in the UK

Listing: Listed Buildings
Owners must obtain special consent to do building work
A listed building is not protected in all cases, but the Local Government may choose to protect it
Chosen on the basis of architectural, social or historical significance.

Key Heritage Law
National Heritage Act (2002)
Protection of Wrecks Act (1973)

End of Lecture 2
Questions?

Lunch

Lecture 3
Maritime Heritage Protection

Overview
Department for Culture holds national responsibility
English Heritage is responsible for surveying and recommending action
Action is taken by Local Governments
Using private contractors

Protection of Wrecks Act 1978
An offence to:
Interfere with wrecks
Remove anything
Carry out salvage operations
Drop anchor or any other material
Any disturbance (such as excavation) must be licensed
Currently protects 60 wreck sites

Advisory Committee for Historic Wrecks
Meets 3 times annually
Approves licenses for exploration and work
Funded by English Heritage:
Excavation/archaeology
Markers

End of Lecture 3
Questions?

Lecture 4
Protection Technology of Stone Heritage and Ancient Architecture

Key agents in building conservation
Agencies
National Trust
English Heritage
IHBC
Historic Royal Palaces

Overview
DCMS and English Heritage set national strategy for building preservation
Responsibility for implementation, monitoring and management is with the individual site or venue
Techniques and technologies are selected according to the needs of the site or venue

National Heritage Science Programme
A programme to fund innovative research into materials and techniques for conservation and preservation
Funded by the academic sector
£8.1m grant programme to develop research

National Heritage Science Programme
Fragmentation in research efforts
Limited communication between heritage community and academic/scientific research
Working towards joint priorities and funding programmes

English Heritage Conservation Policy
Sets out the following principles:
The environment is a shared resource
Everyone should participate in it
Understanding the significance of places
Places should be managed
Decisions about heritage should be transparent
Decisions must be documented and learnt from

National Trust
Independent charitable organisation
Working to preserve the UK’s buildings, countryside and coastline
Educating the UK population about the importance of the environment
3.56m UK members

Current Priorities in Building Conservation
Preventive conservation
Pollutants and environmental damage
Materials
Techniques and processes
Cleaning
Risk Management
Flood Damage
Fire Protection
Dating Technologies

Preventive Conservation
Taking action to prevent deterioration/decay of buildings and collections
Active monitoring and environmental control
Passive conservation through good management and housekeeping

Pollutants & Environmental Damage
Research programmes looking at:
Wet deposition rates & factors such as surface geometry
Dry deposition rates & impact of local factors (eg. wind)
Effect of local variations in climate
Materials such as glass & long-term impact

Pollutants & Environmental Damage
Looking at the impact of pollutants such as:
Carbon dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Particulates (smoke, fumes)
On different materials & building
types

Water Damage
Combination of technologies:
Flood detectors
Relative Humidity Monitoring
‘RH papers’, strips of paper that react to moisture
Hygrometers for measuring moisture over time
Laser surveys
Boreholes at archaeological sites

Fire Damage
Combination of causes:
Arson
Electrical fault
Smoking
Heating equipment
Lightening
Hot works

Fire Damage
Management systems:
Fire detection systems
Fire supression systems
Sprinklers
Water mist
Controlled oxygen environments

Case Study: IMPACT
Centre for Sustainable Heritage, UCL
Software to assess the levels of reactive pollutants such as nitrogen oxide, ozone and sulphur dioxide inside heritage buildings.
Enables heritage managers to test scenarios by varying levels of pollutants for different building compositions

Heritage Materials Conservation
Research programmes include:
Plastics conservation
Paper conservation
Archaeological materials

Risk Management
Disaster Planning and Emergency Preparedness
Understanding the connection between risks to the building and risks to the object
Modelling changes in the building envelope and predictive studies

Protection Technologies
Temperature monitors
Building Management Systems
Relative Humidity monitors

Case Study:
Dover Castle Great Tower Project
12th Century Great Tower at Dover Castle
Process:
Understanding the needs of the building
Assessing the expectations of the public
Deciding on techniques for conservation/preservation

Case Study:
Dover Castle Great Tower Project
Preserving the integrity of the building
Re-presenting it as though prepared for a 12th century event or celebration
Cosmetic alterations to the building interior without significant structuralwork

Case Study:
Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford upon Avon
An building in the ‘art deco’ style from 1932
Extensive programme of modernisation

Other risks
Climate change causing flood damage

Other risks
Increases in pest infestations resulting from climate change

Other risks
Closure and repurposing of heritage buildings

Primary risks to heritage
Damage from soluble salts in walls
Weather damage to stonework
Freezing/unfreezing of building material
Flood damage
Biological attack of interior timbers & roofs
Corrosion of metal
Corrosion of steel or iron supports in statues & concrete

End of Lecture 3
Questions?

Break

Lecture 4
Funding Heritage Protection

Funders of Heritage Protection
Department for Business, Innovation & Skills
Agencies
National Trust
English Heritage
Research Councils

Set up by the UK Government to fund heritage
£4.3bn invested since 1994
Over 18,800 projects

Priorities:
Help conserve heritage
Help people make decisions about their heritage
Help people learn about their heritage
Average grants £50,000 - £100,000

People's memories and experiences
Histories of people, communities, places and events
Cultural traditions
Historic buildings and townscapes
Archaeological sites
Collections of items, archives or other materials
Natural and designed landscapes
Habitats and species
Sites and collections

Case Study: Clissold Park
19th Century public park in London
Awarded £4.46m
Restoration of the park ground
Provision of new visitor facilities
Improved interpretation of the site
Improvements to the river

Case Study: Astley Castle
12th Century Castle, devastated by fire in 1978
Grant of £2.3m
Clearance of rubble and debris
Salvage of usable material/stone
Strengthening of remaining features
Building new elements

Funding Requirements
All funding recipients are required to meet certain obligations
All have to provide a Building Management Plan and a Conservation Management Plan, detailing how the building, site or monument will be maintained.
Require sustainability plans

Research Councils
Funded by the UK Government
Investing £2.8bn per year in scientific research
Developing joint programmes and interdisciplinary research between different communities

Research Councils
Arts & Humanities
Biotechnology & Biological Sciences
Engineering & Physical Sciences
Economic & Social Research
Medical Research
Natural Environment
Science and Technology
AHRC is the main funder of research into
Conservation & conservation science

Arts & Humanities Research Council
Established in 2005
Funding up to £100m per year for research
Joint funding programme with the EPSRC
Wide variety of funded projects, from measurement to new techniques, models and methods

Example projects
3D laser scanning techniques
Historic musical instrument conservation
Digital restoration of medieval music
Redisplay of museum collections
History of underwater telegraphs
Papyrus and Egyptian materials
Textile conservation
Visual Arts data

Other Funders for Heritage
Charitable Trusts & Foundations
Educational funds
Bequests
Corporate sponsors
Local Government
Private donors
European Commission

CalousteGulbenkian Foundation
Funding good causes
Cultural Understanding
Fulfilling Potential
Sustaining the Environment
Innovation
Sponsored the Gulbenkian Prize
(now the Art Fund Prize)

Pilgrim Trust
Funding conservation and preservation of heritage
New use to historic buildings
Preserving buildings of outstanding merit
Preserving religious buildings
Recording information

Other Heritage Funders
Allchurches Trust
Architectural Heritage Fund
Jill Franklin Trust
Historic Churches Preservation Trust
Manifold Trust

Total Funding to Heritage
Impossible to estimate
In excess of £1bn from public sources (Government)
More from private sources (private benefactors)
More from income earned through retail and other services
An estimated £3.5bn in conservation funding each year

Future Priorities
Joint programmes
Developing joined-up approaches to funding
Cost-savings and more efficient practice

Lords Science & Heritage Inquiry
Held during 2005-06
The largest inquiry into the current state of conservation science
Found a very fragmented picture, with little coordination
Requested the DCMS to develop a National Heritage Science Strategy

National Heritage Science Strategy
The role of science in managing heritage
Use of science in understanding the past
Skills requirement
Equipment and resources

Revisiting the science behind environmental standards
Acceptable limits for humidity and pollutants
Understanding the impact of visitors & use
New methods of cleaning

Better understanding of:
Impact of multi-pollutant urban environments
Impact of inappropriate materials for repair
Interaction of moisture, salt and biological agents
Impact of vibration damage
Impact of fire-resistant treatment

End of Lecture 4
Questions?

Lecture 5
Historic Houses

Funders of Heritage Protection
Agencies
National Trust
English Heritage
Historic Houses Association

Privately-owned Heritage in the UK
More of the UK’s Heritage is in private ownership than in the ownership of English Heritage, National Trust and the Government.
There are more than 1,500 privately owned historic houses, castles and gardens around the UK
Many are operated as commercial attractions, 4 out of 5 operate at a loss

The majority are Grade II* or Grade I
They are not governed by law
They do have to meet defined standards in order to receive funding, for example from the Heritage Lottery Fund
Many are running light industrial activity, business activity, farming and many other forms of use

Historic Houses Association is an independent membership organisation
Works closely with English Heritage and the National Trust
Funds the Heritage Conservation Programe
Some works are covered under a Government Indemnity Scheme

Historic House

Witley Court

Lecture 6
National Parks

Funders of National Parks
Department for Environment, Food, Rural Affairs
Agencies
National Trust
English Heritage
National Parks
Natural England

National Parks in the UK
14 National Parks
Each represented by a National Park Authority
Employ 12,000 people
Generate £177m per year
Support their local economies through tourism

National Parks website
www.nationalparks.gov.uk

English National Parks
England - Dartmoor, Exmoor, Lake District, New Forest, Northumberland, North York Moors, Peak District, the Yorkshire Dales and the Broads which has equivalent status to a National Park. The South Downs will become a National Park but has not yet officially been designated.
Wales - Brecon Beacons, Pembrokeshire Coast and Snowdonia
Scotland - Cairngorms and Loch Lomond and the Trossachs.

National Park Authorities
Independent public bodies that:
Conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage; and
Promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of National Parks by the public.

History of National Parks
In 1945, before any National Parks had been created in the UK, John Dower wrote a report to the government, describing what National Parks should do. He said that for 'the Nation's benefit' the government should make sure;
the characteristic landscape beauty is strictly preserved;
access and facilities for open-air enjoyment are amply provided;
wildlife and buildings and places of architectural and historic interest are suitably protected;
established farming use is effectively maintained.

International Union for the Conservation ofNature
In 1969, the IUCN created the international definition of a National Park
Definition extended in 1971:
Minimum size of 1000 hectares
Statutory legal protection
Staff and a budget

Designation of National Parks
1951 - Peak District, Lake District, Snowdonia and Dartmoor
1952 - Pembrokeshire Coast and North York Moors
1954 - Yorkshire Dales and Exmoor
1956 - Northumberland
1957 - Brecon Beacons
1989 - The Broads given equivalent status to a National Park
2002 - Loch Lomond & The Trossachs
2003 - Cairngorms
2005 - New Forest

Brecon Beacons

Loch Lomond

Norfolk Broads

History of National Parks
In 1945, before any National Parks had been created in the UK, John Dower wrote a report to the government, describing what National Parks should do. He said that for 'the Nation's benefit' the government should make sure;
the characteristic landscape beauty is strictly preserved;
access and facilities for open-air enjoyment are amply provided;
wildlife and buildings and places of architectural and historic interest are suitably protected;
established farming use is effectively maintained.

Ownership of National Parks
The majority are private land, owned by:
Farmers
Private landowners
Forestry Commission
National Trust
But usage of this land is very closely controlled

Types of National Park Land
Forests
Farms
Mountains
Wetlands
Lakes
Many different types of terrain

‘Living In’
Active use and management of National Park land is encouraged. Including:
Grazing animals
Harvesting wood
Digging for peat
Growing hay
Other types of farming

Preservation Challenges
Research into the preservation management of:
Moorland
Wetland, lakes and rivers
Woodlands and forests
Grassland

Preservation Challenges: Moorland
Man-made environments
Controlled by:
Animal husbandry
Controlled burning

Moorland

Preservation Challenges: Wetland
Working to preserve freshwater habitats
Controlling fish stock
Encouraging salmon farming
Dredging lakes
Controlling plant life
Fencing off cattle & sheep
Supporting bird life

Preservation Challenges: Forests
Controlling the growth of forests
Encouraging sustainable use
Coppicing (a form of controlled cutting)

Case Study: Lake District
Designated in 1951
Widespread grazing and use have eroded scrub (tree cover) in higher areas
Limited shelter driving soil erosion
Programme to plant 3 new ‘upland’ forests

Case Study: Lake District
Project:
Analysis of topography
Analysis of soil types across the park
Placement of different trees to suit different environments
Eg. Birch on steep slopes, ash in wetlands and oak in grassy
Replanting programme

Lake District

Case Study: Hay Time Project
Project:
Working with farmers to restore grassland/meadow
In response to a change in farming practice (ploughing, re-seeding), which is having a dramatic effect on hay meadows
Impact on biodiversity and species propagation

Usage of National Parks
Defined by the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949
Controlling:
Purchase
Development
Transportation
Planning and use

Preservation Challenges: Grassland
Working to preserve freshwater habitats
Controlling fish stock
Encouraging salmon farming
Dredging lakes
Controlling plant life
Fencing off cattle & sheep
Supporting bird life

Fact File: Forestry Commission
Government Department responsible for forests and woodlands
Priorities:
Climate change
Deforestation
Industry
Research

Fact File: Natural England
Helps interpret the natural environment for:
Farmers
Schoolchildren
Teachers
Researchers
Owners

Other types
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Sites of Specific Scientific Interest
National Nature Reserves

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Established at the same time as National parks (1949)
Designated areas of the countryside
49 in total
Cared for by Local Governments, community and volunteer groups

Sites of Specific Scientific Interest (SSSI)
Locations and habitats for scientifically important wildlife, species, fauna
No building is permitted on these sites
Building near these sites is heavily regulated

National Nature Reserves
These are smaller sites that are important areas of wildlife habitat, with no buildings or roads
There are over 210 National Nature Reserves in the UK
They have high ecological value and are used as study areas for students and scientists.

Role of National Nature Reserves
Can be declared by Natural England and proposed by the public
Covering 92,000 hectares of the UK
Largest is the Wash (8,000)
Managed by Natural England and other groups including the Society for Protection of Birds

Heritage Coast
Conserved as part of the UK’s heritage
Covers approximately 33% of the coastline (1050 km)

Heritage Coast
Conserve, protect and enhance the natural beauty of the coasts, their marine flora and fauna, and their heritage features.
Facilitate and enhance their enjoyment, understanding and appreciation by the public.
Maintain and improve the health of inshore waters affecting Heritage Coasts and their beaches through appropriate environmental management measures.
Take account of the needs of agriculture, forestry and fishing, and of the economic and social needs of the small communities on these coasts.

Heritage Coasts around the UK
1. North Northumberland
2. Durham
3. North Yorkshire and Cleveland
4. Flamborough Headland
5. Spurn
6. North Norfolk
7. Suffolk
8. South Foreland
9. Dover - Folkestone
10. Sussex
11. Tennyson
12. Hamstead
13. Purbeck
14. West Dorset
15. East Devon
16. South Devon
17. Rame Head
18. Gribbin Head - Polperro
19. The Roseland
20. The Lizard
21. Isles of Scilly
22. Penwith
23. Godreavy - Portreath
24. St Agnes
25. Trevose Head
26. Pentire Point - Widemouth
27. Hartland
28. Hartland (Devon)
29. Lundy
30. North Devon
31. Exmoor
32. St Bees Head

Challenges
Managing the balance between preservation and use
Managing the benefit to science/industry
Educating the public

Conclusions
The UK has a very active commitment to preserving and providing public access to all forms of heritage
Managing heritage depends on standards and good practice, which need to be underpinned by good scientific knowledge
Managing heritage is expensive, and we need to keep making the case

Conclusions
National parks, museums, historic houses, churches, castles, are all part of our national identity and make a vital contribution both to cultural life and to the tourism economy.