Traditional Biofuels Lifecycle GHG Analysis Growing feedstock Refining Driving Corn ethanol industry 20% better than gasoline, efficient new plant 35-45% better Cellulosic 70-95% better than gasoline GREET model is gold standard

Corn ethanol industry 20% better than gasoline, efficient new plant 35-45% better

Cellulosic 70-95% better than gasoline

GREET model is gold standard

Biofuels Plus D irect Land-use Change Growing feedstock Refining Driving Clearing new land for feedstock

Biofuels Plus Indirect Land-use Change Growing feedstock Refining Driving Clearing new land for feedstock Market dynamics

Growing feedstock Refining Driving Clearing new land for feedstock Market dynamics Searchinger et al. in Science GREET WHRC CARD: FAPRI Corn ethanol: 73 g CO2eq/MJ = 21% reduction for corn @ 172 bu/acre, 2.71 gal/bu Cellulosic28 g CO2 eq/MJ = 70% reduction for switchgrass, 8 tons/acre, 82 gal/ton Corn - 0.85 acres cleared per acre diverted; Switchgrass – 1.27 Searchinger: 4.7 Mg CO2eq/acre cleared

Corn ethanol: 73 g CO2eq/MJ = 21% reduction for corn @ 172 bu/acre, 2.71 gal/bu

Cellulosic28 g CO2 eq/MJ = 70% reduction for switchgrass, 8 tons/acre, 82 gal/ton

Searchinger et al. in Science Growing feedstock Refining Driving Clearing new land for feedstock Market dynamics