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AIM:
How can we know that evolution has
        actually occurred?
             Warm – up:
      How does Darwin explain the
      presence of organisms alive
                today?
LaMarck
• Organisms adapted to their environments
  ØThrough acquired traits
  ØChange in their lifetime
    v Use & Disuse: organisms lost parts of their body
      because they did not use them (like the missing
      eyes and digestive system of the tapeworm)
    v Perfection with Use & Need: the constant use of an
      organ leads to an increase in size of that organ
  ØTransmit acquired characteristics to next
   generation
LaMarck
• Organisms adapted to their environments
  ØThrough acquired traits
  ØChange in their lifetime
    v Use & Disuse: organisms lost parts of their body
      because they did not use them (like the missing
      eyes and digestive system of the tapeworm)
    v Perfection with Use & Need: the constant use of an
      organ leads to an increase in size of that organ
  ØTransmit acquired characteristics to next
   generation
1.2
But the fossil record shows…
Descent with Modification

Darwin’s idea that each species living
  today arose from a pre-existing
               species!
1.2
Hundreds of millions of years passed before atmospheric
oxygen levels were high enough to support eukaryotes.
1.2
Evidence Supporting Evolution
Evidence Supporting Evolution
• Fossils (descent with modification)
Evidence Supporting Evolution
• Fossils (descent with modification)
• Comparative biochemistry
Evidence Supporting Evolution
• Fossils (descent with modification)
• Comparative biochemistry
• Comparative cell biology
Evidence Supporting Evolution
•   Fossils (descent with modification)
•   Comparative biochemistry
•   Comparative cell biology
•   Comparative embryology
Evidence Supporting Evolution
•   Fossils (descent with modification)
•   Comparative biochemistry
•   Comparative cell biology
•   Comparative embryology
•   Comparative anatomy
1.2
Fossils as Evidence
Fossils as Evidence
• A fossil is the remains of organisms that
  lived in the past.
Fossils as Evidence
• A fossil is the remains of organisms that
  lived in the past.
• They are preserved by natural processes
  (in ice, rock, etc.)
Fossils as Evidence
• A fossil is the remains of organisms that
  lived in the past.
• They are preserved by natural processes
  (in ice, rock, etc.)
• Examples: bones, shells, footprints,
  imprints
Fossils as Evidence
• A fossil is the remains of organisms that
  lived in the past.
• They are preserved by natural processes
  (in ice, rock, etc.)
• Examples: bones, shells, footprints,
  imprints
• Generally, found in sedimentary rock that
  has been quickly covered by silt. Why?
1.2
How old are fossils?
How old are fossils?
• Relative dating: Fossils can be dated in
  correlation with the age of the strata (layer
  of rock) they are in.
How old are fossils?
• Relative dating: Fossils can be dated in
  correlation with the age of the strata (layer
  of rock) they are in.
• Absolute Dating: Using radioactive
  isotopes (half life) to get a more accurate
  estimate of age.
1.2
1.2
Problems with Fossils?
Problems with Fossils?
• Dating is only an approximation
Problems with Fossils?
• Dating is only an approximation
• No fossils of early or soft-bodied
  organisms
Problems with Fossils?
• Dating is only an approximation
• No fossils of early or soft-bodied
  organisms
• Holes in the fossil record
Problems with Fossils?
• Dating is only an approximation
• No fossils of early or soft-bodied
  organisms
• Holes in the fossil record
Problems with Fossils?
• Dating is only an approximation
• No fossils of early or soft-bodied
  organisms
• Holes in the fossil record

        So what do scientists turn to?
Land Mammal



?
    ?
        ?
        ?
Land Mammal



          ?
              ?
           e the ?
      re ar tes?
Whe edia         ?
In term
Land Mammal



          ?
              ?
           e the ?
      re ar tes?
Whe edia         ?
In term
Land Mammal



          ?
              ?
           e the ?
      re ar tes?
Whe edia         ?
In term
Land Mammal
2006 Fossil Discovery of Early
             Tetrapod
• Missing link from sea to land animals
2006 Fossil Discovery of Early
             Tetrapod
• Missing link from sea to land animals
1.2
Comparative Biochemistry &
 Cell Biology show that…
Comparative Biochemistry &
     Cell Biology show that…
• the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost
  universal
Comparative Biochemistry &
     Cell Biology show that…
• the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost
  universal
• physiological processes follow common
  metabolic pathways
Comparative Biochemistry &
     Cell Biology show that…
• the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost
  universal
• physiological processes follow common
  metabolic pathways
• ATP is the universal form of energy
Comparative Biochemistry &
     Cell Biology show that…
• the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost
  universal
• physiological processes follow common
  metabolic pathways
• ATP is the universal form of energy
• Organisms that are related often have
  similar types of proteins and antibodies
Comparative Biochemistry &
     Cell Biology show that…
• the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost
  universal
• physiological processes follow common
  metabolic pathways
• ATP is the universal form of energy
• Organisms that are related often have
  similar types of proteins and antibodies
Comparative Biochemistry &
     Cell Biology show that…
• the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost
  universal
• physiological processes follow common
  metabolic pathways
• ATP is the universal form of energy
• Organisms that are related often have
  similar types of proteins and antibodies
Comparative Biochemistry &
     Cell Biology show that…
• the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost
  universal
• physiological processes follow common
  metabolic pathways
• ATP is the universal form of energy
• Organisms that are related often have
  similar types of proteins and antibodies
Comparative Biochemistry &
     Cell Biology show that…
• the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost
  universal
• physiological processes follow common
  metabolic pathways
• ATP is the universal form of energy
• Organisms that are related often have
  similar types of proteins and antibodies
1.2
Comparative Embryology
Comparative Embryology
• Species that are known to be closely
  related show similar embryonic
  development.
Comparative Embryology
• Species that are known to be closely
  related show similar embryonic
  development.
• Inference: The longer two embryos stay
  looking similar, the more closely related
  they are.
1.2
1.2
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy
• Study of biological structures in different organisms
Comparative Anatomy
• Study of biological structures in different organisms
Comparative Anatomy
• Study of biological structures in different organisms

• Homologous structures: structures in different species
  that have a similar design and position but serve
  different purposes in species that live in different
  environments.
Comparative Anatomy
• Study of biological structures in different organisms

• Homologous structures: structures in different species
  that have a similar design and position but serve
  different purposes in species that live in different
  environments.
  ex. Pentadactyl limb in mammals
Comparative Anatomy
• Study of biological structures in different organisms

• Homologous structures: structures in different species
  that have a similar design and position but serve
  different purposes in species that live in different
  environments.
  ex. Pentadactyl limb in mammals
• Divergent evolution
Comparative Anatomy
• Study of biological structures in different organisms

• Homologous structures: structures in different species
  that have a similar design and position but serve
  different purposes in species that live in different
  environments.
  ex. Pentadactyl limb in mammals
• Divergent evolution
Comparative Anatomy
• Study of biological structures in different organisms

• Homologous structures: structures in different species
  that have a similar design and position but serve
  different purposes in species that live in different
  environments.
  ex. Pentadactyl limb in mammals
• Divergent evolution

• Analogous structures: Structure of two unrelated species
  that can evolve to look alike on the basis that they serve
  a similar function in a similar environment.
1.2
Analogous structures
Analogous structures
Analogous structures
• Separate evolution of structures
Analogous structures
• Separate evolution of structures
  – similar functions
Analogous structures
• Separate evolution of structures
  – similar functions
  – similar external form
Analogous structures
• Separate evolution of structures
  – similar functions
  – similar external form
  – different internal structure & development
Analogous structures
• Separate evolution of structures
  – similar functions
  – similar external form
  – different internal structure & development
  – different origin
Analogous structures
• Separate evolution of structures
  – similar functions
  – similar external form
  – different internal structure & development
  – different origin
  – no evolutionary relationship
Analogous structures
• Separate evolution of structures
  – similar functions
  – similar external form
  – different internal structure & development
  – different origin
  – no evolutionary relationship




  Solving a similar problem with a similar solution
Analogous structures
• Separate evolution of structures
  – similar functions
  – similar external form
  – different internal structure & development
  – different origin
  – no evolutionary relationship

                            Don’t be fooled
                            by their looks!


  Solving a similar problem with a similar solution
Vestigial Structures
Vestigial Structures
• Modern animals may have structures that
  serve little or no function
Vestigial Structures
• Modern animals may have structures that
  serve little or no function
  – remnants of structures that were functional in
    ancestral species
Vestigial Structures
• Modern animals may have structures that
  serve little or no function
  – remnants of structures that were functional in
    ancestral species
  – evidence of change over time
Vestigial Structures
• Modern animals may have structures that
  serve little or no function
  – remnants of structures that were functional in
    ancestral species
  – evidence of change over time
    • some snakes & whales
Vestigial Structures
• Modern animals may have structures that
  serve little or no function
  – remnants of structures that were functional in
    ancestral species
  – evidence of change over time
    • some snakes & whales
      show remains of the
Vestigial Structures
• Modern animals may have structures that
  serve little or no function
  – remnants of structures that were functional in
    ancestral species
  – evidence of change over time
    • some snakes & whales
      show remains of the
      pelvis & leg bones of
Vestigial Structures
• Modern animals may have structures that
  serve little or no function
  – remnants of structures that were functional in
    ancestral species
  – evidence of change over time
    • some snakes & whales
      show remains of the
      pelvis & leg bones of
      walking ancestors
Vestigial Structures
• Modern animals may have structures that
  serve little or no function
  – remnants of structures that were functional in
    ancestral species
  – evidence of change over time
    • some snakes & whales
      show remains of the
      pelvis & leg bones of
      walking ancestors
    • human tail bone
Vestigial Structures
• Hind leg bones on whale fossils
Vestigial Structures
• Hind leg bones on whale fossils
Vestigial Structures
• Hind leg bones on whale fossils



     Why would whales
   have pelvis & leg bones
    if they were always
       sea creatures?
ANY QUESTIONS??
 This is the time to ask…

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1.2

  • 1. AIM: How can we know that evolution has actually occurred? Warm – up: How does Darwin explain the presence of organisms alive today?
  • 2. LaMarck • Organisms adapted to their environments ØThrough acquired traits ØChange in their lifetime v Use & Disuse: organisms lost parts of their body because they did not use them (like the missing eyes and digestive system of the tapeworm) v Perfection with Use & Need: the constant use of an organ leads to an increase in size of that organ ØTransmit acquired characteristics to next generation
  • 3. LaMarck • Organisms adapted to their environments ØThrough acquired traits ØChange in their lifetime v Use & Disuse: organisms lost parts of their body because they did not use them (like the missing eyes and digestive system of the tapeworm) v Perfection with Use & Need: the constant use of an organ leads to an increase in size of that organ ØTransmit acquired characteristics to next generation
  • 5. But the fossil record shows…
  • 6. Descent with Modification Darwin’s idea that each species living today arose from a pre-existing species!
  • 8. Hundreds of millions of years passed before atmospheric oxygen levels were high enough to support eukaryotes.
  • 11. Evidence Supporting Evolution • Fossils (descent with modification)
  • 12. Evidence Supporting Evolution • Fossils (descent with modification) • Comparative biochemistry
  • 13. Evidence Supporting Evolution • Fossils (descent with modification) • Comparative biochemistry • Comparative cell biology
  • 14. Evidence Supporting Evolution • Fossils (descent with modification) • Comparative biochemistry • Comparative cell biology • Comparative embryology
  • 15. Evidence Supporting Evolution • Fossils (descent with modification) • Comparative biochemistry • Comparative cell biology • Comparative embryology • Comparative anatomy
  • 18. Fossils as Evidence • A fossil is the remains of organisms that lived in the past.
  • 19. Fossils as Evidence • A fossil is the remains of organisms that lived in the past. • They are preserved by natural processes (in ice, rock, etc.)
  • 20. Fossils as Evidence • A fossil is the remains of organisms that lived in the past. • They are preserved by natural processes (in ice, rock, etc.) • Examples: bones, shells, footprints, imprints
  • 21. Fossils as Evidence • A fossil is the remains of organisms that lived in the past. • They are preserved by natural processes (in ice, rock, etc.) • Examples: bones, shells, footprints, imprints • Generally, found in sedimentary rock that has been quickly covered by silt. Why?
  • 23. How old are fossils?
  • 24. How old are fossils? • Relative dating: Fossils can be dated in correlation with the age of the strata (layer of rock) they are in.
  • 25. How old are fossils? • Relative dating: Fossils can be dated in correlation with the age of the strata (layer of rock) they are in. • Absolute Dating: Using radioactive isotopes (half life) to get a more accurate estimate of age.
  • 29. Problems with Fossils? • Dating is only an approximation
  • 30. Problems with Fossils? • Dating is only an approximation • No fossils of early or soft-bodied organisms
  • 31. Problems with Fossils? • Dating is only an approximation • No fossils of early or soft-bodied organisms • Holes in the fossil record
  • 32. Problems with Fossils? • Dating is only an approximation • No fossils of early or soft-bodied organisms • Holes in the fossil record
  • 33. Problems with Fossils? • Dating is only an approximation • No fossils of early or soft-bodied organisms • Holes in the fossil record So what do scientists turn to?
  • 35. Land Mammal ? ? e the ? re ar tes? Whe edia ? In term
  • 36. Land Mammal ? ? e the ? re ar tes? Whe edia ? In term
  • 37. Land Mammal ? ? e the ? re ar tes? Whe edia ? In term
  • 39. 2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod • Missing link from sea to land animals
  • 40. 2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod • Missing link from sea to land animals
  • 42. Comparative Biochemistry & Cell Biology show that…
  • 43. Comparative Biochemistry & Cell Biology show that… • the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost universal
  • 44. Comparative Biochemistry & Cell Biology show that… • the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost universal • physiological processes follow common metabolic pathways
  • 45. Comparative Biochemistry & Cell Biology show that… • the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost universal • physiological processes follow common metabolic pathways • ATP is the universal form of energy
  • 46. Comparative Biochemistry & Cell Biology show that… • the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost universal • physiological processes follow common metabolic pathways • ATP is the universal form of energy • Organisms that are related often have similar types of proteins and antibodies
  • 47. Comparative Biochemistry & Cell Biology show that… • the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost universal • physiological processes follow common metabolic pathways • ATP is the universal form of energy • Organisms that are related often have similar types of proteins and antibodies
  • 48. Comparative Biochemistry & Cell Biology show that… • the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost universal • physiological processes follow common metabolic pathways • ATP is the universal form of energy • Organisms that are related often have similar types of proteins and antibodies
  • 49. Comparative Biochemistry & Cell Biology show that… • the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost universal • physiological processes follow common metabolic pathways • ATP is the universal form of energy • Organisms that are related often have similar types of proteins and antibodies
  • 50. Comparative Biochemistry & Cell Biology show that… • the genetic code in nucleic acids is almost universal • physiological processes follow common metabolic pathways • ATP is the universal form of energy • Organisms that are related often have similar types of proteins and antibodies
  • 53. Comparative Embryology • Species that are known to be closely related show similar embryonic development.
  • 54. Comparative Embryology • Species that are known to be closely related show similar embryonic development. • Inference: The longer two embryos stay looking similar, the more closely related they are.
  • 58. Comparative Anatomy • Study of biological structures in different organisms
  • 59. Comparative Anatomy • Study of biological structures in different organisms
  • 60. Comparative Anatomy • Study of biological structures in different organisms • Homologous structures: structures in different species that have a similar design and position but serve different purposes in species that live in different environments.
  • 61. Comparative Anatomy • Study of biological structures in different organisms • Homologous structures: structures in different species that have a similar design and position but serve different purposes in species that live in different environments. ex. Pentadactyl limb in mammals
  • 62. Comparative Anatomy • Study of biological structures in different organisms • Homologous structures: structures in different species that have a similar design and position but serve different purposes in species that live in different environments. ex. Pentadactyl limb in mammals • Divergent evolution
  • 63. Comparative Anatomy • Study of biological structures in different organisms • Homologous structures: structures in different species that have a similar design and position but serve different purposes in species that live in different environments. ex. Pentadactyl limb in mammals • Divergent evolution
  • 64. Comparative Anatomy • Study of biological structures in different organisms • Homologous structures: structures in different species that have a similar design and position but serve different purposes in species that live in different environments. ex. Pentadactyl limb in mammals • Divergent evolution • Analogous structures: Structure of two unrelated species that can evolve to look alike on the basis that they serve a similar function in a similar environment.
  • 68. Analogous structures • Separate evolution of structures
  • 69. Analogous structures • Separate evolution of structures – similar functions
  • 70. Analogous structures • Separate evolution of structures – similar functions – similar external form
  • 71. Analogous structures • Separate evolution of structures – similar functions – similar external form – different internal structure & development
  • 72. Analogous structures • Separate evolution of structures – similar functions – similar external form – different internal structure & development – different origin
  • 73. Analogous structures • Separate evolution of structures – similar functions – similar external form – different internal structure & development – different origin – no evolutionary relationship
  • 74. Analogous structures • Separate evolution of structures – similar functions – similar external form – different internal structure & development – different origin – no evolutionary relationship Solving a similar problem with a similar solution
  • 75. Analogous structures • Separate evolution of structures – similar functions – similar external form – different internal structure & development – different origin – no evolutionary relationship Don’t be fooled by their looks! Solving a similar problem with a similar solution
  • 77. Vestigial Structures • Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function
  • 78. Vestigial Structures • Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function – remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species
  • 79. Vestigial Structures • Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function – remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species – evidence of change over time
  • 80. Vestigial Structures • Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function – remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species – evidence of change over time • some snakes & whales
  • 81. Vestigial Structures • Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function – remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species – evidence of change over time • some snakes & whales show remains of the
  • 82. Vestigial Structures • Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function – remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species – evidence of change over time • some snakes & whales show remains of the pelvis & leg bones of
  • 83. Vestigial Structures • Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function – remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species – evidence of change over time • some snakes & whales show remains of the pelvis & leg bones of walking ancestors
  • 84. Vestigial Structures • Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function – remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species – evidence of change over time • some snakes & whales show remains of the pelvis & leg bones of walking ancestors • human tail bone
  • 85. Vestigial Structures • Hind leg bones on whale fossils
  • 86. Vestigial Structures • Hind leg bones on whale fossils
  • 87. Vestigial Structures • Hind leg bones on whale fossils Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?
  • 88. ANY QUESTIONS?? This is the time to ask…