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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONProxemics: Territoriality, Defense, and Reaction  ,[object Object],Created by: A. Nelson,[object Object]
Proxemics is the study of the communicative aspects of space. ,[object Object]
Territoriality is personal space we don't want others to invade. ,[object Object],	Lyman and Scott (1967) identify 3 types of territorial encroachments: ,[object Object],Invasion,[object Object],Violation,[object Object],Contamination,[object Object]
Invasion,[object Object],INVASION is more all-encompassing and permanent. It is an attempt to take over another's territory.,[object Object]
Violation,[object Object],VIOLATION involves the unwarranted use of another's territory. This may be done with the eyes, the voice or other sounds, or with the body.,[object Object]
Contamination,[object Object],CONTAMINATION is defiling another's territory, not by presence but what we leave behind.  ,[object Object]
Defense,[object Object],	The 2 primary methods for territorial defense are: ,[object Object],Prevention ,[object Object],Reaction,[object Object]
Defense,[object Object],PREVENTION is a means of staking out our territory so others recognize it as ours and go elsewhere. ,[object Object],A person's presence in a place can keep others from entering it. ,[object Object]
Defense,[object Object],Objects are also used as territorial markers to designate "your" spatial area.  Although one doesn't always own a particular territory, we nonetheless presume "ownership" by the sheer frequency with which we occupy a space or by the markers we use to communicate that the territory is "ours." ,[object Object]
If the prevention of territorial violations does not work, how do people react?,[object Object],When people come close to use in face-to-face encounters, we are physiologically aroused; heart rate and skin responses increase. ,[object Object]
Reaction,[object Object],One response to invasion of our privacy is behavior that restores our privacy zone. This response accepts the invitation and cedes the territory. ,[object Object],Another response is the well-known elevator phenomenon, in which people are crowded more closely than they like, so everyone looks up or down as if to say “I’m not trying to intrude into your space.”,[object Object], A third response is to challenge the invasion—to stand your ground and refuse to yield territory. ,[object Object]
Works Cited,[object Object],Chung, Jen. "Subway Seat Hog Subset Man-sitters, Beware!" gothamist. N.p., 2 Apr. 2008. Web. 30 Oct. 2010. <http://gothamist.com/2008/04/02/seat_hogs_bewar.php>. ,[object Object],Knapp, Mark, and Judith Hall. Nonverbal Commmunication in Human Interaction. 6th ed. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006. Print. ,[object Object],Loo, Tristan. "How to Communicate Using Space." Hodu. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. <http://www.hodu.com/space.shtml>. ,[object Object],Walker, Robert. "Street Gangs and Graffiti." Gangs Or Us. N.p., 13 Aug. 2010. Web. 30 Oct. 2010. <http://www.gangsorus.com/graffiti.html>. ,[object Object],West, Richard, and Lynn Turner. Understanding Interpersonal Communication. 2nd ed. United States: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. ,[object Object],Wood, Julia. Gendered Lives. 9th ed. United States: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. ,[object Object]

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