Estonia / What do we teach about our neighbours?

Estonian presentation – neighbours in our history textbooks Mare Oja, Heli Aiaots, Ülle Kõiv, Hilje Saag, Ivo Maripuu, Aare Ristikivi, Indrek Riigor RIGA 2007

HISTORY TEACHING (National Curriculum 2002) 70 History of the 20th Century Gymnasium (18 – 19) 105 Human – Society – Culture Gymnasium (17 – 18) 70 History of Estonia Gymnasium (16 – 17) 70 Contemporary History Form 5 (1 5 – 1 6 ) 70 Modern History Form 5 (1 4 – 1 5 ) 70 Medieval History Form 5 (1 3 – 1 4 ) 70 Ancient History Form 5 (12 - 13 ) 35 Propedeutical course (Introductory course) Form 5 (11 – 12) HOURS PER YEAR TITLE OF THE COURSE FORM AND AGE

Main principles:
Two concentres
Chronological approach on the Basic School level (history of Estonia is integrated int o the World History course ) and thematic approach on the Gymnasium level (History of Estonia is a separate cour s e)
Course system
From closer to wider perspective (I, my home, Estonia, Europe, the World)
Accent from What? and When? to Why? and How?
Different interpretations and viewpoints
Freedom and responsibility of teachers
National Examination Test in history (since 1997)
Access on skills
New educational situation and approach: multicultural education, integration, NATO, European Union, importance of everyday life of people during centuries

Latvia
Igaunija = Ugandi
Toreida = Turaida
Cesis = Võnnu
Valmiera = Volmari
Ergeme = Härgmäe
Ainaži = Heinaste
Daugava river = Väina river

5 most common aspects
The Cruisade of Livonia
The Livonian Confederation
The birth of independent Estonia and Latvia
1939-1940 Soviet occupation started
The National Movement and 1991, when Estonia and Latvia returned to independence

The Crusade of Livonia source: Henrik’s Livonian Chronicle
Estonians and its South neigbours: Livs, Curonians, Latgals and Zemgals
1180s – Bishop Meinhard
1196 – Bishop Berthold
1199 – Bishop Albert
1201 – the establisment of Riga
1202 – Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1208-1227 – Estonians fighting for freedom

The Livonian Confederation

The independent states Estonia and Latvia
1917 the autonomy of unified Province of Estonia
24.02.1918 Estonia declared its independence
18.11.1918 Latvia declared its independence
28.11.1918-02.02.1920 Estonian War of Independence
The Overthrow of Karlis Ulmanis’ Government by Landeswehr and Iron Division
June, 1919 Landeswehr War in Latvian territory – 23.06.1919 victory in Battle of Võnnu (Cesis) became the Victory Day of Estonia
June, 1919 Battle of Riga – Estonian troops helped Latvian government to regain its power
The Aventure of Bemondt-Avalov and Latvian War of Independence

1939-1940
23.08.1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact (known as Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)
1939 Soviet bases were build on to Estonia and Latvia – the Age of Bases
The Leaving of Baltic Germans ( Umsiedlung ) – the end of old culture
1940 Soviet occupation started:
June – military occupation and overthrow of Baltic governments
July – new “elections”
August – formal annexion to Soviet Union

National Movements in 1980s Return to Independence in 1991
The Peoples Front in Baltic states (Rahvarinne, Tautas Frontes, Sajudis)
23.08.1989 The Baltic Chain
January 1991 Bloodbath in Vilnius and Riga
20.08.1991 Estonia redeclared its independence
21.08.1991 Latvia redeclared its independence

Some Facts about Estonian and Latvian History
1180-1227 The Crusade of Livonia (1290 last stronghold of the Semgals brought under by Germans)
13th – 16th century The Livonian Confederation / The Old Livonia
1558-1582 The Livonian War (Poland vs Russia vs Sweden)
The Polish in Latvia and South-Estonia = future Province of Livonia
The Swedish in North-Estonia = future Province of Estonia
The Swedish period 1629-1710
1700-1721 The Great Northern War
1710-1917 The Russian Empire
1918 Estonia and Latvia declared its independence
1918-1920 Estonian War of Independence
1919-1920 Latvian War of Independence
1940 Estonia and Latvia lose their independence
1940-1941 First Soviet occupation
14.06.1941 and 25.03.1949 Mass Deportations to Siberia
1941-1944 German occupation
1944-1991 Soviet occupation
1991 Estonia and Latvia regain independence
2004 Estonia and Latvia become the members of the European Union and NATO

Russia
Russia has plaid an important role in world history, especially in 20 th century. So we teach the Russian history as the important part of general history, especially history of 20th century.
As Estonia was two centuries part of Russian Empire and half of century part of Soviet Union, we approach Russian history topics connected with Estonian history.

Form 7 – The Middle Ages
Genesis of Old Russian state and relations between our forefathers and Old Novgorod and Old Kiev
Relations between Livonian Order and Russian principalities…
… and Livonian War in 16th century
Form 8 – The Modern Era
The Northern War and beginning of Russian Era in Estonia
Absolutism in Russia by Peter I and Catherine II
Napoleon’s campaign against Russia, Borodino battle
Reforms of Alexander I, when the peasants in Estonia and Latvia were released from serfdom
Russification period by Alexander III
The First Russian Revolution in 1905
Russia in World War I
Revolutions in Russia in 1917, Civil War

Form 9 – History of the 20th century
Genesis of Soviet Union and short history of USSR between World War I and World War II
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and its issues: occupation of Baltic states, first soviet year
Russian (Soviet) history according World War II
Soviet Union after World War II till 1985: domestic policy, economy
Cold War:
Soviet Union against United States
Soviet Union and socialist countries in East Europe.
Gorbach e v’s perestroika-policy and disintegration of Soviet Union.

In gymnasium (form 12) our pupils, study the depth course of 20th century.
In principle, the same curriculum is in our Russian-language schools. The curriculum gives to school and/or the teacher opportunity to teach 1/3 of the content of the history course what ever they want to.

Sweden
P robably the second best represented neighbor country in our history textbooks after Russia . In the context of Estonian history as well as that of the world.

In the World history textbooks
High school World history textbooks have all together 604 pages, Sweden is mentioned on 46 of them
Mostly neutral
Longer topics are: Vikings, the Reformation, fight for the supremacy of the Baltic Sea

In the World history textbooks
Mentioned: Rjurik, peasants were represented in the Riksdag, Uppsala University, Karl Linne, Nobel, Norway’s breakaway from Sweden, Ingmar Bergman, ABBA

In Estonian history books
High school Estonian history textbooks have all together 240 pages, Sweden is mentioned on 62 of them, so it’s almost on every 4 th page
23 times it is something negative (for example looting Narva during the Livonian war, extradition of Baltic immigrants to the USSR after the Second World War etc)
23 times it’s something positive (e.g. founding of the University of Tartu, Baltic Mondays etc)
Positive information seems to be predominant

Ancient History (10, 000 BC – 13 th cen )
Copper and iron imported from Sweden
There were some attacks against Estonia, but also – King Ingvar was killed in Estonia and we conquered Sigtuna (maybe)
Sweden tried to introduce Christianity in Estonia without military force
Swedish attack 1220 was fended off

Middle ages (13 th -16 th cen )
Sweden promised to send reinforcements during the 1343–1345 uprising of Estonians against the foreign rule
North-Estonia voluntarily accepted the Swedish overlordship in 1561
Estonians were on the Swedish side in the Livonian war
Looting Narva during the Livonian war by permission of D e la Gardie

The Good Old Swedish Time ( 16th- 17 th c en )
During this period, majority of the peasantry lost their freedom and became serfs, but in the end their status changed, to the extent that one might speak of the abolition of serfdom on reduced holdings
Lutherian became as a state religion
The witchcraft trials, but also the establishment of village schools , gymnasiums and Tartu University
T he first industries were established
Great Famine, during which Sweden still exported the grain

The Good Old Swedish Time
Names that are familiar to every Estonian: Johan Skytte, Bengt Gottfried Forselius, Charles XI, Charles XII

20th century
Volunteers from Sweden in the Estonian War of Independence, but Sweden recognize Estonia de jure only in 1921
King Gustav V’s visit in 1929
Estonian kroon s were transferred to the basis of Swedish krona
After World War II, recognition of the Soviet occupation in 1940 and deportation of Baltic refugees, but later the main center of foreign-Estonians
S upporting Estonian strive for independence in the 1980s

Finland
Basic school
Comb Ceramic and Battle Axe Culture are mentioned
Accepting Christianity
Kalmar Union
Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire (1809–1917)

Form 9 (20 th century)
On December 6, 1917 Finland declared its independence
Finnish Civil War (war between Finland and Soviet Russia ), the victory of the White side
Karl Gustav Mannerheim
Treaty of Tartu October 14, 1920
Estonian War of Independence and Finnish volunteers
The attemps to create Baltic Union between Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland – failed
Construction of the Mannerheim Line
Lapua Movement
Molotov-Ribbentrop (Nazi-Soviet) Pact and map showing the spheres of influences

The Winter War – 1 chapter, pictures:
The USSR demands
The Shelling of Mainila
November 20, 1939 USSR invaded Finland
The USSR is expelled from the League of Nations
The Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)
Continuation War (1941 – 1944)
Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
War reparations (Finland was the only country, which has fully paid war reparations)

Finland between the East and West – 1 chapter
The post-war era was a period of rapid economic growth
A grarian country was transformed into a technologically advanced country
Social welfare system
Paasikivi-Kekkonen’s Line
Finlandization
Kekkonen’s visit to Estonia
Finnish TV
Bilateral trade
Soviet Union fell in 1991  the depression 1990 – 1993 in Finland
Finland joined the European Union in 1995

High school
Kalmar Union
The Great Northern War
Russia annexed Finland from Sweden in 1809
The eastern provinces became the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire
The Congress of Vienna
Russia was allowed to keep Finland and held it until 1917
Finland and the Baltic countries in the Russian Empire
Governor-General of Finland Nikolai Bobrikov
T he "February Manifesto“ (1899)
P etition to Nicholas II requesting to revoke the manifesto

1904 Bobrikov was assassinated by Eugen Schauman in Helsinki
Collapse of the Russian Empire and the new states (map)
Finland declared its independence in 1917
Finnish Civil War
Finnish Republic (1919)
The Lapua Movement
MRP
The Winter War
Continuation War (1941–1944)
War reparations
Finland after the WW II and during the Cold War

Lithuania
Basic school:
Baltic peoples are mentioned
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania – 4 pages
Emergence of the State
Gediminas
The Polish–Lithuanian union
The battle of Grünwald
The position of Lithuania in the union
Illustrations:
Mindaugas; Jagailo and Jadviga union; Trakai;
The Crusades – the battle of Saule 1236
Lithuania became part of Russia during the rule of Catherine II

20 th century
The Lithuanian independence is mentioned as a result of the decomposition of the Russian Empire
The attempts to create the Baltic Union in the 1920s and the contradictions between countries, the Polish–Lithuanian dispute over Vilnius
Neutrality in 1938 along with Estonia and Latvia
The occupation of Klaipeda by Germany in 1939
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Occupation of the Baltic countries in 1940, Lithuania in June 15
The Soviet period – conflicts emerged with the Lithuanian freedom fighters
The collapse of the USSR
The Vilnius TV–tower occupied, the events of January 13 1991
referendum for the independence of Lithuania
R ecognition of the independence of the Baltic countries
A cceptance to the UN

H igh S chool
Findings of flint stone in the Pulli settlement in South Lithuania
Lithuanians as strong rivals at the end of the prehistoric period who had many devastating attacks to Estonia
1236 – the battle of Saule
1260 – in the battle of Durbe Estonians and Curonians went over to the Lithuanian side
1263 – Lithuanians looted Old Pärnu
Lithuanians accepting Christianity and the Krevo Union
The battle of Grünwald
There might have been 170–170.000 Lithuanians at the beginning of the 13th century (Estonians almost as much)
Poland and Lithuania in the Livonian War

The Baltic countries at the beginning of the 20th century – emigration from Lithuania and the appearance of active refugee groups
1905 – the summon of the Seim in Lithuania, claiming for autonomy, the movement forced back by Russia
The idea of re-independence spreading in Lithuania already before the WW I. At the end WW I support was sought from Germany – Germany had to give up some territories to Lithuania
The peace treaties of 1920
1926 – Lithuania renounced democracy, the coup d’état of Smetona, the question of Vilnius and Klaipeda
March 23 1939 Germany’s ultimatum to Lithuania, occupation of Klaipeda
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, accepting Soviet military bases on October 10 1939, the Lithuanian saying ‘We’ve won Vilnius but lost Lithuania’

The occupation of the Baltic countries
The ultimatum of June 14, the occupation of Lithuania on June 15
The Soviet occupation, the resistance movement: the important role of the Church in Lithuania, the underground Cronicle of Lithuanian Catholic Church , the Baltic Appeal
The Lithuanian ethnic majority dropping to 79 per cent.
The restoration of independence
January 13 in Vilnius
The Baltic Chain

Poland
Livonian War
King Sigismund II – Polish rule in southern part of Estonia
Jesuits in Tartu – seminar
Recatholisation
Partitions of Poland by Russia, Prussia and Austria
Polish autonomy and independence. Joseph Pilsutsky
MRP. Submarine Orzel
WW II, Katyn, Polish Jews and the Holocaust, Warshaw uprising
Poland in Soviet period, 1980s and Solidarnosc, Lech Walesa
Pope John Paul II and the role of catholic church in communist time

Denmark, Norway and Iceland
There are more discussions about Danish history, especially in relation to Estonian history (1 3 th -16 th century)
There is less information and discussions about Norwegian and Icelandic history
Generally Scandinavian or Northe r n countries are dealt with
At high school level we repeat more deeply what we studied in the basic school level

V ikings
The culture of Vikings (f.e. Runic writing, religion, Elder Edda etc)
Englands war against Danes-Normans, attacks of Norwegian Vikings to Scotland's coast
Old-Russian country and Normans (theories)
Transit trade routes across Estonia to the Byzantium and Orient countries
Discovery trips :
Eric the Red founded the first Nordic settlement in Greenland
Leif Ericson, an Icelandic explorer
Discovery of America
Campaigns to Estonia, sagas: Norwegian prince Halfdan White died in Estonia, Estonian seafares captured Norwegian queen Astrid and her son Olaf and tried to sell them as slaves

Vikings ships

E stablishment the country and C hristianisation
Beginning of the statehood of the Denmark, Christianisation
13 th century – Denmark as superpower/empire by the Baltic Sea (Valdemar II (1202-1241))
Norway: consolidation of Christianisation in the middle of 12 th century, beginning the statehood at the beginning of 13 th century

F oreign conquest and christianisation in E stonia in 13 th century
The role of Denmark of conquest and Christianisation of Estonia (1219 - Battle of Lyndanise, Valdemar II (the Conqueror), Dannebrog , the fighting against German and Swedish crusaders...)
The new Estonian administrative division in middle ages: North Estonia – possession of the Danish crown, Treaty of Stensby 1238 between Denmark and Livonian Order (the borders)
Danish taxation list Liber Census Daniae: an important geographic and historic document. The list contains about 500 Estonian place names and names of 114 local vassals.

Valdemar IV Atterdag sold his domains to the Teutonic Order in 1346 (after the St.George Night uprising (1343-1345)) The code of the Lübeck law what Tallinn got 1282 (in the first page Danish king Erik Klipping and his mother Margareta)

R eformation
The Reformation: Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536; Denmark entered into a union with Norway, the Reformation in Norway
Denmark: Frederik I, Johan Hans Tausen, 1536 Church ordinance, 1545 Ribe´s articles
Norway: a bishop Olav Engelbergtsson, Denmark and Norway personal union in 1536 and Reformation, church service in Danish

L ivonian W ar 1558-1583
Denmark in Livonian War for Estonia
Purchasing the Bishopric of Saare-Lääne by Denmark in 1559, duke Magnus (the brother Frederik II)
The end of war, Denmark got the island Saaremaa
1645 Treaty Brömsebro – Denmark surrendered Saaremaa to Sweden

D enmark in other wars
1397-1524 - The Kalmar Union
The intervention of Denmark in the Thirty Years' War 1625
Denmark at the beginning the Northern War
The unification of Germany: Denmark losts Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenberg in 1864

D enmark and wars in 20 th century
Treaty of Versailles (1919) – Denmark got back the area Schleswig-Holstein
The Estonian War of Independence (1918-1920) – the volunteers from Denmark in the Estonian Army
The Second World War: the invasion of German Nazy Army to Denmark and Norway in April 1940, the warfare

D emocracy
The progress of democracy in 1920.-1930:
1913 - Norway adopts full woman suffrage
1915 - women get the vote in Denmark
1919 - in Estonia
Nordic Countries : parliamentary democracy, welfare state

Iceland in 20 th century
The Act of Union, an agreement with Denmark (1918) recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state under the Danish king
During WW II British military forces occupied Iceland
Iceland formally became an independent republic in 1944 (plebiscite)
Iceland became a member of NATO (1949)
The first country to diplomatically recognize Estonia's reclaimed independence was ICELAND (August 22, 1991)

The culture at the beginning 20 th century: Norwegian artist Edvard Munch (Art Nouveau, expressionism)
The Scream

Thank You! Paldies!

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Estonia / What do we teach about our neighbours?

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Estonia / What do we teach about our neighbours? — Presentation Transcript