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ETHIOPIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE GROWTH PROSPECTS R B CHAVAN IoTEX BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA rbchavan@hotmail.com
ETHIOPIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY PRESENT STATUS AND FURTURE GROWTH PROSPECTS Prof. R. B. CHAVAN Institute of Technology for Textile, Garment and Fashion Design  Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 2010
TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES 300 NUMBER OF CHAPTERS   11 REFERENCES   80 Chapter 1 Ethiopia: general information Chapter 2 Cotton production: Present status and future growth plans Chapter 3 Need for development of grading system for Ethiopian cotton  Chapter 4 Assessment of textile sub-sector Chapter 5 Assessment of garment sub-sector  Chapter 6 Current status of  textile, home textile and garment sector in Ethiopia Chaprter 7 Handloom clusters and export  Chapter 7 Handloom clusters and export Potentials of handloom sector Chapter 8 Quality standards  care labels and packaging  Chapter 10 Swot analysis and recommendations Chapter 9 Strategy for entry into export market Chapter 11 Business in ethiopia: opportunities,  incentives and regulations References
PRESENT PRESENTATION  CURRENT STATUS COTTON SECTOR GARMENT SECTOR  TEXTILE SECTOR
COTTON SECTOR AREA CULTIVATED 110,000 ha PRODUCTION SEED COTTON 129,000 ton  LINT COTTON  47694.4  ton  YIELD/ha Seed cotton    1.17 ton  STATUS  2009/10
IRRIGATED AND RAIN FED LAND Awash valley  NORTH OMO (SOUTHERN REGION) ABABO  (GAMBELLA REGION) GODE (OGADEN REGION) RAIN FED  LAND GONDER (HUMERA REGION),  SIDAMO (BILATE REGION)  GAMO GOFA (ARBA MINCH REGION)  WHERE THE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS MORE THAN 700 MM.  COTTON CULTIVATION  REGIONS
POTENTIALS FOR COTTON CULTIVATION LAND SUITABLE FOR COTTON  CULTIVATION 3 MILLION HA PRESENTLY USED  110,000 HA COTTON LAND UTILIZATION 3.6% PAKISTAN 4 TH  LARGEST  PRODUCER OF COTTON LAND AVAILABLE  2.9 MILLION HA COTTON PRODUCTION 2.5 MILLION TON IF ALL THE LAND SUITABLE FOR CULTIVATION IS USED ETHIOPIA CAN BE ONE OF THE LARGEST PRODUCER OF COTTONIN WORLD
REGIONS AND LAND AVAILABLE FOR COTTON CULTIVATION High potential cotton  Woredas  land suitable % of Total  producing areas 38 No.   1.9 million ha 63.3% Low potential cotton Producing areas 79 No.   1.1 millon ha 36.7% Total 117   3 million ha 100%
PLANTING AND HARVESTING PERIOD Planting and harvesting periods in different regions Area Planting period Harvesting period Lower Awash  June  to August  November  to January  Middle Awash and Rift valley April to June  November to December  Upper Awash April  to May  September  to November  Hummera Mettema and Gambella June to August  November  to January
COTTON SPECIES, YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS Species Name Seed cotton  Yield with  Irriga-tion Kg/ha Seed cotton Yield only  Rainfed Kg/ha Quality  index Length mm Strength lb/in Fineness mv Evenness % Maturity % Acalasi SJ-2 3250 -- 28.6 39.4 3.2 47.1 77.5 Deltapin t-90 3850 -- 27.7 38.3 3.7 47.7 78.7 Stonell e-1234 3854 -- 27.9 36.1 3.6 47.8 78.0 Carolina Queen 4960 -- 27.2 38.5 3.8 46.5 82.8 Cu-Okra 4950 -- 26.1 39.4 4.0 46.6 83.8 Cucurov A1518 5280 -- 27.0 37.0 3.8 46.6 82.1 Bulk 2020 2242 28.1 38.7 3.5 47.0 75.1 Arba 2030 30.3 40.0 3.5 47.1 77.0 Reba B-50 1804 26.3 36.4 3.2 48.4 70.9 Albar 1672 27.3 40.2 3.5 48.5 73.8
MARKETING CHAIN
COTTON PRODUCTION THOUGH COTTON CULTIVATION IN ETHIOPIA IS CARRIED OUT FOR CENTURIES IT WAS MAINLY BY SMALL SCALE FARMERS USING TRADITIONAL METHODS BEFORE 1960 COTTON WAS IMPORTED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TEXTILES COTTON IMPORT 30% OF TOTAL IMPORTS IN THE COUNTRY. COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION STARTED IN 1960 ONWARDS 1960-1992 LARGE SCALE FARMING WAS CARRIED OUT BY STATE FARMS
2008/09 Three state farms Upper Awash, Abobo, and Vegetable and Fruit Development Enterprise. Private farms Lower Awash,  Middle Awash,  Birale,  Humera,  Metema and  Wollega Small-hold farmers Large number  The traditional cottage industries including handlooms and handicrafts were fully dependent on cotton supplied by smallholders. PRIVATIZATION 1992 GOVERNMENT  ALLOWED THE ENTRY OF PRIVATE FARMS Present  stakeholders in  cotton production State farms (2003) Tendaho,  Middle Awash,  Upper Awash,  North Omo  Abobo.
CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION SHARE  Stake holder Area cultivated % Production share % State farms 30 32 Private farms 43 56 Small-hold farmers 27 12
PRODUCTIVITY OF COTTON  Type of producer Productivity (T/ha) Rain fed Irrigated Small holders 0.5-1.0 - Private farms 1.5-2.0 2.0-3.0 State farms 1.5-2.0 2.0-3.0 Research institutes 3.5-4.5
GINNERIES Total 13 Functional 11 In planning 01 Ginning capacity  200,000 Ton per annum 2009/10 cotton production  227730 Ton Additional Ginnery in planning  Location Number  Private Addis Ababa  04  Gonder  02  Humera  01  Government  Middle Awash state enterprise  01  Tendaho farm  01  South Omo farm  01  Abobo State Enterprises  01  Total  11
COTTON PRODUCTION  CONSUMPTION, EXPORT AND IMPORT No. Year Lint  Cotton consumption Cotton export Cotton import 1 2003/04 31,406 17,218.2 7,562 2 2004/05 16,579 16,156.7 8,189 3 2005/06 27,693 15,517.8 1,228 211.8 4 2006/07 34,184 21,465.5 6,177 669.4 5 2007/08 36,300 16,648.4 11,760 1,295.2 6 2008/09 47,694.4 15,624.9 14,907
FUTURE PROJECTIONS  FOR YARN PRODUCTION, SEED COTTON REQUIREMENT, LINT COTTON, LAND  (2010/11-2014/15) Land utilization 2008/09 3.60% 2014/15 18.10% S. No Year Yarn Production Ton/year Efficiency % Seed cotton  Requirement ton Lint cotton  Requirement  ton Export projection Ton  Total Lint cotton  ton Land requirement  Projection ha 1 2009/10 25858 68 87358 32322 - - - 2 2010/11 46425 90 158049 58478 16986 75464 171550 3 2011/12 60860 90 205609 76075 19364 95440 193655 4 2012/13 93465 90 315765 116833 22075 138908 374977 5 2013/14 127720 90 431491 159651 25166 184818 453533 6 2014/15 170097 90 574656 212622 28689 241312 542858
TEXTILE SUB AND GARMENT SUB SECTOR  Ethiopia has long tradition of manufacturing textile on cottage  industry scale Hand spinning  Handloom weaving Major employment generation particularly rural areas TRADITIONAL TEXTILES Estimate  500,000 handloom weavers Even  more number of hand spinners
INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE MANUFACTURING First integrated textile mill  Dire Dawa Textile Mill  Established by foreign capital in 1939. (Italian) This was the Beginning of the  textile manufacturing on Industrial scale  During 196o’s 5 large-scale integrated textile enterprises were established mainly by private capital ,  The socialist regime, which reigned from 1974 to 1991, nationalized private textile and apparel firms and at the same time established 4 more integrated textile mills  to expand the sector in order to satisfy the domestic demand for regular textiles and  substituting imported products.
TEXTILE MILLS, GARMENT FACTORIES AND ALLIED DATA Organization Government Private Cotton farms  5  (present 3) 5 Ginnery 4 7 Textile mills 7 2 Yarn and Sewing thread 2 - Fibre/Blanket  1 - Handloom 3 (organized) Very large number on cottage scale  Garment 5 32 Business Associations Except agriculture 7 1 Educational institute 1 (Iotex) Few more started textile courses)  Textile training  centres 10 ?
CURRENT POSITION Daily production capacity  Yarn 106 tons Knitted fabric  59 tonnes  Woven fabric  264,000 meters most of the machines are outdated,  some up to 50 years old,  Spindles   237,000 Looms   1553 Knitting machines  95  country is leasing plants to private Ethiopian investors to  increase  productions yarn, woven and knitted fabrics
GARMENT SECTOR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Current  estimate Private  70-80 Government 05 Equipments Before 2005 old,  After 2005 State of art Garment manufacturing on industrial scale started in the 1950s  1950 Addis Garment factory by an Italian  (Which was  later nationalized)
FABRICS AND ACCESSORY SUPPLY Domestic market Domestically produced fabric While in majority of cases the clothes for exports are made from imported fabrics.  Even the use of accessories such as lining cloth, buttons and zippers  depend on import, due to the absence of domestic manufacturing  Export market Imported fabric Including the accessories like  Zippers Buttons Lining cloth
THE MAIN EXPORT PRODUCTS  Knitwear (Mostly 100% cotton) T-Shirts, polo shirts, sweaters Pyjamas, underwear Woven garments (Cotton and mixture) Casual shorts Trousers, shorts, Bermudas Work garments corporate fashion and uniforms Outdoor jackets Sports dresses Woven Home textiles Handloom Curtains Furnishing  Household Textiles (Handloom) kitchen towels, gloves, napkins etc. table cloth, table mats,  napkins  sets bed sheets, cushion covers etc.
PRODUCTS Domestic Work wear Uniforms for  schools,  military,  government agencies  private companies. Exports According to buyer demand
GROSS VALUE ADDITION WITHIN THE TEXTILE AND GARMENT PRODUCTION  Spinning  15 % Weaving  15 % Knitting  20 % Dyeing / Finishing  12 % Finished Garment / Product  35 %
TRENDS IN GARMENT SECTOR AND TYPES OF CO-OPERATION Type of business  Buyer responsibility Ethiopian manf. Responsibility  Export target gr.  1 Sub-contracting (CM business)  Fabric, trims and accessories provided by the buyer Production (Cutting, sewing, pressing, finishing and packaging  Garment industry  2. Advanced sub- contracting (CMT business). Fabric provided by the buyer Production Purchase of trims (e.g. buttons, zippers, interlining etc) Garment industry
Type of business  Buyer responsibility Ethiopian manf. Responsibility  Export target gr.  3  RTU (Ready to use) Business. Product samples/ Designs provided by buyer Production Purchase of trims Purchase of all fabrics, yarns and accessories, packaging material etc. Garment industry  4  Ready made business No responsibility  Production Purchase of all fabrics and trims  Development of basic product design  Retail brand/private label Sales intermediaries Large retail
The majority of garment manufacturers in Ethiopia works on a CM / CMT The necessity to move from CM/CMT to RTU/ RTS type of co-operation is part of the development trends on the international garment markets .  Type of business  Buyer responsibility Ethiopian manf. Responsibility  Export target gr.  Collection business No responsibility Production Purchase of all fabrics and trims  Development of product line (multiple products)  Brand name marketing  Image cultivation Life style concept  Sales intermediaries Large retail Specialist retails
RISK, MERITS AND REQUIREMENTS TO MOVE FROM CM/CMT/RTU TO RTS/COLLECTION BUSINESS  ,[object Object],[object Object]
PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY (BENCH MARKS) IN MAJOR GARMENT PRODUCING  COUNTRIES OF INSTALLED CAPACITY  1= Eastern and South China 2= Western and Northern China High productivity of Turkey 40 years experience Skilled labor force Qualified technical and managerial staff Qualified designers
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FOR PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE
Because of low labor cost, any improvement in productivity will provide a competitive advantage to Ethiopian garment sector.  This should be possible because many garment factories are technically  very well equipped  it would be important to improve the qualification of the machine operators and  internal production  planning (e.g. material and work flow etc.) in order to improve productivity.  This means that a productivity increase would not require large investments (compared to purchase of new machinery). IoTex can play a major role in productivity and quality  improvement  by providing training
AVERAGE PRODUCTION, TIME FOR SELECTED PRODUCTS (APPROX. IN MINUTES PER ITEM) The average production time per item in Ethiopia is currently significantly higher than in competitive supplying markets which shows, that the level of productivity is also comparably low. Products Countries Southeast Asia (e.g.China, Vietnam, Thailand) South Asia e.g. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh South Estern Europe (e.g. Romania, Bulgeria, Turkey) Ethiopia Basic T-shirt Cotton 6 9 8 35 Basic Polo shirt cotton  7 10 10 45 Basic mens casual trousers, cotton 20 20 25 120 Basic mens casual shirts, long sleeve 18 20 20 80 Mens formal jacket 150 130 120 300 Working overall, cotton 25 25 28 200
BENCHMARK ON PRODUCTION OUTPUT Products Average output per hour per operator (Approx. in No. of items per hour) Basic T-shirt Cotton 12-15 Basic Polo shirt cotton  12-15 Basic mens casual trousers, cotton 2-3 Basic mens casual shirts, long sleeve 2-3 Mens formal jacket 1 item each 2-3 hours Working overall, cotton 2
Besides a low productivity Ethiopian garment manufacturers likewise show relatively large production capacities but a capacity utilization of average approx. 20-30 % only.  This was a result of lack in experience of the factory owners / investors regarding setup of garment production facilities and efficient production planning in general.  The availability of production capacities in Ethiopia might be a future advantage but currently responsible for relatively high  maintenance and depreciation costs.
QUALITY STANDARD Regarding the quality standard of the products in Ethiopia  the quality of materials (yarns and fabrics) as well as  the quality of workmanship has to be taken into consideration The cotton yarn produced in Ethiopia  meets only partly international quality standards and customer requirements because of medium or short staple of raw cotton that is used.  In addition to that the finishing of cotton yarn is not yet up to international requirements because of lack of know-how regarding dyeing, softening and other chemical treatments.
In case of imported yarns and fabrics  material quality meets the export market requirements  because  purchase is usually made in major supplying markets such as  China, India or  in co-operation with buyer recommendation of  yarn and fabric suppliers.
QUALITY  OF WORKMANSHIP The quality of workmanship strongly depends on  technical equipment and  qualification of machine operators  there are many garment factories  with  excellent machinery,  lack of  qualification and efficiency of operators and  line inspectors / production management  lead to quality problems and  in many cases to an extremely low productivity.  One of the reasons for this is the very recent setup of many Ethiopian factories and the  fact that most of the factory owners / general managers  do not have their origin in textile and garment business. (low garment business experience)
LABOR COST Garment  production cost in different countries One of the competitive advantages of the garment industry in Ethiopia is relatively  low production costs due to a  comparably low level of salaries for machine operators.  This advantage is partly compensated by  low productivity and  poor production planning. Basis: medium productivity level of approx. 60 %  average number of machine operators  30 Country Approx. cost per working hour In the garment industry 2006 in US $ Germany  21.30 France 16.60 USA 14.90 England 14.60 Japan 11.80 Hungary 3.20 Poland 2.50 Romania 2.00 Bulgaria 1.90 Thialand 1.00 Srilanka 0.80 India 0.60 Pakistan 0.40 Bangladesh 0.30 China 0.25 Vietnam  0.25 Ehiopia 0.15
STATUS OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT  Collection or product development  of international standards does not yet exist  in Ethiopian garment industry  as most of the garment manufacturers were concentrating on setting-up the technical facilities and machinery park of their factories.  Some Ethiopian companies started to create  own design ideas or basic product designs for the domestic market  but are not yet working in an efficient and appropriate manner suitable for prospective export markets. This is mainly due to absence of fashion design school Iotex has taken the lead in this direction  As an Iotexian we all should be proud of this historical beginning
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS (CASE STUDIES) Corporate solution on behalf of ecbp  has carried a  performance analysis of  14 Ethiopian textile, garment and home textile manufacturers.  The company analysis was focused on  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Most of the analyzed companies showed potential for  basic or advanced subcontracting  business for a co-operation with export customers (CM, CMT).  A ready-made collection is not yet offered by any of the analyzed companies.
ANALYSIS SUMMARY Very good technical equipment,  very low production costs  very low productivity  Inadequate staff qualification (e.g. production and marketing)  Absence of export marketing  to  benefit from competitive advantages
TEXTILE AND GARMENT EXPORTS Export in  2004/2005 USD 4 million  (approx. 0,5 % of total Ethiopian exports) 2005/06 USD 11.0 Million 2007/08 USD 12.6 Million  2008/09 USD 14.6 Million 2009/10 USD 25 million The textile and garment sector in Ethiopia currently plays a minor economic role for the country  Export of China and Turkey China  USD 81billion  Turkey with USD 11 billion.  Export targets 2010/11 USD 500 million 2014/15 USD 1 billion
FOREIGN INVESTORS CAN PARTICIPATE IN ETHIOPIAN’S TEXTILE INDUSTRY The government of Ethiopia invites companies to participate in the investment of Ethiopia's textile industry by establishing cooperation with Ethiopian public enterprises.  Foreign companies can participate in this industry in the following three forms: a)  Joint venture b)   ownership c)   Contract Management
TEXTILE AND GARMENT SECTORS WHO ARE SEEKING FOREIGN PARTNERS  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],7.  Debre Berhan Blanket Factory 8. Ediget Yarn and Sewing  Thread Factory 9. Adei Ababa Yarn Share Co. 10. Akaki Garment Share Co. 11. Addis Garment Share Co 12. Gulele Garment Factory
Investors  have the advantage of  Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), with access to 20 countries and 380m people,  Trade rulings that allow duty free exports of textiles through the African Growth and Opportunity Act   (AGOA) of the United States, and  Everything But Arms (EBA) initiative of  the European Union  (EU). Liberal government incetives EXPORT AVENUES FOR INVESTORS
FOREIGN INVESTMENTS  TURKEY INVESTMENT AYKA Textile Industry relocates to Ethiopia Largest Turkey textile company Established in 1988 at Istanbul Relocating textile and garment activities in Ethiopia 2006 Registered as local subsidiary company Ayka Addis PLC Capital USD 100 million Share holders AYKA textiles Yusuf Avdaniz Gurkav Kavalikli AYKA is first  largest investment in Ethiopia The company has been granted 15,000 sqm of a plot in Alem Gena, 18Km west of Addis Ababa, from the Oromia Investment Commission.  The factory was inaugurated by the Minister of Trade and Industry, and Oromia State Chief in 2008.
The company has become fully operational from April 29,2010 Inaugurated by Prime Minister Ato Meles Zenawi AYKA Addis has plans to manufacture its products in two  phases,  The  first  phase  spinning and knitting,  second phase  finishing and garment production. Production capacity Spinning plant 20 tons per day Knitting and dyeing plant 40 tons per day. The shifting of Ayka Textile Industry of Turkey,  has made the local Government optimistic about the possibility of other big textile companies relocate their bases in Ethiopia. Aim to  Create 1000 jobs export  worth USD 70 million per year when  both the phases become fully opertional
U.S. FIRMS PARTNER WITH ETHIOPIA’S ALMEDA TEXTILES IN LONG-TERM APPAREL DEAL  Almeda Textiles is a  member  of the Effort Group, and  two  U.S. companies,  Atlas Manufacturing Group and  Pinnacle  Textiles,  signed agreements  in Addis Ababa establishing long term relationships in the apparel sector. Atlas is placing orders with Almeda worth  $3 million  for T-shirts and other garments for delivery throughout  2010,  Pinnacle has  forecast orders of kitchen  wear valued at $7 million for  the same period. These partnerships will lead to initial production volumes of more than one million units  of T-shirts, kitchen wear and  uniforms per year, providing  jobs to over 1000 Ethiopians.
NEPSA TEXTILE PLC Nepsa Textile Plc, which is a subsidiary of one of the major textile producers in Turkey,  opening a factory in Ethiopia with an initial investment capital of ETB 25 million.   Oromia  regional government has already provided a 7.5 hectare plot of land to the company in Sebeta, Oromia zone.  Nepsa Textile Plc will supply  50%  products to  domestic market  50%  export  market including Turkey.  Nepsa Textile’s investments in Ethiopia will be beneficial in terms of  technology transfer  job creation
GOVT & TURKISH JV SETS UP TEXTILE UNIT  A joint venture, between the Government of Ethiopia and investors from Turkey, has established a new textile unit with an investment of US $78.5 million in Sebeta.  It is located at a distance of about 24 km from Addis Abba, which falls under the Oromia Special Zone.  This unit will start the manufacturing  in January, 2011.  The industrial unit was named as Saygin Dima Textile Factory, after the  Turkish company – Saygin and the region where the unit is located – Dima.  It is going to start three units on a plot of land that was approved by the Investment Board of Oromia Regional State.  The company plans to set up facilities for spinning, weaving, and dyeing of textile products.  The Privatisation and Public Enterprises Supervising Agency (PPESA) owns 60 percent and 40 percent ownership is held by the Turkish company.  MoTI is expecting to generate $50 million from the functioning of these units.
INDIAN INVESTMENT  SPINTEX INDIA Spintex was established in India in 1972.  It has been producing  machinery for spinning, weaving and knitting. The company will fully own the factory  in Ethiopia.  Spintex,  has received 50 hectare  of land at the Kombolcha Industrial  Zone in the Amhara Regional State.  It will produce 100 Tons  of yarn/day, which is five times the capacity of Ayka Addis.  it will export one billion USD worth of products a year in seven years time.  The arrival of Spintex is expected to be a major boon for the sector. Spintex has also plans to cultivate cotton on 50,000 ha land
THE ITALIAN INTERVENTION ON TEXTILE AND GARMENT SECTOR  Programme Aid of Italy decided to assist the Ethiopian Ministry of Trade and Industry with the rehabilitation of seven textile and garment public industries already included in the list of public enterprises to be privatized with a budget of 9 million euros.  Currently, these textile and garment factories are either on their way to be or are already privatized.  Gulele Garment was bought by a local investor while  Adey Ababa and Ediget Yarn are under negotiations to be leased by Italian and local entrepreneurs with an option to buy.  Akaki Garment has garnered the interest of a Turkish investor.  The Privatizing Agency is evaluating the purchasing offers for Addis Garment.  The Kombolcha Textile and the Ethio-Japanese Synthetic Textiles are in the pipe line to begin the privatization process.
ETHIOPIAN GOVT. BANS  COTTON EXPORT OCTOBER 23, 2010 The Ethiopian government has banned the export of raw cotton due to an increase in demand from local textile and garment manufacturers and a hike in the international price, sources at the Ministry of Trade (MoT) disclosed According to Assefa Aga, general manager of Ethiopian Cotton Producers, Ginners, and Exporters  Association  (ECPGEA)  "The local demand for cotton this year is expected to be 57,000tn while supply is expected to be 51,000tn,“  "If there is no ban on exports, local textile producers will be forced to import cotton from other countries for a lot of foreign exchange." The proposal for the ban on the export of raw cotton,  was drafted by the Ethiopian Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI),
The reason for the ban, aside from the gap in supply and demand,  is the gap in the foreign exchange earned when raw cotton is exported as opposed to when value has been added to it. According to Endalkachew Sime, secretary-general of ETGMA, "A kilogramme of raw cotton may be sold for a maximum of 2 dollars,"  " A kilogramme of garments that requires 1.2kg for its production can be sold for 15 dollars." This is consistent with the draft Five-year Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), which aims to increase export earnings and import substitution. At the end of the five years in 2015/16, revenues from the export of textiles are expected to reach 100 million Br, according to the GTP.
The MoTI  aim to have annual revenue of  US $500 million by 2011  (2008/09 14.5 million USD)  for which the Government must bring nearly  191 enterprises that can make the capital investment of $1.6 billion.   GOVERNMENT’S AMBITIOUS AIMS  MOTI aims to install around  48 spinning units,  31 for grey textile production,  22 in knitted sector,  53 in woven,  31 in garments  6 for finished textiles.  Export earning  USD 1 billion per year
We as Iotexian  technologists and designers have greater responsibility and major role to play in providing  technology  support in terms of  Producing quality technical manpower Human resource development  Technology development through research Technology transfer  Whole nation is anxiously looking at our out put  I AM SURE WITH  HARD WORK AND COLLECTIVE EFFORTS WE WILL COME WITH FLYING COLORS
DON’T THINK WHAT NATION IS GIVING TO US  THINK WHAT WE CAN GIVE TO NATION John F Kennedy Let us all imbibe the above message for nation building

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Final iotex seminar

  • 1. ETHIOPIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE GROWTH PROSPECTS R B CHAVAN IoTEX BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA rbchavan@hotmail.com
  • 2. ETHIOPIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY PRESENT STATUS AND FURTURE GROWTH PROSPECTS Prof. R. B. CHAVAN Institute of Technology for Textile, Garment and Fashion Design Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 2010
  • 3. TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES 300 NUMBER OF CHAPTERS 11 REFERENCES 80 Chapter 1 Ethiopia: general information Chapter 2 Cotton production: Present status and future growth plans Chapter 3 Need for development of grading system for Ethiopian cotton Chapter 4 Assessment of textile sub-sector Chapter 5 Assessment of garment sub-sector Chapter 6 Current status of textile, home textile and garment sector in Ethiopia Chaprter 7 Handloom clusters and export Chapter 7 Handloom clusters and export Potentials of handloom sector Chapter 8 Quality standards care labels and packaging Chapter 10 Swot analysis and recommendations Chapter 9 Strategy for entry into export market Chapter 11 Business in ethiopia: opportunities, incentives and regulations References
  • 4. PRESENT PRESENTATION CURRENT STATUS COTTON SECTOR GARMENT SECTOR TEXTILE SECTOR
  • 5. COTTON SECTOR AREA CULTIVATED 110,000 ha PRODUCTION SEED COTTON 129,000 ton LINT COTTON 47694.4 ton YIELD/ha Seed cotton 1.17 ton STATUS 2009/10
  • 6. IRRIGATED AND RAIN FED LAND Awash valley NORTH OMO (SOUTHERN REGION) ABABO (GAMBELLA REGION) GODE (OGADEN REGION) RAIN FED LAND GONDER (HUMERA REGION), SIDAMO (BILATE REGION) GAMO GOFA (ARBA MINCH REGION) WHERE THE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS MORE THAN 700 MM. COTTON CULTIVATION REGIONS
  • 7. POTENTIALS FOR COTTON CULTIVATION LAND SUITABLE FOR COTTON CULTIVATION 3 MILLION HA PRESENTLY USED 110,000 HA COTTON LAND UTILIZATION 3.6% PAKISTAN 4 TH LARGEST PRODUCER OF COTTON LAND AVAILABLE 2.9 MILLION HA COTTON PRODUCTION 2.5 MILLION TON IF ALL THE LAND SUITABLE FOR CULTIVATION IS USED ETHIOPIA CAN BE ONE OF THE LARGEST PRODUCER OF COTTONIN WORLD
  • 8. REGIONS AND LAND AVAILABLE FOR COTTON CULTIVATION High potential cotton Woredas land suitable % of Total producing areas 38 No. 1.9 million ha 63.3% Low potential cotton Producing areas 79 No. 1.1 millon ha 36.7% Total 117 3 million ha 100%
  • 9. PLANTING AND HARVESTING PERIOD Planting and harvesting periods in different regions Area Planting period Harvesting period Lower Awash June to August November to January Middle Awash and Rift valley April to June November to December Upper Awash April to May September to November Hummera Mettema and Gambella June to August November to January
  • 10. COTTON SPECIES, YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS Species Name Seed cotton Yield with Irriga-tion Kg/ha Seed cotton Yield only Rainfed Kg/ha Quality index Length mm Strength lb/in Fineness mv Evenness % Maturity % Acalasi SJ-2 3250 -- 28.6 39.4 3.2 47.1 77.5 Deltapin t-90 3850 -- 27.7 38.3 3.7 47.7 78.7 Stonell e-1234 3854 -- 27.9 36.1 3.6 47.8 78.0 Carolina Queen 4960 -- 27.2 38.5 3.8 46.5 82.8 Cu-Okra 4950 -- 26.1 39.4 4.0 46.6 83.8 Cucurov A1518 5280 -- 27.0 37.0 3.8 46.6 82.1 Bulk 2020 2242 28.1 38.7 3.5 47.0 75.1 Arba 2030 30.3 40.0 3.5 47.1 77.0 Reba B-50 1804 26.3 36.4 3.2 48.4 70.9 Albar 1672 27.3 40.2 3.5 48.5 73.8
  • 12. COTTON PRODUCTION THOUGH COTTON CULTIVATION IN ETHIOPIA IS CARRIED OUT FOR CENTURIES IT WAS MAINLY BY SMALL SCALE FARMERS USING TRADITIONAL METHODS BEFORE 1960 COTTON WAS IMPORTED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TEXTILES COTTON IMPORT 30% OF TOTAL IMPORTS IN THE COUNTRY. COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION STARTED IN 1960 ONWARDS 1960-1992 LARGE SCALE FARMING WAS CARRIED OUT BY STATE FARMS
  • 13. 2008/09 Three state farms Upper Awash, Abobo, and Vegetable and Fruit Development Enterprise. Private farms Lower Awash, Middle Awash, Birale, Humera, Metema and Wollega Small-hold farmers Large number The traditional cottage industries including handlooms and handicrafts were fully dependent on cotton supplied by smallholders. PRIVATIZATION 1992 GOVERNMENT ALLOWED THE ENTRY OF PRIVATE FARMS Present stakeholders in cotton production State farms (2003) Tendaho, Middle Awash, Upper Awash, North Omo Abobo.
  • 14. CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION SHARE Stake holder Area cultivated % Production share % State farms 30 32 Private farms 43 56 Small-hold farmers 27 12
  • 15. PRODUCTIVITY OF COTTON Type of producer Productivity (T/ha) Rain fed Irrigated Small holders 0.5-1.0 - Private farms 1.5-2.0 2.0-3.0 State farms 1.5-2.0 2.0-3.0 Research institutes 3.5-4.5
  • 16. GINNERIES Total 13 Functional 11 In planning 01 Ginning capacity 200,000 Ton per annum 2009/10 cotton production 227730 Ton Additional Ginnery in planning Location Number Private Addis Ababa 04 Gonder 02 Humera 01 Government Middle Awash state enterprise 01 Tendaho farm 01 South Omo farm 01 Abobo State Enterprises 01 Total 11
  • 17. COTTON PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION, EXPORT AND IMPORT No. Year Lint Cotton consumption Cotton export Cotton import 1 2003/04 31,406 17,218.2 7,562 2 2004/05 16,579 16,156.7 8,189 3 2005/06 27,693 15,517.8 1,228 211.8 4 2006/07 34,184 21,465.5 6,177 669.4 5 2007/08 36,300 16,648.4 11,760 1,295.2 6 2008/09 47,694.4 15,624.9 14,907
  • 18. FUTURE PROJECTIONS FOR YARN PRODUCTION, SEED COTTON REQUIREMENT, LINT COTTON, LAND (2010/11-2014/15) Land utilization 2008/09 3.60% 2014/15 18.10% S. No Year Yarn Production Ton/year Efficiency % Seed cotton Requirement ton Lint cotton Requirement ton Export projection Ton Total Lint cotton ton Land requirement Projection ha 1 2009/10 25858 68 87358 32322 - - - 2 2010/11 46425 90 158049 58478 16986 75464 171550 3 2011/12 60860 90 205609 76075 19364 95440 193655 4 2012/13 93465 90 315765 116833 22075 138908 374977 5 2013/14 127720 90 431491 159651 25166 184818 453533 6 2014/15 170097 90 574656 212622 28689 241312 542858
  • 19. TEXTILE SUB AND GARMENT SUB SECTOR Ethiopia has long tradition of manufacturing textile on cottage industry scale Hand spinning Handloom weaving Major employment generation particularly rural areas TRADITIONAL TEXTILES Estimate 500,000 handloom weavers Even more number of hand spinners
  • 20. INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE MANUFACTURING First integrated textile mill Dire Dawa Textile Mill Established by foreign capital in 1939. (Italian) This was the Beginning of the textile manufacturing on Industrial scale During 196o’s 5 large-scale integrated textile enterprises were established mainly by private capital , The socialist regime, which reigned from 1974 to 1991, nationalized private textile and apparel firms and at the same time established 4 more integrated textile mills to expand the sector in order to satisfy the domestic demand for regular textiles and substituting imported products.
  • 21. TEXTILE MILLS, GARMENT FACTORIES AND ALLIED DATA Organization Government Private Cotton farms 5 (present 3) 5 Ginnery 4 7 Textile mills 7 2 Yarn and Sewing thread 2 - Fibre/Blanket 1 - Handloom 3 (organized) Very large number on cottage scale Garment 5 32 Business Associations Except agriculture 7 1 Educational institute 1 (Iotex) Few more started textile courses) Textile training centres 10 ?
  • 22. CURRENT POSITION Daily production capacity Yarn 106 tons Knitted fabric 59 tonnes Woven fabric 264,000 meters most of the machines are outdated, some up to 50 years old, Spindles 237,000 Looms 1553 Knitting machines 95 country is leasing plants to private Ethiopian investors to increase productions yarn, woven and knitted fabrics
  • 23.
  • 24. FABRICS AND ACCESSORY SUPPLY Domestic market Domestically produced fabric While in majority of cases the clothes for exports are made from imported fabrics. Even the use of accessories such as lining cloth, buttons and zippers depend on import, due to the absence of domestic manufacturing Export market Imported fabric Including the accessories like Zippers Buttons Lining cloth
  • 25. THE MAIN EXPORT PRODUCTS Knitwear (Mostly 100% cotton) T-Shirts, polo shirts, sweaters Pyjamas, underwear Woven garments (Cotton and mixture) Casual shorts Trousers, shorts, Bermudas Work garments corporate fashion and uniforms Outdoor jackets Sports dresses Woven Home textiles Handloom Curtains Furnishing Household Textiles (Handloom) kitchen towels, gloves, napkins etc. table cloth, table mats, napkins sets bed sheets, cushion covers etc.
  • 26. PRODUCTS Domestic Work wear Uniforms for schools, military, government agencies private companies. Exports According to buyer demand
  • 27. GROSS VALUE ADDITION WITHIN THE TEXTILE AND GARMENT PRODUCTION Spinning 15 % Weaving 15 % Knitting 20 % Dyeing / Finishing 12 % Finished Garment / Product 35 %
  • 28. TRENDS IN GARMENT SECTOR AND TYPES OF CO-OPERATION Type of business Buyer responsibility Ethiopian manf. Responsibility Export target gr. 1 Sub-contracting (CM business) Fabric, trims and accessories provided by the buyer Production (Cutting, sewing, pressing, finishing and packaging Garment industry 2. Advanced sub- contracting (CMT business). Fabric provided by the buyer Production Purchase of trims (e.g. buttons, zippers, interlining etc) Garment industry
  • 29. Type of business Buyer responsibility Ethiopian manf. Responsibility Export target gr. 3 RTU (Ready to use) Business. Product samples/ Designs provided by buyer Production Purchase of trims Purchase of all fabrics, yarns and accessories, packaging material etc. Garment industry 4 Ready made business No responsibility Production Purchase of all fabrics and trims Development of basic product design Retail brand/private label Sales intermediaries Large retail
  • 30. The majority of garment manufacturers in Ethiopia works on a CM / CMT The necessity to move from CM/CMT to RTU/ RTS type of co-operation is part of the development trends on the international garment markets . Type of business Buyer responsibility Ethiopian manf. Responsibility Export target gr. Collection business No responsibility Production Purchase of all fabrics and trims Development of product line (multiple products) Brand name marketing Image cultivation Life style concept Sales intermediaries Large retail Specialist retails
  • 31.
  • 32. PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY (BENCH MARKS) IN MAJOR GARMENT PRODUCING COUNTRIES OF INSTALLED CAPACITY 1= Eastern and South China 2= Western and Northern China High productivity of Turkey 40 years experience Skilled labor force Qualified technical and managerial staff Qualified designers
  • 33. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FOR PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE
  • 34. Because of low labor cost, any improvement in productivity will provide a competitive advantage to Ethiopian garment sector. This should be possible because many garment factories are technically very well equipped it would be important to improve the qualification of the machine operators and internal production planning (e.g. material and work flow etc.) in order to improve productivity. This means that a productivity increase would not require large investments (compared to purchase of new machinery). IoTex can play a major role in productivity and quality improvement by providing training
  • 35. AVERAGE PRODUCTION, TIME FOR SELECTED PRODUCTS (APPROX. IN MINUTES PER ITEM) The average production time per item in Ethiopia is currently significantly higher than in competitive supplying markets which shows, that the level of productivity is also comparably low. Products Countries Southeast Asia (e.g.China, Vietnam, Thailand) South Asia e.g. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh South Estern Europe (e.g. Romania, Bulgeria, Turkey) Ethiopia Basic T-shirt Cotton 6 9 8 35 Basic Polo shirt cotton 7 10 10 45 Basic mens casual trousers, cotton 20 20 25 120 Basic mens casual shirts, long sleeve 18 20 20 80 Mens formal jacket 150 130 120 300 Working overall, cotton 25 25 28 200
  • 36. BENCHMARK ON PRODUCTION OUTPUT Products Average output per hour per operator (Approx. in No. of items per hour) Basic T-shirt Cotton 12-15 Basic Polo shirt cotton 12-15 Basic mens casual trousers, cotton 2-3 Basic mens casual shirts, long sleeve 2-3 Mens formal jacket 1 item each 2-3 hours Working overall, cotton 2
  • 37. Besides a low productivity Ethiopian garment manufacturers likewise show relatively large production capacities but a capacity utilization of average approx. 20-30 % only. This was a result of lack in experience of the factory owners / investors regarding setup of garment production facilities and efficient production planning in general. The availability of production capacities in Ethiopia might be a future advantage but currently responsible for relatively high maintenance and depreciation costs.
  • 38. QUALITY STANDARD Regarding the quality standard of the products in Ethiopia the quality of materials (yarns and fabrics) as well as the quality of workmanship has to be taken into consideration The cotton yarn produced in Ethiopia meets only partly international quality standards and customer requirements because of medium or short staple of raw cotton that is used. In addition to that the finishing of cotton yarn is not yet up to international requirements because of lack of know-how regarding dyeing, softening and other chemical treatments.
  • 39. In case of imported yarns and fabrics material quality meets the export market requirements because purchase is usually made in major supplying markets such as China, India or in co-operation with buyer recommendation of yarn and fabric suppliers.
  • 40. QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP The quality of workmanship strongly depends on technical equipment and qualification of machine operators there are many garment factories with excellent machinery, lack of qualification and efficiency of operators and line inspectors / production management lead to quality problems and in many cases to an extremely low productivity. One of the reasons for this is the very recent setup of many Ethiopian factories and the fact that most of the factory owners / general managers do not have their origin in textile and garment business. (low garment business experience)
  • 41. LABOR COST Garment production cost in different countries One of the competitive advantages of the garment industry in Ethiopia is relatively low production costs due to a comparably low level of salaries for machine operators. This advantage is partly compensated by low productivity and poor production planning. Basis: medium productivity level of approx. 60 % average number of machine operators 30 Country Approx. cost per working hour In the garment industry 2006 in US $ Germany 21.30 France 16.60 USA 14.90 England 14.60 Japan 11.80 Hungary 3.20 Poland 2.50 Romania 2.00 Bulgaria 1.90 Thialand 1.00 Srilanka 0.80 India 0.60 Pakistan 0.40 Bangladesh 0.30 China 0.25 Vietnam 0.25 Ehiopia 0.15
  • 42. STATUS OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Collection or product development of international standards does not yet exist in Ethiopian garment industry as most of the garment manufacturers were concentrating on setting-up the technical facilities and machinery park of their factories. Some Ethiopian companies started to create own design ideas or basic product designs for the domestic market but are not yet working in an efficient and appropriate manner suitable for prospective export markets. This is mainly due to absence of fashion design school Iotex has taken the lead in this direction As an Iotexian we all should be proud of this historical beginning
  • 43.
  • 44. ANALYSIS SUMMARY Very good technical equipment, very low production costs very low productivity Inadequate staff qualification (e.g. production and marketing) Absence of export marketing to benefit from competitive advantages
  • 45. TEXTILE AND GARMENT EXPORTS Export in 2004/2005 USD 4 million (approx. 0,5 % of total Ethiopian exports) 2005/06 USD 11.0 Million 2007/08 USD 12.6 Million 2008/09 USD 14.6 Million 2009/10 USD 25 million The textile and garment sector in Ethiopia currently plays a minor economic role for the country Export of China and Turkey China USD 81billion Turkey with USD 11 billion. Export targets 2010/11 USD 500 million 2014/15 USD 1 billion
  • 46. FOREIGN INVESTORS CAN PARTICIPATE IN ETHIOPIAN’S TEXTILE INDUSTRY The government of Ethiopia invites companies to participate in the investment of Ethiopia's textile industry by establishing cooperation with Ethiopian public enterprises. Foreign companies can participate in this industry in the following three forms: a) Joint venture b)   ownership c)   Contract Management
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  • 48. Investors have the advantage of Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), with access to 20 countries and 380m people, Trade rulings that allow duty free exports of textiles through the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) of the United States, and Everything But Arms (EBA) initiative of the European Union  (EU). Liberal government incetives EXPORT AVENUES FOR INVESTORS
  • 49. FOREIGN INVESTMENTS TURKEY INVESTMENT AYKA Textile Industry relocates to Ethiopia Largest Turkey textile company Established in 1988 at Istanbul Relocating textile and garment activities in Ethiopia 2006 Registered as local subsidiary company Ayka Addis PLC Capital USD 100 million Share holders AYKA textiles Yusuf Avdaniz Gurkav Kavalikli AYKA is first largest investment in Ethiopia The company has been granted 15,000 sqm of a plot in Alem Gena, 18Km west of Addis Ababa, from the Oromia Investment Commission. The factory was inaugurated by the Minister of Trade and Industry, and Oromia State Chief in 2008.
  • 50. The company has become fully operational from April 29,2010 Inaugurated by Prime Minister Ato Meles Zenawi AYKA Addis has plans to manufacture its products in two phases, The first phase spinning and knitting, second phase finishing and garment production. Production capacity Spinning plant 20 tons per day Knitting and dyeing plant 40 tons per day. The shifting of Ayka Textile Industry of Turkey, has made the local Government optimistic about the possibility of other big textile companies relocate their bases in Ethiopia. Aim to Create 1000 jobs export worth USD 70 million per year when both the phases become fully opertional
  • 51. U.S. FIRMS PARTNER WITH ETHIOPIA’S ALMEDA TEXTILES IN LONG-TERM APPAREL DEAL Almeda Textiles is a member of the Effort Group, and two U.S. companies, Atlas Manufacturing Group and Pinnacle Textiles, signed agreements in Addis Ababa establishing long term relationships in the apparel sector. Atlas is placing orders with Almeda worth $3 million for T-shirts and other garments for delivery throughout 2010, Pinnacle has forecast orders of kitchen wear valued at $7 million for the same period. These partnerships will lead to initial production volumes of more than one million units of T-shirts, kitchen wear and uniforms per year, providing jobs to over 1000 Ethiopians.
  • 52. NEPSA TEXTILE PLC Nepsa Textile Plc, which is a subsidiary of one of the major textile producers in Turkey, opening a factory in Ethiopia with an initial investment capital of ETB 25 million. Oromia regional government has already provided a 7.5 hectare plot of land to the company in Sebeta, Oromia zone. Nepsa Textile Plc will supply 50% products to domestic market 50% export market including Turkey. Nepsa Textile’s investments in Ethiopia will be beneficial in terms of technology transfer job creation
  • 53. GOVT & TURKISH JV SETS UP TEXTILE UNIT A joint venture, between the Government of Ethiopia and investors from Turkey, has established a new textile unit with an investment of US $78.5 million in Sebeta. It is located at a distance of about 24 km from Addis Abba, which falls under the Oromia Special Zone. This unit will start the manufacturing in January, 2011. The industrial unit was named as Saygin Dima Textile Factory, after the Turkish company – Saygin and the region where the unit is located – Dima. It is going to start three units on a plot of land that was approved by the Investment Board of Oromia Regional State. The company plans to set up facilities for spinning, weaving, and dyeing of textile products. The Privatisation and Public Enterprises Supervising Agency (PPESA) owns 60 percent and 40 percent ownership is held by the Turkish company. MoTI is expecting to generate $50 million from the functioning of these units.
  • 54. INDIAN INVESTMENT SPINTEX INDIA Spintex was established in India in 1972. It has been producing machinery for spinning, weaving and knitting. The company will fully own the factory in Ethiopia. Spintex, has received 50 hectare of land at the Kombolcha Industrial Zone in the Amhara Regional State. It will produce 100 Tons of yarn/day, which is five times the capacity of Ayka Addis. it will export one billion USD worth of products a year in seven years time. The arrival of Spintex is expected to be a major boon for the sector. Spintex has also plans to cultivate cotton on 50,000 ha land
  • 55. THE ITALIAN INTERVENTION ON TEXTILE AND GARMENT SECTOR Programme Aid of Italy decided to assist the Ethiopian Ministry of Trade and Industry with the rehabilitation of seven textile and garment public industries already included in the list of public enterprises to be privatized with a budget of 9 million euros. Currently, these textile and garment factories are either on their way to be or are already privatized. Gulele Garment was bought by a local investor while Adey Ababa and Ediget Yarn are under negotiations to be leased by Italian and local entrepreneurs with an option to buy. Akaki Garment has garnered the interest of a Turkish investor. The Privatizing Agency is evaluating the purchasing offers for Addis Garment. The Kombolcha Textile and the Ethio-Japanese Synthetic Textiles are in the pipe line to begin the privatization process.
  • 56. ETHIOPIAN GOVT. BANS COTTON EXPORT OCTOBER 23, 2010 The Ethiopian government has banned the export of raw cotton due to an increase in demand from local textile and garment manufacturers and a hike in the international price, sources at the Ministry of Trade (MoT) disclosed According to Assefa Aga, general manager of Ethiopian Cotton Producers, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA) "The local demand for cotton this year is expected to be 57,000tn while supply is expected to be 51,000tn,“ "If there is no ban on exports, local textile producers will be forced to import cotton from other countries for a lot of foreign exchange." The proposal for the ban on the export of raw cotton, was drafted by the Ethiopian Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI),
  • 57. The reason for the ban, aside from the gap in supply and demand, is the gap in the foreign exchange earned when raw cotton is exported as opposed to when value has been added to it. According to Endalkachew Sime, secretary-general of ETGMA, "A kilogramme of raw cotton may be sold for a maximum of 2 dollars," " A kilogramme of garments that requires 1.2kg for its production can be sold for 15 dollars." This is consistent with the draft Five-year Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), which aims to increase export earnings and import substitution. At the end of the five years in 2015/16, revenues from the export of textiles are expected to reach 100 million Br, according to the GTP.
  • 58. The MoTI aim to have annual revenue of US $500 million by 2011 (2008/09 14.5 million USD) for which the Government must bring nearly 191 enterprises that can make the capital investment of $1.6 billion.  GOVERNMENT’S AMBITIOUS AIMS MOTI aims to install around 48 spinning units, 31 for grey textile production, 22 in knitted sector, 53 in woven, 31 in garments 6 for finished textiles. Export earning USD 1 billion per year
  • 59. We as Iotexian technologists and designers have greater responsibility and major role to play in providing technology support in terms of Producing quality technical manpower Human resource development Technology development through research Technology transfer Whole nation is anxiously looking at our out put I AM SURE WITH HARD WORK AND COLLECTIVE EFFORTS WE WILL COME WITH FLYING COLORS
  • 60. DON’T THINK WHAT NATION IS GIVING TO US THINK WHAT WE CAN GIVE TO NATION John F Kennedy Let us all imbibe the above message for nation building