Kroisos, from Anavysos, Greece, ca. 530 BCE. Marble, approx. 6’ 4” high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

Aristodikos, 500 BCE

Greek Classical Period 500-323 BCE

500-323 BCE

Greek Classical Style In Western civilization, “Classical” refers to the ancient Greek and Roman styles. Evolved from stylized Egyptian-influenced figures to more naturalism Contrapposto (S-shaped curve/balance of figures) Nudes Athleticism (Olympics) Balance, Ideal forms, the Golden Mean

In Western civilization, “Classical” refers to the ancient Greek and Roman styles.

Evolved from stylized Egyptian-influenced figures to more naturalism

Contrapposto (S-shaped curve/balance of figures)

Nudes

Athleticism (Olympics)

Balance, Ideal forms, the Golden Mean

Kritios Boy, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, approx. 2’ 10” high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

MYRON, Diskobolos (Discus Thrower). Roman marble copy after a bronze original of ca. 450 BCE, 5’ 1” high. Museo Nazionale Romano—Palazzo Massimo alle Terme.

The idealized figure

MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, David, 1501–1504. Marble, 13’ 5” high. Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence.

Warrior, from the sea off Riace, Italy, ca. 460–450 BCE. Bronze, approx. 6’ 6” high. Archaeological Museum, Reggio Calabria.

Funerary temple of Hatshepsut, 1460 BCE Nanna Ziggurat, 2100-2050 BCE Parthenon – 447-432 BCE

5 th Century Athens is the center of Greek literature, philosophy, and the arts. Aristotle, Plato, Socrates Democratic system of government

5 th Century Athens is the center of Greek literature, philosophy, and the arts.

Aristotle, Plato, Socrates

Democratic system of government

Parthenon, the Temple of Athena Parthenos (view from the northwest), Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447–438 BCE. Dedicated to Athena – whose statue stood at the center Parthenon itself was meant as a house for its deity, not as a gathering place for worshippers.

Parthenon, the Temple of Athena Parthenos (view from the northwest), Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447–438 BCE.

Dedicated to Athena – whose statue stood at the center

Parthenon itself was meant as a house for its deity, not as a gathering place for worshippers.

The Lincoln Memorial

The Temple of Zeus at Olympia , built in 470-456 BCE

AIDS-3D, OMG Obelisk , 2007, MDF, electroluminescent wire, steel, hot glue, acrylic paint and fire

Daniel G. Baird and Robert Andrade, A Moon of Saturn Resting on a Doric Foundation, 2007. Wood, Polystyrene, Hydrocal. Titled “A Moon of Saturn Resting on a Doric Foundation,” the sculpture pairs the landscape of Titan—the terrain believed by scientists to closest resemble the environmental conditions of the Earth—with the Parthenon, an ancient representation of advanced human civilization. Here, Baird and Andrade collapse numerous centuries, subtly highlighting the innumerable, sometimes prodigal events accounting for our currently screwed up civilization, and consequent desire to inhabit an untapped alien world.

Hellenistic Period 323 BCE – 146 BCE Sculptures are far more realistic – rather than ideal – portraits assume greater importance Drama and emotion – often appear theatrical Brought large scale into architecture Many Hellenistic works are copied by the Romans Actively exported Greek culture: politics, law, literature, philosophy, religion, and art. This exporting of culture would deeply influence all the civilizations and cultures that would later develop in the area. Set foundations for Rome and later Christianity with the notion of universal equality and a balance between body and mind

323 BCE – 146 BCE

Sculptures are far more realistic – rather than ideal – portraits assume greater importance

Drama and emotion – often appear theatrical

Brought large scale into architecture

Many Hellenistic works are copied by the Romans

Actively exported Greek culture: politics, law, literature, philosophy, religion, and art. This exporting of culture would deeply influence all the civilizations and cultures that would later develop in the area.

Set foundations for Rome and later Christianity with the notion of universal equality and a balance between body and mind

Three goddesses (Hestia, Dione, and Aphrodite?), from the east pediment of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 438–432 BCE. Marble, greatest height approx. 4’ 5”. British Museum, London.

Statuette of a veiled and masked dancer , Hellenistic, 3rd–2nd century B.C., Greek Bronze; H. 8 1/16 in.

"Veiled Lady" (Purity) by Antonio Corradini. 1720-1725, made of Carrera marble

Auguste Rodin, 1902 “The Boxer,” Roman bronze copy of Greek sculpture by Apollonius the Athenian, 1st century BCE

Altar to Zeus in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin. – 2 nd Century BCE

The Nazi-era architect Albert Speer used the Pergamon Altar as the model for the Zeppelintribüne, 1934-37

Laocoön and his sons, from Rome, Italy, early first century CE Marble, approx. 7’ 10 1/2” high. Vatican Museums, Rome.

The Winged Victory of Samothrace, also called the Nike of Samothrace, is a third century B.C. marble sculpture of the Greek goddess Nike (Victory).

Venus de Milo Parian marble, h 2.02 m (6 1/2 ft) Found at Milo 130-120 BC

Salvador Dali, 1936, Venus de Milo with Drawers

Alexander the Great In 334 BCE, at the age of 20, Alexander launches the war that would lead to the greatest territorial conquests in history Overthrew Persia, Asia Minor (Turkey), Egypt and Syria - expanding Greek control to Afghanistan and India Spread Greek and Hellenistic ideas everywhere Died at 33.

In 334 BCE, at the age of 20, Alexander launches the war that would lead to the greatest territorial conquests in history

Overthrew Persia, Asia Minor (Turkey), Egypt and Syria - expanding Greek control to Afghanistan and India

Spread Greek and Hellenistic ideas everywhere

Died at 33.

The Alexander Mosaic or The Battle of Issus, dating from circa 100 BCE, is a famous mosaic from the House of the Faun, Pompeii. It depicts a battle between the armies of Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia and measures 19ft x 10ft 3in

The Silk Road

Corinthian pilasters on a Buddhist stupa of green schist at Mingora, in the Upper Swat Valley, Pakistan. 2 nd Century CE Gandhara Buddha. 1st-2nd century CE. Herculean depiction of Vajrapani (right), as the protector of the Buddha, 2nd century CE Gandhara, British Museum.

Dying Gaul. Roman marble copy after a bronze original from Pergamon, Turkey, ca. 230–220 BCE, approx. 3’ 1/2” high. Museo Capitolino, Rome.

Jeff Koons Michael Jackson and Bubbles , 1988

Sleeping satyr (Barberini Faun), from Rome, Italy, ca. 230–200 BCE. Marble, approx. 7’ 1” high. Glyptothek, Munich.

Michelangelo Rebellious Slave 1513-16 Marble Height 215 cm (7 ft) Musée du Louvre, Paris

ANTONIO CANOVA, Pauline Borghese as Venus, 1808. Marble, life-size. Galleria Borghese, Rome.

Greek to Roman Roman era beginning 510 BCE Hellenistic forms are displaced by realism that portrays children and the aging and ordinary citizens Relief portrait head of a man, c.1st Century bce, marble, 9 5/8" height. Double portrait, "Gratidia and Gratidius Libanus," c.1st Century bce, marble with traces of paint, 23 3/4" height.

Roman era beginning 510 BCE

Hellenistic forms are displaced by realism that portrays children and the aging and ordinary citizens

Rome came of age during the Hellenistic Period. The Romans were great admirers of Greek achievements in the arts. They often duplicated Greek art. One aspect of Hellenistic art was its tendency toward realistic portrayals of individuals as opposed to idealized portrayals of generic people. Roman sculptors excelled in realism with ordinary citizens. The husband shows signs of aging through facial wrinkles, but he is portrayed as patient and experienced. His wife is depicted as supportive and kind.

Rome came of age during the Hellenistic Period. The Romans were great admirers of Greek achievements in the arts. They often duplicated Greek art.

One aspect of Hellenistic art was its tendency toward realistic portrayals of individuals as opposed to idealized portrayals of generic people.

Roman sculptors excelled in realism with ordinary citizens. The husband shows signs of aging through facial wrinkles, but he is portrayed as patient and experienced. His wife is depicted as supportive and kind.

Portrait of Homer. Marble, Roman copy after a Greek Hellenistic original, 1st to 2nd century AD. From Baiae, Campania. Dimensions H. 57.5 cm (22 ½ in.)

Portrait of Caracalla, ca. 211–217 CE. Marble, approx. 1’ 2” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Statue of an old market woman, Early Imperial, Julio-Claudian, 1st century A.D. Roman

Goya, Time and the Old Women, 1810-1812 Oil on linen

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, 164-166 BCE, Bronze

Colosseum, Rome, 72-80 CE

Wall Painting, from Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, c. 50 BCE, Fresco

Fayum (or Fayoum) mummy portrait of a young woman with a gilded wreath Encaustic on wood Ancient Egypt, Roman Period A.D. 120-140

Portrait of Constantine, from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, ca. 315–330 CE. Marble, approx. 8’ 6” high. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome.

Reconstruction drawing of the Basilica Nova (Basilica of Constantine), Rome, Italy, ca. 306–312 CE.

Christ as Sol Invictus, detail of a vault mosaic in the Mausoleum of the Julii, Rome, Italy, late third century. Apollo / Helios, from a Roman floor mosaic.

Calf Bearer (Moschophoros) , dedicated by Rhonbos on the Acropolis, Athens, ca. 560 B.C. Marble, restored height approx. 5' 5". Jesus as the Good Shepherd. Ceiling - S. Callisto catacomb. - mid 3rd century A.D.