4. CEPHALOCAUDAL
īļ The postnatal growth from conception to 5 months when the head grows
more than the body.
īļ The greatest growth always occurs at the top âthe head.
īą The infants learns to use their ââUPPER LIMBS ââbefore heir
ââLOWER LIMBS ââ.
īą The same pattern occurs in the head area _.
īą The top parts of the head= the eyes and the brain- grow faster
than the lower parts such as the jaw.
5. PROXIMODISTAL
īļThe pre-natal growth from
5 months to birth when the
fetus grows from the inside
of the body outwards.
īļThe muscular control of the
trunk and the arms comes
earlier as compared to the
hands and fingers.
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
īą Refers to the
development of
motor skills from
the center of the
body outward.
6. PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENTS
HEIGHT & WEIGHT
īļ Its normal for new born babies to drop 5 to
10 percent of their body weight within a
couple of weeks of birth.(Due to the babyâs
adjustment to neonatal feeding/ once they
adjust to sucking, swallowing and
digesting, they grow rapidly).
īļ Breastfed babies are typically heavier than
the bottle-fed babies through the first 6
months.(After 6 months, breastfed babies
usually weigh less than bottle-fed babies.
īļ In general, an infantâs length increases by
about 30% in the first 5 months.
īļ A babyâs weight usually triples during the
first year but slows down in the second
year of life.
īļ Low percentages are not a cause for alarm
as long as infants progress along a natural
curve of steady development.
7. Brain
Development
Among the most dramatic changes
in the brain in the first 2 years of life
are the spreading connections of
dendrites to each other. (Remember
neurons, dendrites, axon, synapses).
Myelination or myelinization
=The process by which the axons are
covered and insulated by layers of fat
cells, begins prenatally and continues
after birth.
=The process of MYELINATION or
MYELINIZATION increases the speed
at w/c information travels through
the nervous system.
8. īļ At birth, the newbornâs brain is
about 25% of its adult weight. By the
second birthday, the brain is about
75% of its adult weight.
īļ Shortly after birth, a babyâs brain
produces trillions more connections
between neurons than it can
possibly use. The brain eliminates
connections that are seldom or
never used. The infantâs brain is
literally waiting for experiences to
determine how connections are
made.
9. Motor Development
Along this aspect of motor development, infants and toddlers begin from
reflexes, to gross motor skills and fine motor skills.
REFLEXES
īļ The newborn has some basic reflexes which are, of course automatic, and
serve as survival mechanisms before they have the opportunity to learn.
Many reflexes which are present at birth with generally subside within a
few months as the baby grows and matures.
COMMON REFLEXES
īą Sucking Reflex( The sucking reflexes is initiated when something touches
the roof of an infantâs mouth. Infants have a strong sucking reflex which
helps to ensure they can latch unto bottle or breast. The sucking reflex is
very strong in some infants and they may need to suck on a pacifier for
comfort).
īą Rooting Reflex( The roofing reflex is most evident when an infantâs cheek
is stroked. The baby responds by turning his or her head in the direction
of the touch and opening their mouth for feeding).
10. īą Gripping Reflex( Babies will grasp anything that is placed in their palm.
The strength of this grip is strong, and most babies can support their
entire weight in their grip).
īą Curling Reflex( When the inner sole of a babyâs foot is stroked the infant
respond by curling his or her toes. When the outer sole of a babyâs foot
is stroked, the infant will respond by spreading out their toes).
īą Startle/Moro Reflex( Infants will respond to sudden sounds or
movements by throwing their arms and legs out, and throwing their
heads back. Most infants will usually cry when startled and proceed to
pull their limbs back into their bodies ).
īą Galant Reflex( The galant reflex is shown when an infantâs middle or
lower back is stroked next to the spinal cord. The baby will respond by
curving his or her body toward the side which is being stroked).
īą Tonic Neck Reflex( The tonic neck reflex is demonstrated in infants who
are placed on their abdomens. Whenever side the childâs head is facing,
the limbs on that side will straighten, while the opposite limbs will curl).
12. Gross Motor Skills
īą It is always a source of excitement for parents to witness dramatic changes
in the infantâs first year of life. This dramatic motor development is shown
in babies unable to even lift their heads to being able to grab things off
the cabinet, to chase the ball and to walk away from parents.
Fine Motor Skills
īą Are skills that involve a refined use of the small muscles controlling the hand,
finger and thumb. The development of these skills allows one to be able to
complete tasks such as writing, drawing and buttoning.
īą The ability to exhibit fine motor skills involve activities that involve precise eye-
hand coordination.
īą The development of reaching and grasping becomes more refined during the first
2 years of life. Initially, infants show only crude shoulder and elbow movements,
but later they show wrist movements, hand rotation and coordination of the
thumb and forefinger.
13. SENSORY and PERCEPTUAL
DEVELOPMENT
īą The newborn senses the world into
which he/she is born through
his/her senses of vision, hearing,
touch, taste and smell. As he/she
advances physically his/her sensory
and perceptual abilities also
develop.
14. RESEACH FINDINGS regarding
NEWBORNâS VISUAL PERCEPTION
īą The newbornâs vision is about 10 to 30 times lower than normal adult
vision. By 6 months of age, vision becomes better and by the first birthday,
the infantâs vision approximates that of an adult.
īą Infants look at different things for different lengths of time. In an
experiment conducted by Robert Fantz(1963 cited by Santrock, 2002), it
was found out that infants preferred to look at patterns such as faces and
concentric circles rather than at color or brightness. Based on these
results, it is likely that ââpattern perception has an innate basisââ. Among
the first few things that babies learn to recognize is their motherâs face, as
mother feeds and nurses them.
15. Can NEWBORN Hear?
īļ The sense of hearing in an infant develops much before the birth of the
baby. When in the womb, the baby hears his/her motherâs heartbeats, the
grumbling of his/her stomach, the motherâs voice and music.
īļ Infantsâ sensory thresholds are somewhat higher than those of adult
which means that stimulus must be louder to be heard by a newborn than
by an adult.
16. Can NEWBORNS differentiate
Odors?
ī§ In an experiment conducted by
MacFarlane(1975) ââ Young infants
who were breastfed showed a clear
preference for smelling their
motherâs breast pad when the babies
were only two days old. This shows
that it requires several days of
experience to recognize their
motherâs breast pad odorââ.
Can NEWBORNS feel pain?Do
they Respond to touch?
ī§ They do feel pain. Newborn males
show a higher level of cortisol( an
indicator of stress) after a
circumcision than prior to the
surgery.
ī§ Babies respond to touch. The
newborn automatically sucks an
object placed in his/her head toward
the side that was touched in an
apparent effort to find something to
suck.
17. Can NEWBORNS distinguish
the different tastes?
ī§ In a study conducted with babies
only two hour old, babies made
different facial expressions when
they tasted sweet, sour and bitter
solutions.
ī§ When saccharin was added to the
amniotic fluid of a near-term fetus,
increased swallowing was observed.
ī§ This indicates that sensitivity to taste
might be present before birth.
Do infants relate information
through several senses? Or
Are infants capable of
intermodal perception?
ī§ INTERMODAL PERCEPTION is the ability
to relate, connect and integrate
information about two or more sensory
modalities such as vision and hearing.
ī§ In a study conducted by Spelke and
Owsley(1979), it was found out that as
early as at 3 ÂŊ months old, infants looked
more at their mother when they also
heard her voice and longer at their father
when they also heard his voice.
ī§ This capacity for intermodal perception or
ability to connect information coming
through various modes gets sharpened
considerably through experience.
18. WHAT INFANTS and TODDLERS
can do Physically?
īą DOMAIN: Physical Health, Well-Being and Motor Development
PHYSICAL HEALTH
STANDARD 1_ The children demonstrates adequate growth ( weight, height, head
circumference).
STANDARD 2_ The child has adequate sensory systems to participate in daily activities.
0-6 months
īļ Startles to loud sounds
īļ Visually follows a moving object from side to side
īļ Visually follows a moving object up and down
īļ Reacts to pain by crying
īļ Withdraws or reacts with surprise when in contact with something cold
īļ Reacts with pleasure/smiles or relaxed expression when he/she tastes something
delicious
īļ Reacts by making a face/frowns/grimaces when he/she tastes something he/she
does not like
19. 7-12 months
īļ Reacts with pleasure when he/she smells something nice
īļ Reacts by making a face when he/she smells something fouls
STANDARD 3_ The child has adequate stamina to participate in daily activities.
ī§ Pushes and/or pulls moderately heavy objects (e.g.. chairs, large boxes)
ī§ Walks without tiring easily
13-18 months
īļ Play without tiring easily, able to keep pace with playmates
īļ Participates actively in games, outdoor play and other exercises
19-24 months
īļ Sustains physical activities (e.g. dancing, outdoor games, swimming) for at least
3-5 minutes
20. MOTOR SKILLS DEVELOPMENT(Gross
Motor skills)
Standard 1_ The child shows control in coordination of body movements
involving large muscle groups.
0-6 months
īļ Holds head steadily
īļ Moves arms and legs equally to reach at dangling object
īļ Rolls over
īļ Bounces when held standing, briefly bearing weight on legs
īļ Sits with support
īļ Stating to crawl but not yet very good at this
21. 7-12 months
īļ Sits steadily without support
īļ Creeps or crawls with ease as a primary means of moving around
īļ Stands without support
īļ Stands from a sitting position without any help
īļ Squats from standing position with ease
īļ Stands from standing position with ease
īļ Bends over easily without falling
īļ Stands from a bent position without falling
īļ Walks sideways by holding onto the sides of crib or furniture (cruises)
īļ Walks with one hand held
22. 13-18 months
īļ Walks without support
īļ Walks backwards
īļ Walks up the stairs with hand held, 2 feet on each step
īļ Walks down stairs with hand held, 2 feet on each step
īļ Jumps in place
īļ Climbs onto a steady elevated surface (e.g. bed, adult chair or bangko etc.)
īļ Kicks a ball but with little control of direction
īļ Throws a ball but with little control of direction
īļ Throws a ball but with little control of speed
īļ Runs without tripping or falling
īļ Maintains balance (walking on a low, narrow ledge, between 2 lines without
assistance
īļ Moves with music when he hears it
īļ Can move body to imitate familiar animals
īļ Can move body to imitate another person/TV character
23. 19-24 months
īļ Walks up the stairs with alternating feet, without help
īļ Walks down the stairs with alternating feet without help
īļ Kicks a ball with a control of direction
īļ Throws a ball with control of direction
īļ Throws a ball with control of speed
24. MOTOR SKILLS DEVELOPMENT(Fine
Motor skills)
Standard 1_ The child can control and coordinate hand and finger
movements
0-6 months
īļ Hands open most of the time
īļ Bring both hands together towards dangling object/toy
īļ Uses either hand interchangeably to grasp objects
īļ Uses all 5 fingers in a ranking motion to get food/toy placed on a flat surface
īļ Grasps objects with the same hand most of the time (hand preference emerging)
25. 7-12 months
īļ Pulls toys by string
īļ Bangs 2 large blocks together
īļ Picks up objects with thumb and index fingers
īļ Grasps and transfer objects from hand to hand
īļ Grasps objects with the same hand all the time (definite
hand preference established)
26. 13-18 months
īļ Puts small objects in/out of container
īļ Unscrew lids
īļ Unwraps candy/food
īļ Holds thick pencil or crayon with palmar grip (e. g. all 5
fingers wrapped around pencil)
19- 24 months
īļ Colors with strokes going out of the lines
27. PERSONAL CARE AND HYGIENE
(Activities of Daily Living)
Standard 1_ The child participates in basic personal care
routines.
0-6 months
īļ Sucks and swallows milk form breast/bottle
īļ Begins to take complementary or semi-solid foods by the en of 6 months
īļ Keeps reasonably still while being dressed, undressed bathed and while
diaper is being change
28. 7-12 months
īļ Holds feeding bottle by himself
īļ Helps hold cup for drinking
īļ Chews solid foods well
īļ Feeds self with finger foods
īļ Scoops with a spoon with spillage
29. 13-18 months
īļ Feeds self with assistance
īļ Feeds self using fingers to eat rice/viands with spillage
īļ Feeds self using spoon with spillage
īļ No longer drinks from feeding bottle
īļ Drinks from cup unassisted
īļ Participates when being dressed by lifting arms or raising legs
īļ Pulls down gartered short pants/underpants or panties
īļ Removes shoes/sandals
īļ Informs caregiver of the need to move his bowels so he/she can be
brought to comfort room
īļ Takes a bath with assistance
īļ Brushes teeth after meals with assistance from adult
īļ Washes and dries hands under adult supervision
īļ Washes and dries face with the assistance of an adult
30. 19-24 months
īļ Gets drink for self unassisted
īļ Removes loose sando
īļ Removes socks
īļ Informs caregiver of the need to urinate so he/she can be
brought the comfort room
īļ Goes to the designated place to urinate but sometimes wets
his/her pants
īļ Goes to the designated place to move his/her bowels but
sometimes still sols his/her pants
īļ Goes to the designated place to move his/her bowels but
needs help with wiping and washing
īļ Brushes teeth after meals with adult supervision
īļ Washes and dries face under adult supervision
31. LANGUAGE (Expressive Language)
Standard 1_ The child is able to use words and gestures to
express his thoughts and feelings.
0-6 months
īļ Makes gurgling; cooing, babbling or other vocal sounds
īļ Uses gestures (e.g. stretching his/her arms, pointing) to indicate he/she
wants
32. 7-12 months
īļ Repeats sounds produced by others
īļ Says meaningful words like papa, mama, to refer to specific
persons
īļ Uses animal sounds to identify animals (e.g. meow-meow
for cat)
īļ Uses environmental sounds to identify objects/events in the
environment (boom for thunder)
33. 13-18 months
īļ Speaks in single words
īļ Says âyesâ and ânoâ appropriately
īļ Uses words accompanied by gestures to indicate what heshe wants
īļ Responds to simple questions with single words
19-24 months
īļ Uses pronouns
īļ Uses possessive pronouns
īļ Says what he/she wants without accompanying this with gestures
īļ Attempts to converse even if he cannot be clearly understood
34. PRE-READING AND PRE-MATH
(MATCHING)
Standard 1_ The child is able to match identical objects, colors,
shapes, symbols.
7-12 months
īļ Able to match 2 identical objects (e.g. 2 spoons, 2 balls)
19-24 months
īļ Matches identical objects
īļ Matches identical pictures