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Participatory GIS in Empowering Rural Communities:
          Case study of a South Indian Village




   Nagesh Kolagani, Palaniappan Ramu and Koshy Varghese
                         IIT Madras
Simplifying Open Source GIS for Use by Villagers
In Map Preparation & Map Utilization; For Local Control & Low Cost




Youth gather GPS & attribute data View complex data in simple ways




School children produce GIS maps     Villagers participate better
Outline

1. Need for Participatory GIS

   Case Study of a South Indian Village

2. Software Development

   Design and Implementation

   Field Trials

   Iterative Development

3. Conclusions
Outline

1. Need for Participatory GIS

   Case Study of a South Indian Village
      Problems
      Solutions

2. Software Development

   Design and Implementation

   Field Trials

   Iterative Development

3. Conclusions
Location Map of Project Villages in South India




                  Parigi villages (22) (phase II)



                  E. Palaguttapalli village (phase I)
                          IIT Madras
3-d Visualization
Catchment Estimation in Hilly Areas
Up to 1970’s: Community-based Rain Water Harvesting



  FOREST




               STREAMS

                                         WELLS
                                         FARMS
                            RESERVOIRS
Up to 1970’s: Sustainable Water Usage




Number of wells: 76
● Open wells
During 1980’s and 1990’s: Excessive Water Usage




Number of wells: 198
● Open wells
● Tube wells
Since 2002: Water Crisis




Number of wells: 59
● Open wells
● Tube wells
Falling Ground Water Levels over Decades
Ground level 0
                   1970's     1980's & 1990's   post-2001
            -20

            -40

            -60

            -80

        -100

        -120

        -140

        -160

        -180
Hard rock
        -200
Problem: Water Crisis since 2002



Water-intensive commercial crops
           up to 2001




  Rain-fed subsistence crops
         since 2002
Solution: Water Harvesting Structures
Blackboard Sketch of People's Suggestions
Field Visits to Proposed Locations
A Sample Plan for Proposed Structures




No location information for facilitating monitoring & visualization
GPS/GIS Map of People's Suggestions




For monitoring & visualization; Enforces participation & field visits
Social Benefit Analysis of Proposed Structures




      For facilitating discussions among people
A Structure Well-planned and Constructed by Neighbours
Started working as a Successful Silt Trap within 1 Month
Extending these Lessons to Other Villages
Outline

1. Need for Participatory GIS

   Case Study of a South Indian Village
      Problem: Water Crisis
      Solution: PGIS-based Water Harvesting

2. Software Development

   Design and Implementation

   Field Trials

   Iterative Development

3. Conclusions
Outline

1. Need for Participatory GIS

   Case Study of a South Indian Village

2. Software Development

   Design and Implementation

   Field Trials

   Iterative Development

3. Conclusions
Google Map of Reservoir and Farms




Does not know their descriptive data; Does not show other needed features (e.g. wells)
Village Youth gathering such Data using GPS & Questionnaires
Collecting Spatial Data as GPS Waypoints
For point layers:
(such as wells)‫‏‬

   As GPS 'way points'

For line and polygon layers:
(such as streams and farms)‫‏‬

   As GPS tracks:
      Can not deviate from boundary
      Difficult for streams, farms, etc due to presence of thorny bushes, etc.
      OK for roads, etc.

   As GPS routes:
      User interface is difficult for use by a villager

   As GPS 'way points':
      To be joined later using GIS
A Sample Questionnaire for Farms Layer
School Children Producing GIS Maps from Such Data
villageQGIS: Auto-connecting GPS points
Entering Questionnaire Data into Appropriate GIS layer
Comparison of villageQGIS and QGIS
Using villageQGIS software: (e.g. 3 clicks)
For each feature of each layer (of type line or polygon):
    Constructing lines and polygons from GPS point data:
    - specify way points to join as a string e.g. “209-213, 218, 221-224”
    - visually verify correctness of boundary points & joined line/polygon
    Converting lines and polygons into GIS features:
    - select layer name from a list box e.g. “streams” or “farms”
    - fill resulting attribute form with data from questionnaire

Using QGIS software: (e.g. at least 17 clicks)
For each feature of each layer (of type line or polygon):
    - Select desired feature and select option to add new a feature
    - For each GPS point: (e.g. 209,210,211,212,213,218,221,222,224”)
          - locate it on the screen, using find button or appropriate label option
          - draw a line connecting it to previous point
    - fill resulting attribute form with data from questionnaire
    - Save
A Sample Village Map
Querying Attributes of Mapped Features




                  ...
Easy Interface to View Complex Data in Simple Ways




This will help villagers understand their problems & solutions and participate better
Default Views: Farms Classified based on Social Data
Multi-Criteria Classification e.g. Technical & Social Data
Interface for Local Experts to Build Custom Views
Outline

1. Need for Participatory GIS

   Case Study of a South Indian Village

2. Software Development

   Design and Implementation

   Field Trials

   Iterative Development

3. Conclusions
Experiments on Ease-of-Use in Map Preparation

● Participants:

6 sub-groups of 3 village students each

       ● 3 sub-groups use Quantum GIS software (Control group)

       ● 3 sub-groups use villageQGIS software (Test group)

● Task:

Produce GIS maps from given GPS and Questionnaire data sets
Experiments on Ease-of-Use in Map Preparation
                   3
                                               QGIS
                 2.5
                                               villageQGIS


                   2
Ratio of times taken
  (with QGIS and 1.5
 with villageQGIS)
                   1


                 0.5


                   0
                       1            2                        3
                              Experiment no.
Experiments on Ease-of-Use in Map Preparation
                   3        Desired
                            spatial              QGIS
                 2.5
                           accuracy              villageQGIS


                   2
Ratio of times taken
  (with QGIS and 1.5
 with villageQGIS)
                   1


                 0.5


                   0
                       1              2                        3
                                Experiment no.
Outline

1. Need for Participatory GIS

   Case Study of a South Indian Village

2. Software Development

   Design and Implementation

   Field Trials

   Iterative Development

3. Conclusions
Iterative Development of GIS




For monitoring & visualization; Enforces participation & field visits
Providing Indian Language Interface

Simplified User Interface (UI):                     For facilitating participation

1. Text display in Indian languages:
- static text (such as tooltip and button labels)
-dynamic text (such as user entered data )

2. Attribute data as audio output

3. Help/instructions using audio and/or video

4. ‘Text-free UI’ (as far as possible)
                                                    E.g. User entered text in Indian languages
Porting to Handhelds for On-Site Map Preparation and Analysis
Map preparation as One-step On-site process:                           On-site Map analysis:
1. Following map preparation steps can be combined:                    1. On-site map analysis for
      a. Spatial data gathering using GPS                              better participatory planning,
      b. Attribute data gathering using PDA/questionnaires             implementation and
      b. Preparating maps using ‘Gram Panchyat QGIS’                   monitoring becomes possible.
2. This facilitates transparent verification and correction.           If internet connection is
3. Created/updated map features can immediately be                     available, this can be an online
replicated to a central map server (e.g. open source UMN MapServer)    process through web client;
through internet, facilitating social and official monitoring.         else an offline process using
                                                                       last available data.


Examples:
1. Samsung Galaxy Tablet                                              2. Akaash Tablet
                                            Rs. 28,000 /-             Rs. 2,500 /-
                                            0.565 kg                  0.350 kg
                                            10.1'' touch screen       7'' screen
                                            9 hours battery           2-3 hrs battery
                                            Android 3.1 OS            3. Samsung N100 Netbook
                                                                      Rs. 12,290 /-
                                                                      1.03 kg
                                                                      10.1'' screen
                                                                      5+ hours battery
                                                                      Ubuntu OS
Mobile SMS based Basic Map Updating and Querying
Map updating:               Map querying:
1. Send updated attribute   1. Send query as structured SMS to central server and receive basic attribute data
data as structured SMS to   (e.g. Basic measurement and expenditure details of such-and-such work) (‘pull’)
central server (e.g         2. Send SMS alerts about map updates, etc to registered users such as concerned
completed works)            beneficiaries, officers, etc (‘push’)
Browser based Data Entry, Viewing & Administration
Open Source UMN Map Server & Adempiere ERP server         Drill down to farms/sub-polts & households




   Upload & download (push & pull) using mobile SMS,
tablets (open source Android OS) & netbooks (Ubuntu OS)      Drill down up to individual vouchers
Integrated DSS for Planning and Implementation
Outline

1. Need for Participatory GIS

   Case Study of a South Indian Village

2. GIS Software Development:

   Development

   Field Trials

3. Conclusions
Extending through Training Workshops
               Days 2, 3 & 4: Village based GPS mapping




Day 1: GIS theory classes                       Day 5: Evaluation & review




                                                          51
Thank You!


Credits: To the local youth & To the farmers
Appendix
Tutorial
Input data:
GPS and Questionnaire data about:
   - a stream and a reservoir
   - farms under that reservoir, etc

Task:
Create a GIS map:
   - first using villageQGIS
   - then using QGIS (or Map Windows GIS)
Compare the time taken and map accuracy
ArcView 3.1 GIS-based Scripts for Automated Map Generation




Run a script and specify location of imported GPS & Questionnaire files
Using ArcView 3.1 Scripts
Enter attribute data from each questionnaire table into an Excel file
(e.g. c:av_datagps_pdawell_points.txt) and convert it into a tab-
delimited text file

    1. Run ARCVIEW3.1SETUP.EXE from CD
    Default directory for installation is C:ESRI.
    2. Copy av_data directory from CD to C:
    3. Run c:av_dataprojectproj1.apr
    4. Run ‘0_main’ script and specify location of imported GPS and PDA
       files: ‘proj1.apr’ window‘Scripts’ icon‘0_main’ script‘Run’
       button‘Select Mapsource File’=c:av_datagps_pdamapsource.txt’Select
       Attribute Files’=bw_points.txt;fm_polygons.txt;sm_lines.txt
Preparing Maps using ArcView 3.1 GIS without Scripts
1. For each point theme:
    Based on its questionnaire table file:
    1. Create a new ArcView table
    2. For each record/feature:
         Copy Name/Long/Lat of appropriate Waypoint from mapsource.txt into the
         new ArcView table
    3. Create a new Event Theme using the new ArcView table
    4. Join new table with questionnaire table (after converting it into dBASE format)

2. For each line (or polygon) theme:
    Based on its questionnaire table file:
    1. Create a new Theme with shape = line (or polygon)
    2. For each record/feature:                       recursive
          1. Create a new ArcView table
          2. Copy Long/Lat of appropriate Trackpoints from mapsource.txt into the new
          ArcView table
          3. Create Event Theme using the new ArcView Table
          4. Create new feature by joining these points        recursive
    3. Join Attribute table of new theme with questionnaire table file (after converting
    it into dBASE format)
Proposed Tablet User Interface

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nagesh_P_GIS

  • 1. Participatory GIS in Empowering Rural Communities: Case study of a South Indian Village Nagesh Kolagani, Palaniappan Ramu and Koshy Varghese IIT Madras
  • 2. Simplifying Open Source GIS for Use by Villagers In Map Preparation & Map Utilization; For Local Control & Low Cost Youth gather GPS & attribute data View complex data in simple ways School children produce GIS maps Villagers participate better
  • 3. Outline 1. Need for Participatory GIS Case Study of a South Indian Village 2. Software Development Design and Implementation Field Trials Iterative Development 3. Conclusions
  • 4. Outline 1. Need for Participatory GIS Case Study of a South Indian Village Problems Solutions 2. Software Development Design and Implementation Field Trials Iterative Development 3. Conclusions
  • 5. Location Map of Project Villages in South India Parigi villages (22) (phase II) E. Palaguttapalli village (phase I) IIT Madras
  • 8. Up to 1970’s: Community-based Rain Water Harvesting FOREST STREAMS WELLS FARMS RESERVOIRS
  • 9. Up to 1970’s: Sustainable Water Usage Number of wells: 76 ● Open wells
  • 10. During 1980’s and 1990’s: Excessive Water Usage Number of wells: 198 ● Open wells ● Tube wells
  • 11. Since 2002: Water Crisis Number of wells: 59 ● Open wells ● Tube wells
  • 12. Falling Ground Water Levels over Decades Ground level 0 1970's 1980's & 1990's post-2001 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 -180 Hard rock -200
  • 13. Problem: Water Crisis since 2002 Water-intensive commercial crops up to 2001 Rain-fed subsistence crops since 2002
  • 15. Blackboard Sketch of People's Suggestions
  • 16. Field Visits to Proposed Locations
  • 17. A Sample Plan for Proposed Structures No location information for facilitating monitoring & visualization
  • 18. GPS/GIS Map of People's Suggestions For monitoring & visualization; Enforces participation & field visits
  • 19. Social Benefit Analysis of Proposed Structures For facilitating discussions among people
  • 20. A Structure Well-planned and Constructed by Neighbours
  • 21. Started working as a Successful Silt Trap within 1 Month
  • 22. Extending these Lessons to Other Villages
  • 23. Outline 1. Need for Participatory GIS Case Study of a South Indian Village Problem: Water Crisis Solution: PGIS-based Water Harvesting 2. Software Development Design and Implementation Field Trials Iterative Development 3. Conclusions
  • 24. Outline 1. Need for Participatory GIS Case Study of a South Indian Village 2. Software Development Design and Implementation Field Trials Iterative Development 3. Conclusions
  • 25. Google Map of Reservoir and Farms Does not know their descriptive data; Does not show other needed features (e.g. wells)
  • 26. Village Youth gathering such Data using GPS & Questionnaires
  • 27. Collecting Spatial Data as GPS Waypoints For point layers: (such as wells)‫‏‬ As GPS 'way points' For line and polygon layers: (such as streams and farms)‫‏‬ As GPS tracks: Can not deviate from boundary Difficult for streams, farms, etc due to presence of thorny bushes, etc. OK for roads, etc. As GPS routes: User interface is difficult for use by a villager As GPS 'way points': To be joined later using GIS
  • 28. A Sample Questionnaire for Farms Layer
  • 29. School Children Producing GIS Maps from Such Data
  • 31. Entering Questionnaire Data into Appropriate GIS layer
  • 32. Comparison of villageQGIS and QGIS Using villageQGIS software: (e.g. 3 clicks) For each feature of each layer (of type line or polygon): Constructing lines and polygons from GPS point data: - specify way points to join as a string e.g. “209-213, 218, 221-224” - visually verify correctness of boundary points & joined line/polygon Converting lines and polygons into GIS features: - select layer name from a list box e.g. “streams” or “farms” - fill resulting attribute form with data from questionnaire Using QGIS software: (e.g. at least 17 clicks) For each feature of each layer (of type line or polygon): - Select desired feature and select option to add new a feature - For each GPS point: (e.g. 209,210,211,212,213,218,221,222,224”) - locate it on the screen, using find button or appropriate label option - draw a line connecting it to previous point - fill resulting attribute form with data from questionnaire - Save
  • 34. Querying Attributes of Mapped Features ...
  • 35. Easy Interface to View Complex Data in Simple Ways This will help villagers understand their problems & solutions and participate better
  • 36. Default Views: Farms Classified based on Social Data
  • 37. Multi-Criteria Classification e.g. Technical & Social Data
  • 38. Interface for Local Experts to Build Custom Views
  • 39. Outline 1. Need for Participatory GIS Case Study of a South Indian Village 2. Software Development Design and Implementation Field Trials Iterative Development 3. Conclusions
  • 40. Experiments on Ease-of-Use in Map Preparation ● Participants: 6 sub-groups of 3 village students each ● 3 sub-groups use Quantum GIS software (Control group) ● 3 sub-groups use villageQGIS software (Test group) ● Task: Produce GIS maps from given GPS and Questionnaire data sets
  • 41. Experiments on Ease-of-Use in Map Preparation 3 QGIS 2.5 villageQGIS 2 Ratio of times taken (with QGIS and 1.5 with villageQGIS) 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 Experiment no.
  • 42. Experiments on Ease-of-Use in Map Preparation 3 Desired spatial QGIS 2.5 accuracy villageQGIS 2 Ratio of times taken (with QGIS and 1.5 with villageQGIS) 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 Experiment no.
  • 43. Outline 1. Need for Participatory GIS Case Study of a South Indian Village 2. Software Development Design and Implementation Field Trials Iterative Development 3. Conclusions
  • 44. Iterative Development of GIS For monitoring & visualization; Enforces participation & field visits
  • 45. Providing Indian Language Interface Simplified User Interface (UI): For facilitating participation 1. Text display in Indian languages: - static text (such as tooltip and button labels) -dynamic text (such as user entered data ) 2. Attribute data as audio output 3. Help/instructions using audio and/or video 4. ‘Text-free UI’ (as far as possible) E.g. User entered text in Indian languages
  • 46. Porting to Handhelds for On-Site Map Preparation and Analysis Map preparation as One-step On-site process: On-site Map analysis: 1. Following map preparation steps can be combined: 1. On-site map analysis for a. Spatial data gathering using GPS better participatory planning, b. Attribute data gathering using PDA/questionnaires implementation and b. Preparating maps using ‘Gram Panchyat QGIS’ monitoring becomes possible. 2. This facilitates transparent verification and correction. If internet connection is 3. Created/updated map features can immediately be available, this can be an online replicated to a central map server (e.g. open source UMN MapServer) process through web client; through internet, facilitating social and official monitoring. else an offline process using last available data. Examples: 1. Samsung Galaxy Tablet 2. Akaash Tablet Rs. 28,000 /- Rs. 2,500 /- 0.565 kg 0.350 kg 10.1'' touch screen 7'' screen 9 hours battery 2-3 hrs battery Android 3.1 OS 3. Samsung N100 Netbook Rs. 12,290 /- 1.03 kg 10.1'' screen 5+ hours battery Ubuntu OS
  • 47. Mobile SMS based Basic Map Updating and Querying Map updating: Map querying: 1. Send updated attribute 1. Send query as structured SMS to central server and receive basic attribute data data as structured SMS to (e.g. Basic measurement and expenditure details of such-and-such work) (‘pull’) central server (e.g 2. Send SMS alerts about map updates, etc to registered users such as concerned completed works) beneficiaries, officers, etc (‘push’)
  • 48. Browser based Data Entry, Viewing & Administration Open Source UMN Map Server & Adempiere ERP server Drill down to farms/sub-polts & households Upload & download (push & pull) using mobile SMS, tablets (open source Android OS) & netbooks (Ubuntu OS) Drill down up to individual vouchers
  • 49. Integrated DSS for Planning and Implementation
  • 50. Outline 1. Need for Participatory GIS Case Study of a South Indian Village 2. GIS Software Development: Development Field Trials 3. Conclusions
  • 51. Extending through Training Workshops Days 2, 3 & 4: Village based GPS mapping Day 1: GIS theory classes Day 5: Evaluation & review 51
  • 52. Thank You! Credits: To the local youth & To the farmers
  • 54. Tutorial Input data: GPS and Questionnaire data about: - a stream and a reservoir - farms under that reservoir, etc Task: Create a GIS map: - first using villageQGIS - then using QGIS (or Map Windows GIS) Compare the time taken and map accuracy
  • 55. ArcView 3.1 GIS-based Scripts for Automated Map Generation Run a script and specify location of imported GPS & Questionnaire files
  • 56. Using ArcView 3.1 Scripts Enter attribute data from each questionnaire table into an Excel file (e.g. c:av_datagps_pdawell_points.txt) and convert it into a tab- delimited text file 1. Run ARCVIEW3.1SETUP.EXE from CD Default directory for installation is C:ESRI. 2. Copy av_data directory from CD to C: 3. Run c:av_dataprojectproj1.apr 4. Run ‘0_main’ script and specify location of imported GPS and PDA files: ‘proj1.apr’ window‘Scripts’ icon‘0_main’ script‘Run’ button‘Select Mapsource File’=c:av_datagps_pdamapsource.txt’Select Attribute Files’=bw_points.txt;fm_polygons.txt;sm_lines.txt
  • 57. Preparing Maps using ArcView 3.1 GIS without Scripts 1. For each point theme: Based on its questionnaire table file: 1. Create a new ArcView table 2. For each record/feature: Copy Name/Long/Lat of appropriate Waypoint from mapsource.txt into the new ArcView table 3. Create a new Event Theme using the new ArcView table 4. Join new table with questionnaire table (after converting it into dBASE format) 2. For each line (or polygon) theme: Based on its questionnaire table file: 1. Create a new Theme with shape = line (or polygon) 2. For each record/feature:  recursive 1. Create a new ArcView table 2. Copy Long/Lat of appropriate Trackpoints from mapsource.txt into the new ArcView table 3. Create Event Theme using the new ArcView Table 4. Create new feature by joining these points  recursive 3. Join Attribute table of new theme with questionnaire table file (after converting it into dBASE format)
  • 58. Proposed Tablet User Interface