German History

Dear Colleagues, please find enclosed the Power Point presentation of the history I and history II sessions (September 30, 2008). It was a pleasure to discuss with you both during the morning and afternoon sessions. Have a safe trip to Berlin and enjoy the German capital which might be more cosmopolitan than Rauischholzhausen. Please do not hesitate to contact me, if you have any further questions on Germany in the European context or German history. My e-mail address: [email_address] Sincerely, Hans-Juergen Schroeder Giessen, October 1, 2008

Germany, the European Union, and Central Asia (II) Summer Course IV Giessen/Berlin September 29 – October 18, 2008 Module Germany’s History I + II September 30, 2008 The Road to Democracy and Integration: Germany in the 20th Century Hans-Juergen Schroeder Department of History Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Copyright: Hans-Juergen Schroeder, still picture and film archives

Introduction The Road to Democracy and Integration: Germany in the 20th Century

Major Transition Periods

The Collapse of the Old Order 1917/18

The Weimar Republic 1918/19-1932

The ‘Third Reich’ 1933-1945

Germany Under Control 1945-1949

Towards a Stable Democracy 1949 ff.

West Germany’s Integration into the West 1948/49 ff.

The Process of German (Re)unification 1989 ff.

The Road to Democracy and Integration: Germany in the 20th Century Part I: From Autocracy to Dictatorship (1871-1945)

I . The German Empire 1871-1918

The Founding of the German Empire (January 18, 1871)

The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 1547

I . The German Empire 1871-1918

The Founding of the German Empire (January 18, 1871)

The Prusso-German political system and its political culture

Weltpolitik and the specter of encirclement

The strains of total war

The Proclamation of the German Republic (November 7, 1918)

II. The Collapse of the Old Order 1917/18

1917: A Watershed?

1918: The Defeat of Imperial Germany

III. The Weimar Republic 1918/19 – 1932: Republic without Republicans

1. The Versailles Treaty

Republic without Republicans? Structural Defects

of the New Order

of the New Order

3. The Armed Forces: A State Within the State?

of the New Order

Revision as a Leitmotif of the Republic

of the New Order

The Great Depression 1929-1932

of the New Order

The Great Depression 1929-1932

The Limits of Democracy

IV. The ‘Third Reich’ 1933-1939

Hitler‘s Road to Power: From Revolution

to ‘Legal’ Tactics

A ‘Brown’ Revolution’? New and Old Power Elites

Dictatorship Unchallenged: ‘ Gleichschaltung ’ in all Walks of Life

The Persecution of Jews

Anti-Communism

The Fight against Versailles: Continuity and Discontinuity

in Foreign Policy.

Economic Recovery

Hitler’s Preparation for War and the Role of the Armed Forces

International Constellations 1938/39

a. Munich and the Problem of Appeasement

b. The Hitler-Stalin Pact

Anti-Communism

in Foreign Policy.

Economic Recovery

Germany’s Territorial Expansion 1938/39

Anti-Communism

in Foreign Policy.

Economic Recovery

Germany’s Territorial Expansion 1938/39

Hitler’s Policy as Reflected in National Socialist Propaganda

1933-1939

11a. Propaganda: Definitions

the spreading of ideas , information or rumor for the purpose of injuring a cause; also: the ideas, facts, or allegations so spread

Webster‘s New Encyclopedic

Dictionary

the systematic propagation

of information or ideas by

an interested party

The Oxford English Dictionary

11b. The Importance of Propaganda in National Socialist Ideology and Praxis Chief architect of National Socialist propaganda : Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945) Most important propaganda institution : Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda (Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda)

11c. National Socialist Propaganda Themes 1933-39

Anti-bolshevism

Anti-Semitism

Social progress

Economic achievements

The „Fuehrer“

The „Volksgemeinschaft“

Youth organizations

Germany‘s „national interests“

The struggle against Versailles

The “encirclement“ of Germany

The peace lie

Social Progress and Economic Achievements

“ Health, child protection, fighting poverty, aiding travelers, people's community, helping mothers - these are the tasks of the National Socialist People's Charity: Join up”

Your Strength through Joy Car

The Volksgemeinschaft (People‘s Community)

The Fuehrer

Anti-Bolshevism and Anti-Semitism

„The Eternal Jew“ Nazi exhibition poster 1937

Germany‘s ‘National‘ Interests a. The struggle against Versailles

„ A People Breaks the Chains“

„ One People - One Reich One Führer“

Germany‘s ‘National‘ Interests a. The struggle against Versailles b. The „encirclement“ of Germany

Germany‘s ‘National‘ Interests a. The struggle against Versailles b. The „encirclement“ of Germany c. The peace lie

V. The Second World War 1939-1945

1. The Attack on Poland and Hitler’s War Aims: Occupation, Exploitation and Extermination

V. The Second World War 1939-1945

1. The Attack on Poland and Hitler’s War Aims: Occupation, Exploitation and Extermination

2. The European War 1939-1941

3. 1941: A Turning Point?

4. Why the Allies Won: German Hegemony in Decline 1942-1945

5. German War Crimes, the Wehrmacht and the Plot of July 20th, 1944

6. National Socialist War Propaganda 1939-1945

National Socialist War Propaganda 1939-1945 a. General Goals

Mobilizing the home front

Fighting the enemy

Convincing old and new allies

6b. The Quest for ‘Living-Space‘

We, the "have-nots...“

46 million Britains control over 40 million

square kilometers of land —

stolen by brute force in every part of

the world! That is more than a quarter

of all the inhabitable space on

earth!

86 million Germans on the other hand

must earn their daily bread from 600,000

square kilometers, and should even have

to ask the London Plutocratic clique for

permission to do that!

We, the German "have-nots" fight for our

food and what about the British exploiter

caste? —

They fight for dividends at the cost of the

Blood of the peoples —

but for the last time !!!

6c. The Fuehrer

6d. Anti-Semitism

"He or she who wears this symbol is an enemy of our people."

„ The Eternal Jew“ Nazi film 1940 „Jud Süss“ Nazi Film 1940

„ Bolshevism without Mask“

6e. Mobilizing the Home Front

” You are at the front”

„ Produce weapons for the Front“

6f. Mobilizing the Foreign Labor Force

” They sacrifice their blood - Contribute your labor to save Europe from Bolshevism“

6g. Save and Sacrifice

Wastepaper Collection 1943

6h. Undermining Morale of Enemy Troops

6i. Germany‘s European ‘Mission‘

“ Germany‘s European Mission“

“ Germany‘ Victory Europe‘s Freedom”

“ The Jewish Complot Against Europe!”

” Europe is lined up!”

“ United Europe Against Bolshevism”

“ Europe‘s Victory Your Well-Being”

“ Victory at the End !“

VI. The German Problem in International Relations: The Struggle for a New World Order, 1941 - 1945

1. The Four Freedoms President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Annual Message, January 6, 1941 In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression – everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way – everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want – which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants - everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear – which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor - anywhere in the world. […] To that high concept there can be no end save victory .

Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial, Washington DC

2. The Atlantic Conference, August 9 – 12, 1941

The Quest for a Liberal World Order

Pax Americana

Participants: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prime Minister Winston Churchill Atlantic-Charter , published in August 14, 1941

3. The Conference of Casablanca, January 14 – 24, 1943

Unconditional Surrender

Participants: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prime Minister Winston Churchill

4. The Teheran Conference, November 28 – December 1, 1943

1. Poland‘s Western frontier

Roosevelt and Churchill promise to establish a second Front in France

Discussions on the dismemberment of Germany

Participants: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prime Minister Winston Churchill Generalissimo Josef Stalin

5. The Conference of Quebec, September 12 – 16, 1944

Secretary of Finance Henry Morgenthau calls for a drastic

reduction of Germany‘s industrial capacities (Morgenthau Plan)

Participants: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prime Minister Winston Churchill

6. The Crimea (Yalta) Conference, February 4 – 11, 1945 Participants: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prime Minister Winston Churchill Generalissimo Josef Stalin

France to become an occupying power in Germany

No definite decision on German reparations

Establishment of a committee on „German dismemberment“

No definite decision on Poland‘s Western frontier

Declaration of Liberated Europe

VII. Allied Propaganda During World War II 1. The Fight for Freedom

“ This will be the fate of the fascist beast!”

2. Unconditional Surrender: Visualizing the End of the Third Reich

Nuremberg: April 20 and 22, 1945

Torgau: April 25, 1945

Berlin: May 2, 1945

Timeloberg/Lüneburg: May 4, 1945

Reims: May 7, 1945

Berlin-Karlshorst: May 9, 1945

Part II: A Democratic Germany in the European Context (1945-1991)

VIII. The Division of Germany and Europe 1945-1947

1. The Berlin Conference (Potsdam) July 17, 1945 – August 2, 1945 Participants: President Harry S. Truman Generalissimo Josef Stalin Prime Minister Winston Churchill (until July 26) Prime Minister Clemens Attlee (after election victory) The 4 “D”s: De-Nazification Demilitarization Decentralization Democratization

Germany 1945 Zones of Occupation

London 1946

VIII. The Division of Germany and Europe 1945-1947 (ctd.)

2. The Origins of the Cold War

Wilson vs. Lenin: The Ideological Confrontation since 1917

The Economic Confrontation (loans/lend-lease/reparations)

c. Atomic Diplomacy

d. Confrontation in Asia

e. The German Problem

3. Containment

George F. Kennan

The Long Telegram, February 22, 1946

(X): The Sources of Soviet Conduct (July 1947 edition of Foreign Affairs)

b. James F. Byrnes

Speech at Stuttgart, September 6, 1946

c. Harry S. Truman

The Truman Doctrine, March 12, 1947

d. George C. Marshall

Harvard Speech, June 5, 1948

IX. German and European Recovery 1947-1950 The Marshall Plan (ERP)

Launching the European Recovery Program (ERP)

And the Division of Europe

IX. German and European Recovery 1947-1950 The Marshall Plan (ERP)

Launching the European Recovery Program (ERP)

And the Division of Europe

2. Economic Goals

3. Political Goals

4. Financial Dimensions

ECA/MSA Payments 1948-1952 (in billions US$)

VII. German and European Recovery 1947-1950 The Marshall Plan (ERP) (ctd.) 5. The Interdependence of German and European Recovery

VII. German and European Recovery 1947-1950 The Marshall Plan (ERP) (ctd.)

The Impact of ERP on Germany

Economic

Political

Foreign Policy

Psychological Implications

Division of Germany

7. Visualizing the Marshall Plan

a. Why Marshall Plan Propaganda? A comprehensive information program was regarded as an essential element to make the European Recovery Program a success.

b. Major Goals of American Propaganda Efforts

to convince the population in the recipient countries by explaining

the economic and political goals of ERP:

economic recovery and political stability

to win support at home (Congress and the public at large)

To counteract Soviet influence and propaganda, primarily in Europe:

liberal capitalism and democracy vs. state socialism and tyranny

to neutralize ambitions of the European NCL (non-communist left)

to establish Europe as a ‘third force’

c. Most Important Countries in ERP Strategy

France

Italy

Austria

West Germany

d. The Media

newspapers

Postcards

photos

poster

cartoons

postage stamps

cancellation stamps

commercials

leaflets

flyers

brochures

books

stickers

radio

films

exhibits

speeches

Music

puppet shows

e. Selected Media Examples

Marshall Plan Exhibits

Exhibits During Industrial Fairs

Postage Stamps An almost complete collection of Marshall Plan postage stamps in: George C. Marshall Foundation, Lexington, Virginia 24450

Children’s Books For school children 9-12

Exercise book for Italian school children , issued by Italian savings banks

Austrian drawing competition for children, Volkmar Völkl, (Klagenfurt)12 years old

French drawing and painting competition for children 70.000 children designed the reconstruction of France Paris Match 1949

A cartoon story about the significance of the Marshall Plan

A cartoon story on West German ERP membership

f. The Marshall Plan Films

The Marshall Plan at Work in Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Great Britain

Greece

Holland

Italy

Norway

Turkey

Western Germany

ERP in Action

1-2- 3: A Monthly Review from Europe

Strength for the Free World

Air of Freedom

Corinth Canal

Council of Europe

The Invisible Link

The Story of Koula

Your Eighty Dollars

The Shoemaker and the Hatter

Tom Shuler: Cobbler-Statesman

The Marshall Plan at Work in Western Germany Produced for ECA by Editorial Film Productions Ltd., London, 1950

Cartoon Films

The Shoemaker and the Hatter

Produced for ECA: John Halas, Joy Bachelor

(Halas & Bachelor), London 1950

Tom Shuler: Cobbler-Statesman

Produced in

Air of Freedom Produced by HICOG (High Commission for Germany) Film Division for ECA Germany, 1950

g. Major ERP Elements Visualized

Supplies for Survival

Productivity – Key to Plenty

Austrian Productivity Center Poster 1953 Productivity = higher standard of living

Help People to Help Themselves!

Abolish or Reduce Tariffs

European Cooperation Means Prosperity

All peoples of Europe are in the same boat […] You – me - and all the others – we want to row the boat towards a better future together!

Austria needs 18 countries 18 countries need Austria ERP = U.S. contribution to European recovery

A New Europe

We Build a New Europe

European Cooperation Means Peace

Cooperation for Peace Freedom Higher Standard of Living Swedish Poster 1950

Peace Freedom Prosperity in the Free World Austrian Government Poster 1951

Rey Dirksen, Netherlands 1950 Poster Contest -- First Prize

HICOG (High Commission of Germany) Poster 1950

European elections 1984, Christian Democrats’ campaign poster

Communist Anti-Marshall Plan Propaganda

East German Poster 1950 Germany Plan = employment Marshall Plan = unemployment

Go Home! A Marshall Plan we really don’t need - We boost the economy ourselves with top speed!

For a better Life with our plan East German poster 1950

The Transatlantic Bridge

Political Implications for Recipient Countries: The Federal Republic of Germany

West German OEEC membership 1950

West Germany Joins In! West German poster 1950 on Bonn’s OEEC membership (also used to advertise ERP exhibits)

i. Visualizing Progress

9 Questions - 9 Answers

reconstruction

employment

security

standard of living

peace

solidarity

freedom

strength

future

j. The Militarization of the Marshall Plan

For Peace! Marshall Plan NATO Western Bloc Away You War-mongers! Soviet Poster 1950 or 1951

The Realities of the Marshall Plan Czechoslovakian Poster 1949

Your Eighty Dollars Serie: Strength for the Free World Produced by MSA Film Section, Paris, 1952

X. Two German States 1. The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (Basic Law, signed May 23, 1949)

Peace, Freedom, and Unity For Germany

VIII. Two German States 1. The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (Basic Law, signed May 23, 1949) 2. The Founding of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (Proclaimed by a provisional ‘Parliament’, October 7, 1949)

VIII. Two German States 1. The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (Basic Law, signed May 23, 1949) 2. The Founding of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (Proclaimed by a provisional ‘Parliament’, October 7, 1949) 3. The democratic elections in Western Germany

1949-1959 GFR Flag since 1949 (Art. 22 GG) Flags of the GDR 1959-1990

XI. Western Germany’s Integration into the West 1949/50-1955 1. The German-American Economic Agreement, December 15, 1949

IX. Western Germany’s Integration into the West 1949/50-1955 (ctd.) 2. The Schuman Plan a. The Schuman Plan (May 9, 1950) b. Reactions in Europe a. Germany b. BENELUX e. Italy f. Great Britain c. Reactions in the United States d. The Treaty of Paris (April 18, 1951) e. ECSC treaty enters into force (July 23, 1952) f. Educating the public g. Integration as a strategy of containment

“ The coming together of the nations of Europe requires the elimination of the age-old opposition of France and Germany . … the French Government proposes that Franco-German production of coal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority … The pooling of coal and steel production should immediately provide for the setting up of common foundations for economic development as a first step in the federation of Europe … The solidarity in production thus established will make it plain that any war between France and Germany becomes not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible. … this proposal will lead to the realization of the first concrete foundation of a European federation indispensable to the preservation of peace.” The Schuman Declaration of May 9, 1950

ECSC Flag

The Schuman Plan and its meaning

The Schuman Plan: What does it mean for you?

The Schuman Plan A first step towards European Unity “ I‘m all for it!“

1998

XI. Western Germany’s Integration into the West 1949/50-1955 (ctd.) 3. The Decision to Rearm Western Germany (1950) 4. The Abortive European Defence Community (EDC) (1952-1954)

„ EDC A Threat to Peace“

XI. Western Germany’s Integration into the West 1949/50-1955 (ctd.) 5. West German ‘Sovereignty’ (1955)

XII. From Messina to Rome, 1955-1957:

The European Economic Community (EEC) and EURATOM

A new integration effort (May 9, 1955)

The conference of Messina (June 1-3, 1955)

The Treaties of Rome (March 25, 1957)

a. The European Economic Community (EEC)

b. EURATOM

United Europe For Progress and for Peace

XIII. The Crisis of 1963: France, Germany

and the Anglo-Saxon Powers

The British application (July 31, 1961)

General de Gaulle’s Non (January 14, 1963)

The Franco-German Treaty (January 22, 1963)

The Franco-German Treaty of January 22, 1963 Joint declaration : “ Convinced that the reconciliation of the German people and the French people, ending a centuries-old rivalry, constitutes an historic event which profoundly transforms the relations between the two peoples, … Recognising that a reinforcing of cooperation between the two countries constitutes an indispensable stage on the way to a united Europe, which is the aim of the two peoples:” Close cooperation : Foreign affairs; defence, education and youth, scientific research Regular consultations : “ The Heads of State and Government … will meet … at least twice a year.

XIII. The Crisis of 1963: France, Germany

and the Anglo-Saxon Powers

The British application (July 31, 1961)

General de Gaulle’s Non (January 14, 1963)

The Franco-German Treaty (January 22, 1963)

The U.S. position: reactions of the Kennedy Administration

A French hegemony?

Germany’s European and transatlantic perspectives

„ Our union is far from exclusive – there‘s room for all!”

Kissinger to Nixon: „Don‘t you think our baby‘s getting dangerously big?“

XIV. A New World Order? Transforming Europe After the Cold War 1. The Disintegration of the Soviet Union 2. German Unification 3. Maastricht in Historical Perspective 4. Containing Germany? The Political Significance of the EURO 5. The Limits of European Integration 6. The Limits of Enlargement 7. A New German Hegemony in Europe?