German History

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    German History - Presentation Transcript

    1. Dear Colleagues, please find enclosed the Power Point presentation of the history I and history II sessions (September 30, 2008). It was a pleasure to discuss with you both during the morning and afternoon sessions. Have a safe trip to Berlin and enjoy the German capital which might be more cosmopolitan than Rauischholzhausen. Please do not hesitate to contact me, if you have any further questions on Germany in the European context or German history. My e-mail address: [email_address] Sincerely, Hans-Juergen Schroeder Giessen, October 1, 2008
    2. Germany, the European Union, and Central Asia (II) Summer Course IV Giessen/Berlin September 29 – October 18, 2008 Module Germany’s History I + II September 30, 2008 The Road to Democracy and Integration: Germany in the 20th Century Hans-Juergen Schroeder Department of History Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Copyright: Hans-Juergen Schroeder, still picture and film archives
    3. Introduction The Road to Democracy and Integration: Germany in the 20th Century
      • Major Transition Periods
      • The Collapse of the Old Order 1917/18
      • The Weimar Republic 1918/19-1932
      • The ‘Third Reich’ 1933-1945
      • Germany Under Control 1945-1949
      • Towards a Stable Democracy 1949 ff.
      • West Germany’s Integration into the West 1948/49 ff.
      • The Process of German (Re)unification 1989 ff.
    4. The Road to Democracy and Integration: Germany in the 20th Century Part I: From Autocracy to Dictatorship (1871-1945)
    5. I . The German Empire 1871-1918
      • The Founding of the German Empire (January 18, 1871)
    6.  
    7. The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 1547
    8.  
    9. I . The German Empire 1871-1918
      • The Founding of the German Empire (January 18, 1871)
      • The Prusso-German political system and its political culture
      • Weltpolitik and the specter of encirclement
      • The strains of total war
      • The Proclamation of the German Republic (November 7, 1918)
    10.  
    11. II. The Collapse of the Old Order 1917/18
      • 1917: A Watershed?
      • 1918: The Defeat of Imperial Germany
    12. III. The Weimar Republic 1918/19 – 1932: Republic without Republicans
      • 1. The Versailles Treaty
    13.  
    14.  
    15.  
    16. III. The Weimar Republic 1918/19 – 1932: Republic without Republicans
      • 1. The Versailles Treaty
      • Republic without Republicans? Structural Defects
      • of the New Order
    17. III. The Weimar Republic 1918/19 – 1932: Republic without Republicans
      • 1. The Versailles Treaty
      • Republic without Republicans? Structural Defects
      • of the New Order
      • 3. The Armed Forces: A State Within the State?
    18. III. The Weimar Republic 1918/19 – 1932: Republic without Republicans
      • 1. The Versailles Treaty
      • Republic without Republicans? Structural Defects
      • of the New Order
      • 3. The Armed Forces: A State Within the State?
      • Revision as a Leitmotif of the Republic
    19. III. The Weimar Republic 1918/19 – 1932: Republic without Republicans
      • 1. The Versailles Treaty
      • Republic without Republicans? Structural Defects
      • of the New Order
      • 3. The Armed Forces: A State Within the State?
      • Revision as a Leitmotif of the Republic
      • The Great Depression 1929-1932
    20. III. The Weimar Republic 1918/19 – 1932: Republic without Republicans
      • 1. The Versailles Treaty
      • Republic without Republicans? Structural Defects
      • of the New Order
      • 3. The Armed Forces: A State Within the State?
      • Revision as a Leitmotif of the Republic
      • The Great Depression 1929-1932
      • The Limits of Democracy
    21. IV. The ‘Third Reich’ 1933-1939
      • Hitler‘s Road to Power: From Revolution
      • to ‘Legal’ Tactics
      • A ‘Brown’ Revolution’? New and Old Power Elites
      • Dictatorship Unchallenged: ‘ Gleichschaltung ’ in all Walks of Life
      • The Persecution of Jews
      • Anti-Communism
      • The Fight against Versailles: Continuity and Discontinuity
      • in Foreign Policy.
      • Economic Recovery
      • Hitler’s Preparation for War and the Role of the Armed Forces
      • International Constellations 1938/39
      • a. Munich and the Problem of Appeasement
      • b. The Hitler-Stalin Pact
    22.  
    23.  
    24.  
    25. IV. The ‘Third Reich’ 1933-1939
      • Hitler‘s Road to Power: From Revolution
      • to ‘Legal’ Tactics
      • A ‘Brown’ Revolution’? New and Old Power Elites
      • Dictatorship Unchallenged: ‘ Gleichschaltung ’ in all Walks of Life
      • The Persecution of Jews
      • Anti-Communism
      • The Fight against Versailles: Continuity and Discontinuity
      • in Foreign Policy.
      • Economic Recovery
      • Hitler’s Preparation for War and the Role of the Armed Forces
      • International Constellations 1938/39
      • a. Munich and the Problem of Appeasement
      • b. The Hitler-Stalin Pact
      • Germany’s Territorial Expansion 1938/39
    26.  
    27. IV. The ‘Third Reich’ 1933-1939
      • Hitler‘s Road to Power: From Revolution
      • to ‘Legal’ Tactics
      • A ‘Brown’ Revolution’? New and Old Power Elites
      • Dictatorship Unchallenged: ‘ Gleichschaltung ’ in all Walks of Life
      • The Persecution of Jews
      • Anti-Communism
      • The Fight against Versailles: Continuity and Discontinuity
      • in Foreign Policy.
      • Economic Recovery
      • Hitler’s Preparation for War and the Role of the Armed Forces
      • International Constellations 1938/39
      • a. Munich and the Problem of Appeasement
      • b. The Hitler-Stalin Pact
      • Germany’s Territorial Expansion 1938/39
      • Hitler’s Policy as Reflected in National Socialist Propaganda
      • 1933-1939
    28. 11a. Propaganda: Definitions
      • the spreading of ideas , information or rumor for the purpose of injuring a cause; also: the ideas, facts, or allegations so spread
      • Webster‘s New Encyclopedic
      • Dictionary
      • the systematic propagation
      • of information or ideas by
      • an interested party
      • The Oxford English Dictionary
    29. 11b. The Importance of Propaganda in National Socialist Ideology and Praxis Chief architect of National Socialist propaganda : Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945) Most important propaganda institution : Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda (Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda)
    30. 11c. National Socialist Propaganda Themes 1933-39
      • Anti-bolshevism
      • Anti-Semitism
      • Social progress
      • Economic achievements
      • The „Fuehrer“
      • The „Volksgemeinschaft“
      • Youth organizations
      • Germany‘s „national interests“
      • The struggle against Versailles
      • The “encirclement“ of Germany
      • The peace lie
    31. Social Progress and Economic Achievements
    32. “ Health, child protection, fighting poverty, aiding travelers, people's community, helping mothers - these are the tasks of the National Socialist People's Charity: Join up”
    33.  
    34.  
    35. Your Strength through Joy Car
    36. The Volksgemeinschaft (People‘s Community)
    37.  
    38.  
    39.  
    40. The Fuehrer
    41.  
    42.  
    43.  
    44.  
    45.  
    46. Anti-Bolshevism and Anti-Semitism
    47.  
    48.  
    49. „The Eternal Jew“ Nazi exhibition poster 1937
    50. Germany‘s ‘National‘ Interests a. The struggle against Versailles
    51. „ A People Breaks the Chains“
    52. „ One People - One Reich One Führer“
    53. Germany‘s ‘National‘ Interests a. The struggle against Versailles b. The „encirclement“ of Germany
    54.  
    55. Germany‘s ‘National‘ Interests a. The struggle against Versailles b. The „encirclement“ of Germany c. The peace lie
    56.  
    57. V. The Second World War 1939-1945
      • 1. The Attack on Poland and Hitler’s War Aims: Occupation, Exploitation and Extermination
    58.  
    59. V. The Second World War 1939-1945
      • 1. The Attack on Poland and Hitler’s War Aims: Occupation, Exploitation and Extermination
      • 2. The European War 1939-1941
      • 3. 1941: A Turning Point?
      • 4. Why the Allies Won: German Hegemony in Decline 1942-1945
      • 5. German War Crimes, the Wehrmacht and the Plot of July 20th, 1944
      • 6. National Socialist War Propaganda 1939-1945
      • National Socialist War Propaganda 1939-1945 a. General Goals
      • Mobilizing the home front
      • Fighting the enemy
      • Convincing old and new allies
    60. 6b. The Quest for ‘Living-Space‘
      • We, the "have-nots...“
      • 46 million Britains control over 40 million
      • square kilometers of land —
      • stolen by brute force in every part of
      • the world! That is more than a quarter
      • of all the inhabitable space on
      • earth!
      • 86 million Germans on the other hand
      • must earn their daily bread from 600,000
      • square kilometers, and should even have
      • to ask the London Plutocratic clique for
      • permission to do that!
      • We, the German "have-nots" fight for our
      • food and what about the British exploiter
      • caste? —
      • They fight for dividends at the cost of the
      • Blood of the peoples —
      • but for the last time !!!
    61. 6c. The Fuehrer
    62.  
    63. 6d. Anti-Semitism
    64. "He or she who wears this symbol is an enemy of our people."
    65. „ The Eternal Jew“ Nazi film 1940 „Jud Süss“ Nazi Film 1940
    66. „ Bolshevism without Mask“
    67.  
    68.  
    69.  
    70. 6e. Mobilizing the Home Front
    71. ” You are at the front”
    72. „ Produce weapons for the Front“
    73. 6f. Mobilizing the Foreign Labor Force
    74. ” They sacrifice their blood - Contribute your labor to save Europe from Bolshevism“
    75. 6g. Save and Sacrifice
    76. Wastepaper Collection 1943
    77.  
    78. 6h. Undermining Morale of Enemy Troops
    79.  
    80.  
    81.  
    82. 6i. Germany‘s European ‘Mission‘
    83. “ Germany‘s European Mission“
    84. “ Germany‘ Victory Europe‘s Freedom”
    85. “ The Jewish Complot Against Europe!”
    86. ” Europe is lined up!”
    87. “ United Europe Against Bolshevism”
    88. “ Europe‘s Victory Your Well-Being”
    89. “ Victory at the End !“
    90. VI. The German Problem in International Relations: The Struggle for a New World Order, 1941 - 1945
    91. 1. The Four Freedoms President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Annual Message, January 6, 1941 In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression – everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way – everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want – which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants - everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear – which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor - anywhere in the world. […] To that high concept there can be no end save victory .
    92.  
    93.  
    94. Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial, Washington DC
    95. 2. The Atlantic Conference, August 9 – 12, 1941
      • The Quest for a Liberal World Order
      • Pax Americana
      Participants: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prime Minister Winston Churchill Atlantic-Charter , published in August 14, 1941
    96.  
    97. 3. The Conference of Casablanca, January 14 – 24, 1943
      • Unconditional Surrender
      Participants: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prime Minister Winston Churchill
    98.  
    99.  
    100. 4. The Teheran Conference, November 28 – December 1, 1943
      • 1. Poland‘s Western frontier
      • Roosevelt and Churchill promise to establish a second Front in France
      • Discussions on the dismemberment of Germany
      Participants: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prime Minister Winston Churchill Generalissimo Josef Stalin
    101.  
    102. 5. The Conference of Quebec, September 12 – 16, 1944
      • Secretary of Finance Henry Morgenthau calls for a drastic
      • reduction of Germany‘s industrial capacities (Morgenthau Plan)
      Participants: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prime Minister Winston Churchill
    103.  
    104. 6. The Crimea (Yalta) Conference, February 4 – 11, 1945 Participants: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Prime Minister Winston Churchill Generalissimo Josef Stalin
      • France to become an occupying power in Germany
      • No definite decision on German reparations
      • Establishment of a committee on „German dismemberment“
      • No definite decision on Poland‘s Western frontier
      • Declaration of Liberated Europe
    105. VII. Allied Propaganda During World War II 1. The Fight for Freedom
    106.  
    107.  
    108.  
    109. “ This will be the fate of the fascist beast!”
    110. 2. Unconditional Surrender: Visualizing the End of the Third Reich
      • Nuremberg: April 20 and 22, 1945
      • Torgau: April 25, 1945
      • Berlin: May 2, 1945
      • Timeloberg/Lüneburg: May 4, 1945
      • Reims: May 7, 1945
      • Berlin-Karlshorst: May 9, 1945
    111.  
    112.  
    113.  
    114.  
    115.  
    116.  
    117.  
    118. Part II: A Democratic Germany in the European Context (1945-1991)
    119. VIII. The Division of Germany and Europe 1945-1947
    120. 1. The Berlin Conference (Potsdam) July 17, 1945 – August 2, 1945 Participants: President Harry S. Truman Generalissimo Josef Stalin Prime Minister Winston Churchill (until July 26) Prime Minister Clemens Attlee (after election victory) The 4 “D”s: De-Nazification Demilitarization Decentralization Democratization
    121.  
    122.  
    123.  
    124.  
    125.  
    126. Germany 1945 Zones of Occupation
    127.  
    128.  
    129.  
    130. London 1946
    131.  
      • VIII. The Division of Germany and Europe 1945-1947 (ctd.)
      • 2. The Origins of the Cold War
      • Wilson vs. Lenin: The Ideological Confrontation since 1917
      • The Economic Confrontation (loans/lend-lease/reparations)
      • c. Atomic Diplomacy
      • d. Confrontation in Asia
      • e. The German Problem
    132. 3. Containment
      • George F. Kennan
      • The Long Telegram, February 22, 1946
      • (X): The Sources of Soviet Conduct (July 1947 edition of Foreign Affairs)
      • b. James F. Byrnes
      • Speech at Stuttgart, September 6, 1946
      • c. Harry S. Truman
      • The Truman Doctrine, March 12, 1947
      • d. George C. Marshall
      • Harvard Speech, June 5, 1948
    133. IX. German and European Recovery 1947-1950 The Marshall Plan (ERP)
      • Launching the European Recovery Program (ERP)
      • And the Division of Europe
    134.  
    135. IX. German and European Recovery 1947-1950 The Marshall Plan (ERP)
      • Launching the European Recovery Program (ERP)
      • And the Division of Europe
      • 2. Economic Goals
      • 3. Political Goals
      • 4. Financial Dimensions
    136. ECA/MSA Payments 1948-1952 (in billions US$)
    137. VII. German and European Recovery 1947-1950 The Marshall Plan (ERP) (ctd.) 5. The Interdependence of German and European Recovery
    138.  
    139.  
    140.  
    141.  
    142. VII. German and European Recovery 1947-1950 The Marshall Plan (ERP) (ctd.)
      • The Impact of ERP on Germany
      • Economic
      • Political
      • Foreign Policy
      • Psychological Implications
      • Division of Germany
    143.  
    144. 7. Visualizing the Marshall Plan
    145. a. Why Marshall Plan Propaganda? A comprehensive information program was regarded as an essential element to make the European Recovery Program a success.
    146. b. Major Goals of American Propaganda Efforts
      • to convince the population in the recipient countries by explaining
      • the economic and political goals of ERP:
      • economic recovery and political stability
      • to win support at home (Congress and the public at large)
      • To counteract Soviet influence and propaganda, primarily in Europe:
      • liberal capitalism and democracy vs. state socialism and tyranny
      • to neutralize ambitions of the European NCL (non-communist left)
      • to establish Europe as a ‘third force’
    147. c. Most Important Countries in ERP Strategy
      • France
      • Italy
      • Austria
      • West Germany
    148. d. The Media
      • newspapers
      • Postcards
      • photos
      • poster
      • cartoons
      • postage stamps
      • cancellation stamps
      • commercials
      • leaflets
      • flyers
      • brochures
      • books
      • stickers
      • radio
      • films
      • exhibits
      • speeches
      • Music
      • puppet shows
    149. e. Selected Media Examples
    150.  
    151.  
    152. Marshall Plan Exhibits
    153. Exhibits During Industrial Fairs
    154.  
    155. Postage Stamps An almost complete collection of Marshall Plan postage stamps in: George C. Marshall Foundation, Lexington, Virginia 24450
    156. Children’s Books For school children 9-12
    157. Exercise book for Italian school children , issued by Italian savings banks
    158. Austrian drawing competition for children, Volkmar Völkl, (Klagenfurt)12 years old
    159. French drawing and painting competition for children 70.000 children designed the reconstruction of France Paris Match 1949
    160. A cartoon story about the significance of the Marshall Plan
    161. A cartoon story on West German ERP membership
    162. f. The Marshall Plan Films
      • The Marshall Plan at Work in Austria
      • Belgium
      • Denmark
      • Great Britain
      • Greece
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Norway
      • Turkey
      • Western Germany
      • ERP in Action
      • 1-2- 3: A Monthly Review from Europe
      • Strength for the Free World
      • Air of Freedom
      • Corinth Canal
      • Council of Europe
      • The Invisible Link
      • The Story of Koula
      • Your Eighty Dollars
      • The Shoemaker and the Hatter
      • Tom Shuler: Cobbler-Statesman
    163. The Marshall Plan at Work in Western Germany Produced for ECA by Editorial Film Productions Ltd., London, 1950
    164. Cartoon Films
      • The Shoemaker and the Hatter
      • Produced for ECA: John Halas, Joy Bachelor
      • (Halas & Bachelor), London 1950
      • Tom Shuler: Cobbler-Statesman
      • Produced in
    165.  
    166.  
    167.  
    168.  
    169. Air of Freedom Produced by HICOG (High Commission for Germany) Film Division for ECA Germany, 1950
    170.  
    171. g. Major ERP Elements Visualized
    172. Supplies for Survival
    173.  
    174.  
    175.  
    176. Productivity – Key to Plenty
    177. Austrian Productivity Center Poster 1953 Productivity = higher standard of living
    178. Help People to Help Themselves!
    179.  
    180. Abolish or Reduce Tariffs
    181.  
    182. European Cooperation Means Prosperity
    183.  
    184. All peoples of Europe are in the same boat […] You – me - and all the others – we want to row the boat towards a better future together!
    185.  
    186.  
    187.  
    188.  
    189. Austria needs 18 countries 18 countries need Austria ERP = U.S. contribution to European recovery
    190. A New Europe
    191. We Build a New Europe
    192. European Cooperation Means Peace
    193. Cooperation for Peace Freedom Higher Standard of Living Swedish Poster 1950
    194. Peace Freedom Prosperity in the Free World Austrian Government Poster 1951
    195. Rey Dirksen, Netherlands 1950 Poster Contest -- First Prize
    196. HICOG (High Commission of Germany) Poster 1950
    197. European elections 1984, Christian Democrats’ campaign poster
    198. Communist Anti-Marshall Plan Propaganda
    199. East German Poster 1950 Germany Plan = employment Marshall Plan = unemployment
    200. Go Home! A Marshall Plan we really don’t need - We boost the economy ourselves with top speed!
    201. For a better Life with our plan East German poster 1950
    202. The Transatlantic Bridge
    203.  
    204.  
    205. Political Implications for Recipient Countries: The Federal Republic of Germany
    206. West German OEEC membership 1950
    207. West Germany Joins In! West German poster 1950 on Bonn’s OEEC membership (also used to advertise ERP exhibits)
    208. i. Visualizing Progress
    209.  
    210.  
    211.  
    212. 9 Questions - 9 Answers
      • reconstruction
      • employment
      • security
      • standard of living
      • peace
      • solidarity
      • freedom
      • strength
      • future
    213. j. The Militarization of the Marshall Plan
    214. For Peace! Marshall Plan NATO Western Bloc Away You War-mongers! Soviet Poster 1950 or 1951
    215. The Realities of the Marshall Plan Czechoslovakian Poster 1949
    216. Your Eighty Dollars Serie: Strength for the Free World Produced by MSA Film Section, Paris, 1952
    217.  
    218. X. Two German States 1. The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (Basic Law, signed May 23, 1949)
    219. Peace, Freedom, and Unity For Germany
    220.  
    221.  
    222.  
    223.  
    224.  
    225.  
    226.  
    227. VIII. Two German States 1. The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (Basic Law, signed May 23, 1949) 2. The Founding of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (Proclaimed by a provisional ‘Parliament’, October 7, 1949)
    228.  
    229.  
    230.  
    231. VIII. Two German States 1. The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (Basic Law, signed May 23, 1949) 2. The Founding of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (Proclaimed by a provisional ‘Parliament’, October 7, 1949) 3. The democratic elections in Western Germany
    232.  
    233.  
    234. 1949-1959 GFR Flag since 1949 (Art. 22 GG) Flags of the GDR 1959-1990
    235. XI. Western Germany’s Integration into the West 1949/50-1955 1. The German-American Economic Agreement, December 15, 1949
    236. IX. Western Germany’s Integration into the West 1949/50-1955 (ctd.) 2. The Schuman Plan a. The Schuman Plan (May 9, 1950) b. Reactions in Europe a. Germany b. BENELUX e. Italy f. Great Britain c. Reactions in the United States d. The Treaty of Paris (April 18, 1951) e. ECSC treaty enters into force (July 23, 1952) f. Educating the public g. Integration as a strategy of containment
    237. “ The coming together of the nations of Europe requires the elimination of the age-old opposition of France and Germany . … the French Government proposes that Franco-German production of coal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority … The pooling of coal and steel production should immediately provide for the setting up of common foundations for economic development as a first step in the federation of Europe … The solidarity in production thus established will make it plain that any war between France and Germany becomes not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible. … this proposal will lead to the realization of the first concrete foundation of a European federation indispensable to the preservation of peace.” The Schuman Declaration of May 9, 1950
    238.  
    239. ECSC Flag
    240.  
    241.  
    242. The Schuman Plan and its meaning
    243. The Schuman Plan: What does it mean for you?
    244.  
    245. The Schuman Plan A first step towards European Unity “ I‘m all for it!“
    246.  
    247. 1998
    248. XI. Western Germany’s Integration into the West 1949/50-1955 (ctd.) 3. The Decision to Rearm Western Germany (1950) 4. The Abortive European Defence Community (EDC) (1952-1954)
    249.  
    250.  
    251. „ EDC A Threat to Peace“
    252.  
    253. XI. Western Germany’s Integration into the West 1949/50-1955 (ctd.) 5. West German ‘Sovereignty’ (1955)
      • XII. From Messina to Rome, 1955-1957:
      • The European Economic Community (EEC) and EURATOM
      • A new integration effort (May 9, 1955)
      • The conference of Messina (June 1-3, 1955)
      • The Treaties of Rome (March 25, 1957)
      • a. The European Economic Community (EEC)
      • b. EURATOM
    254. United Europe For Progress and for Peace
    255.  
      • XIII. The Crisis of 1963: France, Germany
      • and the Anglo-Saxon Powers
      • The British application (July 31, 1961)
      • General de Gaulle’s Non (January 14, 1963)
      • The Franco-German Treaty (January 22, 1963)
    256. The Franco-German Treaty of January 22, 1963 Joint declaration : “ Convinced that the reconciliation of the German people and the French people, ending a centuries-old rivalry, constitutes an historic event which profoundly transforms the relations between the two peoples, … Recognising that a reinforcing of cooperation between the two countries constitutes an indispensable stage on the way to a united Europe, which is the aim of the two peoples:” Close cooperation : Foreign affairs; defence, education and youth, scientific research Regular consultations : “ The Heads of State and Government … will meet … at least twice a year.
      • XIII. The Crisis of 1963: France, Germany
      • and the Anglo-Saxon Powers
      • The British application (July 31, 1961)
      • General de Gaulle’s Non (January 14, 1963)
      • The Franco-German Treaty (January 22, 1963)
      • The U.S. position: reactions of the Kennedy Administration
      • A French hegemony?
      • Germany’s European and transatlantic perspectives
    257.  
    258.  
    259. „ Our union is far from exclusive – there‘s room for all!”
    260.  
    261.  
    262.  
    263.  
    264.  
    265.  
    266.  
    267. Kissinger to Nixon: „Don‘t you think our baby‘s getting dangerously big?“
    268.  
    269.  
    270. XIV. A New World Order? Transforming Europe After the Cold War 1. The Disintegration of the Soviet Union 2. German Unification 3. Maastricht in Historical Perspective 4. Containing Germany? The Political Significance of the EURO 5. The Limits of European Integration 6. The Limits of Enlargement 7. A New German Hegemony in Europe?

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