SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 15
Download to read offline
Speech Acts
Direct and indirect speech acts
Munsif sial
Uet lahore
∗ Speech Events may also include Speech Acts. J.L
Austin observed that ‘many utterances do not
communicate information, but are equivalent to
actions, e.g.
∗ I apologise…’
∗ I promise….’
∗ ‘I will….’ (at a wedding’
∗ ‘I name this ship….’
Speech Acts
∗ Austin called such utterances performatives, which
he saw as distinct from statements that convey
information (constatives).
I christen/name this ship The Queen Elisabeth
(performative).
Maurice Garin won the Tour de France in 1903
(constative)
∗ Performatives cannot be true or false.
Performatives
∗ Explicit performatives are performative utterances
that contain a performative verb that makes explicit
what kind of act is being performed.
I promise to come to your talk tomorrow afternoon.
∗ implicit performatives are performative utterances
in which there is no such verb.
I’ll come to your talk tomorrow afternoon.
Explict vs implicit performatives
Other common Speech Acts are:
∗ apology,
∗ promise,
∗ agreement
∗ acceptance
∗ advice
∗ suggestion
∗ warning
∗ requests
∗ betting
∗ to second
∗ to vote
∗ to abstain
Common explicit performatives
Representatives: the speaker is committed in varying
degrees to the truth of a proposition:
e.g. ‘affirm’, ‘believe,’ ‘conclude’, ‘report’;
I think the Berlin Wall came down in 1989
Directives: the speaker tries to do something
e.g. ‘ask’, ‘challenge’, ‘command’, ‘request’.
Pass me the towel, will you?
Searle’s Five Categories of Speech Acts
Commissives: the speaker is committed invarying degrees, to a certain course of action,
e.g. ‘bet’, ‘guarantee,’ ‘pledge’, ‘promise’‘swear’.
That’s the last time I’ll waste my money on so-called bargains
Expressives: the speaker expresses an attitudeabout a state of affairs,
e.g., ‘apologise’, ‘deplore’, ‘thank’, ‘welcome’-
Well done, Elisabeth!
∗ Declarations: the speaker alters the status quo by
making the utterance,
∗ e.g., I resign, you’re offside’, ‘I name this child’,
‘you’re nicked’, ‘you’re busted, punk.’
∗ the locutionary act or the locution: the act
of communication by the production of an
utterance;
∗ the illocutionary act or illocution: in other
words, that is the message that is
transmitted, which may not always
correspond to the literal meaning of the
words;
∗ the perlocutionary act: that is the
The three stages of a (successful) speech act
∗ Locutionary act  (and that is enough for today)
∗
∗ Illocutionary act  ( students make preparations
to quit the room)
∗
∗ Perloctionary act (you realise that a change has
occurred)
‘And that is enough for today…’
∗ the person performing the speech act has to have authority to
do so – only certain people are authorised to perform certain
speech acts;
the speech act has to be performed in the appropriate manner
(sometimes this involves respecting precise wording), this can
also include the demeanour
∗ sincerity conditions have to be present: the speech act must be
performed in a sincere manner: verbs such as promise, vow, or
guarantee are only valid if they are uttered sincerely.
So a speech act like ‘and that is enough for today’ can only be
taken as a declaration that the lesson has ended if:
∗ I have the authority to perform the speech act;
∗ If the hearers are in a position to perform the required action;
∗ And if there is sincerity.
Felicity conditions
∗ For many reasons, perhaps because we are abiding by
the politeness principle, for example, and we don’t
wish to impose – we may ask for something to be
done indirectly. ‘Can you pass the salt?’ is not really a
question, but a directive; and answer of ‘yes’, without
an attempt to pass it would be totally inappropriate
and would violate the maximum of relevance.
Indirect Speech Acts
∗ The three basic sentence types (declarative,
interrogative, imperative) are typically associated
with the three basic illocutionary forces:
∗ Declarative: asserting/ stating;
∗ Interrogative: asking/questioning;
∗ imperative: ordering/requesting.
Sentence type and illocutionary force
∗ A direct match between a sentence type and an
illocutionary force, equals a direct speech act.
∗ In addition, explicit performatives, which happen to be in
the declarative form, are also taken to be direct speech
acts, because they have their illocutionary force explicitly
named by the performative verb in the main part of the
sentence.
∗ If there is no direct relationship between a sentence type
and an illocutionary force, it indicates an indirect speech
act.
∗ When an explicit performative is used to make a request it
functions as a direct speech act; the same is the case when
Difference between direct and indirect
speech acts
∗ Shut the door!
∗ I’d be grateful, if you’d shut the door.
∗ Could you shut the door?
∗ It’d help to have the door shut.
∗ It’s getting cold in here. Shall we keep out
the draught?
∗
From Speech Act to Gradation of Indirect
Speech Act

More Related Content

What's hot

speech act theory in semantics
speech act theory in semanticsspeech act theory in semantics
speech act theory in semanticsAseel K. Mahmood
 
Deixis presentation
Deixis presentationDeixis presentation
Deixis presentationIjaz Ahmed
 
Speech Acts And Speech Events, By Dr.Shadia Yousef Banjar.Pptx
Speech Acts And Speech Events, By Dr.Shadia Yousef Banjar.PptxSpeech Acts And Speech Events, By Dr.Shadia Yousef Banjar.Pptx
Speech Acts And Speech Events, By Dr.Shadia Yousef Banjar.PptxDr. Shadia Banjar
 
Politeness And Interaction, By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Politeness And Interaction, By Dr.Shadia.PptxPoliteness And Interaction, By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Politeness And Interaction, By Dr.Shadia.PptxDr. Shadia Banjar
 
Pragmatics implicature
Pragmatics implicaturePragmatics implicature
Pragmatics implicaturephannguyen161
 
Pragmatics - George Yule
Pragmatics - George YulePragmatics - George Yule
Pragmatics - George YuleAnthony Salinas
 
Pragmatic Referece and Inference
Pragmatic Referece and InferencePragmatic Referece and Inference
Pragmatic Referece and InferenceFebri Shandy
 
Pragmatics: Deixis And Distance By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Pragmatics:  Deixis And Distance By Dr.Shadia.PptxPragmatics:  Deixis And Distance By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Pragmatics: Deixis And Distance By Dr.Shadia.PptxDr. Shadia Banjar
 
Cooperative principle.
Cooperative principle.Cooperative principle.
Cooperative principle.Sunbal Javaid
 
Speech acts
Speech actsSpeech acts
Speech actsYirmanny
 
Lecture 3 implicature
Lecture  3 implicatureLecture  3 implicature
Lecture 3 implicatureAdel Thamery
 
pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditions
pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditionspragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditions
pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditionsSajid Ali
 
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS - PRESUPPOSITIONS AND ENTAILMENTS
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS - PRESUPPOSITIONS AND ENTAILMENTSSEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS - PRESUPPOSITIONS AND ENTAILMENTS
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS - PRESUPPOSITIONS AND ENTAILMENTSMusfera Nara Vadia
 
Reference And Inference By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Reference And Inference  By Dr.Shadia.PptxReference And Inference  By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Reference And Inference By Dr.Shadia.PptxDr. Shadia Banjar
 

What's hot (20)

Speech act and speech event
Speech act and speech eventSpeech act and speech event
Speech act and speech event
 
speech act theory in semantics
speech act theory in semanticsspeech act theory in semantics
speech act theory in semantics
 
Deixis presentation
Deixis presentationDeixis presentation
Deixis presentation
 
Presupposition
PresuppositionPresupposition
Presupposition
 
Speech Acts And Speech Events, By Dr.Shadia Yousef Banjar.Pptx
Speech Acts And Speech Events, By Dr.Shadia Yousef Banjar.PptxSpeech Acts And Speech Events, By Dr.Shadia Yousef Banjar.Pptx
Speech Acts And Speech Events, By Dr.Shadia Yousef Banjar.Pptx
 
Politeness And Interaction, By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Politeness And Interaction, By Dr.Shadia.PptxPoliteness And Interaction, By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Politeness And Interaction, By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
 
PRAGMATICS: SPEECH ACTS
PRAGMATICS: SPEECH ACTSPRAGMATICS: SPEECH ACTS
PRAGMATICS: SPEECH ACTS
 
Pragmatics implicature
Pragmatics implicaturePragmatics implicature
Pragmatics implicature
 
Pragmatics - George Yule
Pragmatics - George YulePragmatics - George Yule
Pragmatics - George Yule
 
Pragmatic Referece and Inference
Pragmatic Referece and InferencePragmatic Referece and Inference
Pragmatic Referece and Inference
 
Deixis
DeixisDeixis
Deixis
 
Pragmatics: Deixis And Distance By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Pragmatics:  Deixis And Distance By Dr.Shadia.PptxPragmatics:  Deixis And Distance By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Pragmatics: Deixis And Distance By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
 
Cooperative principle.
Cooperative principle.Cooperative principle.
Cooperative principle.
 
Context and co text
Context and co textContext and co text
Context and co text
 
Speech acts
Speech actsSpeech acts
Speech acts
 
Lecture 3 implicature
Lecture  3 implicatureLecture  3 implicature
Lecture 3 implicature
 
pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditions
pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditionspragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditions
pragmatics speech act theory promises, felicity conditions
 
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS - PRESUPPOSITIONS AND ENTAILMENTS
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS - PRESUPPOSITIONS AND ENTAILMENTSSEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS - PRESUPPOSITIONS AND ENTAILMENTS
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS - PRESUPPOSITIONS AND ENTAILMENTS
 
Conversation and preference structure
Conversation and preference structureConversation and preference structure
Conversation and preference structure
 
Reference And Inference By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Reference And Inference  By Dr.Shadia.PptxReference And Inference  By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
Reference And Inference By Dr.Shadia.Pptx
 

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (6)

Hxe302 speech acts (1)
Hxe302 speech acts (1)Hxe302 speech acts (1)
Hxe302 speech acts (1)
 
Second Language Acquisition Theories
Second Language Acquisition TheoriesSecond Language Acquisition Theories
Second Language Acquisition Theories
 
Speech acts
Speech actsSpeech acts
Speech acts
 
SPEECH ACT THEORY
SPEECH ACT THEORYSPEECH ACT THEORY
SPEECH ACT THEORY
 
Anchoring Script.
Anchoring Script.Anchoring Script.
Anchoring Script.
 
Speech acts
Speech actsSpeech acts
Speech acts
 

Similar to direct and indirect speech

PPT_week_Speech_Acts.ppt
PPT_week_Speech_Acts.pptPPT_week_Speech_Acts.ppt
PPT_week_Speech_Acts.pptMichaelPandio
 
Lecture8-utterance meaning.ppt
Lecture8-utterance meaning.pptLecture8-utterance meaning.ppt
Lecture8-utterance meaning.pptssuser3aab60
 
English Verbs
English VerbsEnglish Verbs
English VerbsPiretL
 
Semantics Session 11_22_11_2021 Interpersonal meaning Speech Acts.pdf
Semantics Session 11_22_11_2021 Interpersonal meaning  Speech Acts.pdfSemantics Session 11_22_11_2021 Interpersonal meaning  Speech Acts.pdf
Semantics Session 11_22_11_2021 Interpersonal meaning Speech Acts.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
 
speechacts-161015120100.pdf
speechacts-161015120100.pdfspeechacts-161015120100.pdf
speechacts-161015120100.pdfMnMVlog
 
Discourse analysis session 8_23_11_2021 Speech acts.pdf
Discourse analysis session 8_23_11_2021 Speech acts.pdfDiscourse analysis session 8_23_11_2021 Speech acts.pdf
Discourse analysis session 8_23_11_2021 Speech acts.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
 
constative vs performatives
constative vs performativesconstative vs performatives
constative vs performativesAli Furqan Syed
 
PART-OF-SPEECH_CCA.pptx
PART-OF-SPEECH_CCA.pptxPART-OF-SPEECH_CCA.pptx
PART-OF-SPEECH_CCA.pptxSpyKids2
 
Discourse_Analysis.pptx
Discourse_Analysis.pptxDiscourse_Analysis.pptx
Discourse_Analysis.pptxEzekielAnselm
 
Speech act assignment
Speech act assignmentSpeech act assignment
Speech act assignmentZainab Amjad
 
2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary ActsThe loc.docx
2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary ActsThe loc.docx2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary ActsThe loc.docx
2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary ActsThe loc.docxeugeniadean34240
 
Speech Act Theory-151102165753-lva1-app6892.pdf
Speech Act Theory-151102165753-lva1-app6892.pdfSpeech Act Theory-151102165753-lva1-app6892.pdf
Speech Act Theory-151102165753-lva1-app6892.pdfKainatJameel
 
Approaches to discoourse analysis
Approaches to discoourse analysisApproaches to discoourse analysis
Approaches to discoourse analysisDuaa Ahmed
 
Speechacts 120705105111-phpapp02
Speechacts 120705105111-phpapp02Speechacts 120705105111-phpapp02
Speechacts 120705105111-phpapp02moh supardi
 

Similar to direct and indirect speech (20)

PPT_week_Speech_Acts.ppt
PPT_week_Speech_Acts.pptPPT_week_Speech_Acts.ppt
PPT_week_Speech_Acts.ppt
 
Speech Act Theory.docx
Speech Act Theory.docxSpeech Act Theory.docx
Speech Act Theory.docx
 
Lecture8-utterance meaning.ppt
Lecture8-utterance meaning.pptLecture8-utterance meaning.ppt
Lecture8-utterance meaning.ppt
 
Speech acts
Speech actsSpeech acts
Speech acts
 
English Verbs
English VerbsEnglish Verbs
English Verbs
 
Semantics Session 11_22_11_2021 Interpersonal meaning Speech Acts.pdf
Semantics Session 11_22_11_2021 Interpersonal meaning  Speech Acts.pdfSemantics Session 11_22_11_2021 Interpersonal meaning  Speech Acts.pdf
Semantics Session 11_22_11_2021 Interpersonal meaning Speech Acts.pdf
 
Speech acts
Speech actsSpeech acts
Speech acts
 
speechacts-161015120100.pdf
speechacts-161015120100.pdfspeechacts-161015120100.pdf
speechacts-161015120100.pdf
 
Discourse analysis session 8_23_11_2021 Speech acts.pdf
Discourse analysis session 8_23_11_2021 Speech acts.pdfDiscourse analysis session 8_23_11_2021 Speech acts.pdf
Discourse analysis session 8_23_11_2021 Speech acts.pdf
 
Pragmatics
PragmaticsPragmatics
Pragmatics
 
constative vs performatives
constative vs performativesconstative vs performatives
constative vs performatives
 
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysisDiscourse analysis
Discourse analysis
 
Lesson 8
Lesson 8Lesson 8
Lesson 8
 
PART-OF-SPEECH_CCA.pptx
PART-OF-SPEECH_CCA.pptxPART-OF-SPEECH_CCA.pptx
PART-OF-SPEECH_CCA.pptx
 
Discourse_Analysis.pptx
Discourse_Analysis.pptxDiscourse_Analysis.pptx
Discourse_Analysis.pptx
 
Speech act assignment
Speech act assignmentSpeech act assignment
Speech act assignment
 
2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary ActsThe loc.docx
2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary ActsThe loc.docx2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary ActsThe loc.docx
2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary ActsThe loc.docx
 
Speech Act Theory-151102165753-lva1-app6892.pdf
Speech Act Theory-151102165753-lva1-app6892.pdfSpeech Act Theory-151102165753-lva1-app6892.pdf
Speech Act Theory-151102165753-lva1-app6892.pdf
 
Approaches to discoourse analysis
Approaches to discoourse analysisApproaches to discoourse analysis
Approaches to discoourse analysis
 
Speechacts 120705105111-phpapp02
Speechacts 120705105111-phpapp02Speechacts 120705105111-phpapp02
Speechacts 120705105111-phpapp02
 

More from munsif123

On Page SEO presentations
On Page SEO presentations On Page SEO presentations
On Page SEO presentations munsif123
 
Big shadow test
Big shadow testBig shadow test
Big shadow testmunsif123
 
Computer based test designs (cbt)
Computer based test designs (cbt)Computer based test designs (cbt)
Computer based test designs (cbt)munsif123
 
Test construction
Test constructionTest construction
Test constructionmunsif123
 
Test equating using irt. final
Test equating using irt. finalTest equating using irt. final
Test equating using irt. finalmunsif123
 
Simultaneously assembly
Simultaneously assemblySimultaneously assembly
Simultaneously assemblymunsif123
 
The nedelsky method
The nedelsky methodThe nedelsky method
The nedelsky methodmunsif123
 
Portfolios in Education
Portfolios in EducationPortfolios in Education
Portfolios in Educationmunsif123
 
Instrument development process
Instrument development processInstrument development process
Instrument development processmunsif123
 
Advanced assessment and evaluation (role of assessment and measurement in tea...
Advanced assessment and evaluation (role of assessment and measurement in tea...Advanced assessment and evaluation (role of assessment and measurement in tea...
Advanced assessment and evaluation (role of assessment and measurement in tea...munsif123
 
Alternative assessment strategies
Alternative assessment strategiesAlternative assessment strategies
Alternative assessment strategiesmunsif123
 
Anecdotal record in education
Anecdotal record in education Anecdotal record in education
Anecdotal record in education munsif123
 
Role of objective Assessment and Evaluation
Role of objective Assessment and Evaluation  Role of objective Assessment and Evaluation
Role of objective Assessment and Evaluation munsif123
 
Item analysis in education
Item analysis  in educationItem analysis  in education
Item analysis in educationmunsif123
 
Principles of assessment
Principles of assessmentPrinciples of assessment
Principles of assessmentmunsif123
 
vertical Moderate Standard setting
vertical Moderate Standard setting vertical Moderate Standard setting
vertical Moderate Standard setting munsif123
 
Angoff method ppt
Angoff method pptAngoff method ppt
Angoff method pptmunsif123
 
Angoff method ppt
Angoff method pptAngoff method ppt
Angoff method pptmunsif123
 
American psychology Association
American psychology Association American psychology Association
American psychology Association munsif123
 
Student diversity
Student diversity Student diversity
Student diversity munsif123
 

More from munsif123 (20)

On Page SEO presentations
On Page SEO presentations On Page SEO presentations
On Page SEO presentations
 
Big shadow test
Big shadow testBig shadow test
Big shadow test
 
Computer based test designs (cbt)
Computer based test designs (cbt)Computer based test designs (cbt)
Computer based test designs (cbt)
 
Test construction
Test constructionTest construction
Test construction
 
Test equating using irt. final
Test equating using irt. finalTest equating using irt. final
Test equating using irt. final
 
Simultaneously assembly
Simultaneously assemblySimultaneously assembly
Simultaneously assembly
 
The nedelsky method
The nedelsky methodThe nedelsky method
The nedelsky method
 
Portfolios in Education
Portfolios in EducationPortfolios in Education
Portfolios in Education
 
Instrument development process
Instrument development processInstrument development process
Instrument development process
 
Advanced assessment and evaluation (role of assessment and measurement in tea...
Advanced assessment and evaluation (role of assessment and measurement in tea...Advanced assessment and evaluation (role of assessment and measurement in tea...
Advanced assessment and evaluation (role of assessment and measurement in tea...
 
Alternative assessment strategies
Alternative assessment strategiesAlternative assessment strategies
Alternative assessment strategies
 
Anecdotal record in education
Anecdotal record in education Anecdotal record in education
Anecdotal record in education
 
Role of objective Assessment and Evaluation
Role of objective Assessment and Evaluation  Role of objective Assessment and Evaluation
Role of objective Assessment and Evaluation
 
Item analysis in education
Item analysis  in educationItem analysis  in education
Item analysis in education
 
Principles of assessment
Principles of assessmentPrinciples of assessment
Principles of assessment
 
vertical Moderate Standard setting
vertical Moderate Standard setting vertical Moderate Standard setting
vertical Moderate Standard setting
 
Angoff method ppt
Angoff method pptAngoff method ppt
Angoff method ppt
 
Angoff method ppt
Angoff method pptAngoff method ppt
Angoff method ppt
 
American psychology Association
American psychology Association American psychology Association
American psychology Association
 
Student diversity
Student diversity Student diversity
Student diversity
 

Recently uploaded

PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 

Recently uploaded (20)

PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 

direct and indirect speech

  • 1. Speech Acts Direct and indirect speech acts Munsif sial Uet lahore
  • 2. ∗ Speech Events may also include Speech Acts. J.L Austin observed that ‘many utterances do not communicate information, but are equivalent to actions, e.g. ∗ I apologise…’ ∗ I promise….’ ∗ ‘I will….’ (at a wedding’ ∗ ‘I name this ship….’ Speech Acts
  • 3. ∗ Austin called such utterances performatives, which he saw as distinct from statements that convey information (constatives). I christen/name this ship The Queen Elisabeth (performative). Maurice Garin won the Tour de France in 1903 (constative) ∗ Performatives cannot be true or false. Performatives
  • 4. ∗ Explicit performatives are performative utterances that contain a performative verb that makes explicit what kind of act is being performed. I promise to come to your talk tomorrow afternoon. ∗ implicit performatives are performative utterances in which there is no such verb. I’ll come to your talk tomorrow afternoon. Explict vs implicit performatives
  • 5. Other common Speech Acts are: ∗ apology, ∗ promise, ∗ agreement ∗ acceptance ∗ advice ∗ suggestion ∗ warning ∗ requests ∗ betting ∗ to second ∗ to vote ∗ to abstain Common explicit performatives
  • 6. Representatives: the speaker is committed in varying degrees to the truth of a proposition: e.g. ‘affirm’, ‘believe,’ ‘conclude’, ‘report’; I think the Berlin Wall came down in 1989 Directives: the speaker tries to do something e.g. ‘ask’, ‘challenge’, ‘command’, ‘request’. Pass me the towel, will you? Searle’s Five Categories of Speech Acts
  • 7. Commissives: the speaker is committed invarying degrees, to a certain course of action, e.g. ‘bet’, ‘guarantee,’ ‘pledge’, ‘promise’‘swear’. That’s the last time I’ll waste my money on so-called bargains Expressives: the speaker expresses an attitudeabout a state of affairs, e.g., ‘apologise’, ‘deplore’, ‘thank’, ‘welcome’- Well done, Elisabeth!
  • 8. ∗ Declarations: the speaker alters the status quo by making the utterance, ∗ e.g., I resign, you’re offside’, ‘I name this child’, ‘you’re nicked’, ‘you’re busted, punk.’
  • 9. ∗ the locutionary act or the locution: the act of communication by the production of an utterance; ∗ the illocutionary act or illocution: in other words, that is the message that is transmitted, which may not always correspond to the literal meaning of the words; ∗ the perlocutionary act: that is the The three stages of a (successful) speech act
  • 10. ∗ Locutionary act  (and that is enough for today) ∗ ∗ Illocutionary act  ( students make preparations to quit the room) ∗ ∗ Perloctionary act (you realise that a change has occurred) ‘And that is enough for today…’
  • 11. ∗ the person performing the speech act has to have authority to do so – only certain people are authorised to perform certain speech acts; the speech act has to be performed in the appropriate manner (sometimes this involves respecting precise wording), this can also include the demeanour ∗ sincerity conditions have to be present: the speech act must be performed in a sincere manner: verbs such as promise, vow, or guarantee are only valid if they are uttered sincerely. So a speech act like ‘and that is enough for today’ can only be taken as a declaration that the lesson has ended if: ∗ I have the authority to perform the speech act; ∗ If the hearers are in a position to perform the required action; ∗ And if there is sincerity. Felicity conditions
  • 12. ∗ For many reasons, perhaps because we are abiding by the politeness principle, for example, and we don’t wish to impose – we may ask for something to be done indirectly. ‘Can you pass the salt?’ is not really a question, but a directive; and answer of ‘yes’, without an attempt to pass it would be totally inappropriate and would violate the maximum of relevance. Indirect Speech Acts
  • 13. ∗ The three basic sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative) are typically associated with the three basic illocutionary forces: ∗ Declarative: asserting/ stating; ∗ Interrogative: asking/questioning; ∗ imperative: ordering/requesting. Sentence type and illocutionary force
  • 14. ∗ A direct match between a sentence type and an illocutionary force, equals a direct speech act. ∗ In addition, explicit performatives, which happen to be in the declarative form, are also taken to be direct speech acts, because they have their illocutionary force explicitly named by the performative verb in the main part of the sentence. ∗ If there is no direct relationship between a sentence type and an illocutionary force, it indicates an indirect speech act. ∗ When an explicit performative is used to make a request it functions as a direct speech act; the same is the case when Difference between direct and indirect speech acts
  • 15. ∗ Shut the door! ∗ I’d be grateful, if you’d shut the door. ∗ Could you shut the door? ∗ It’d help to have the door shut. ∗ It’s getting cold in here. Shall we keep out the draught? ∗ From Speech Act to Gradation of Indirect Speech Act