Negotiation is a process where parties try to reach an agreement or compromise on issues in dispute. It involves exchanging offers and counteroffers to find mutually acceptable solutions. Effective negotiation requires preparation, understanding both sides' objectives and priorities, developing alternative options, and using strategies like focusing on interests rather than positions to achieve win-win outcomes when possible. Key roles for negotiators include maintaining team unity, understanding the issues, preparing necessary information, seeking compromise, and knowing when to conclude the negotiation. Personality traits alone do not determine outcomes, but both gender and power can influence negotiating style and perceived success.

2. 1-Negotiation
Introduction
 Definition
 Negotiation strategies

3. Negotiation is a process where each party
involved in negotiating tries to gain an
advantage for themselves by the end of
the process. Negotiation is intended to
aim at compromise.

4. 1-ROBBINS:
A process in which two or more parties exchange goods and
services and attempt to agree upon the exchange rate for them.
2- KAVITA SINGH:
Negotiation is a process by which two or more parties each
which its own goals & perspectives coordinate areas of interest
through concessions & compromise to reach an agreement and
take the joint decision about areas of common concerns in a
situation in which neither side has nor wants to use power.

5. 3- Rubin and Brown (1975)
Negotiation refers to a process in which individuals work
together to formulate agreements about the issues in
dispute. This process assumes that the parties involved are
willing to communicate and to generate offers, counteroffers, or both. Agreement occurs if and only if the offers
made are accepted by both of the parties.
4- Minton( 2001)
The degree to which the interests of the parties are
aligned can facilitate the range and type of outcomes
available for resolution.

6. 1-DISTRIBUTIVE NEGOTIATION
The most distributive feature is that it operates under a zero sum
game, that the gain made by one person is loss incurred by the
other person.
Each person involved in the negotiation defines ultimate point
where the settlement will be made.
2-INTEGRATIVE NEGOTIATION
The characteristic feature of integrative bargaining is that it relies
in win-win situation and therefore uses a collaborative model of
conflict resolution. Both parties involved in negotiation process
jointly look at the problem, try to search for alternatives and try to
evaluate them and reach a mutually acceptable decision or
solution.

7. 1-DISTRIBUTIVE NEGOTIATION
Strategies used in it are
I want it all
Good cop, bad cop
Time wrap
ultimatums
2-INTEGRATIVE NEGOTIATION
Strategies used in it are
Focus on interests and not position
Separate the people from the problem
Insist on using objective criteria
Invest option for mutual gains

8. Importance
of negotiation
Roles and responsibilities of negotiators

9. Certainty
The aim of contract negotiation is firstly to achieve certainty, to record what is
being supplied, when, in what quantities and to what standard, and what are the
consequences of delay or failure to meet the agreed requirements.
The best deal
Seeking clarity does not conflict with the view that negotiations should achieve
the best deal, it merely points out that both parties to a negotiation have to
understand what it is that they have agreed to.
Achievement of an Organization's objectives
The goal of every negotiation must be to achieve a result which, even if it
falls short of the original objective, can be considered a satisfactory
advancement towards it.
Create of a long-term relationship between the parties
Whilst this is not always possible, and some cultures, such as the
Japanese, place more emphasis on this aspect of negotiation, this is
increasingly important as companies build networks of alliance partners.

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Negotiation is a dialog intended to resolve disputes
and reach to an agreement
It is the primary method of alternative dispute
resolution
Negotiation can also be done to satisfy individual
interests
Negotiations are daily affairs in business, legal
proceedings, government affairs, and other such
activities

11. Negotiation Skills and Role Distribution:
A good negotiating team has members with diverse skills

Technical Knowledge
 Relationship Skills
 Patience
 Observational Skills
 Behavior Analyzing Skills
Having people with these qualities is a definite
advantage during the process of negotiation.
Depending on their skills, the members are assigned
certain roles and responsibilities in the negotiation
process

12. There are some roles and responsibilities of
negotiators that can use during negotiation are;
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Unity within the team is the most important attribute
the team should understand the subject
Decide which information is needed and which is not in the
process
Took some points that provide help to other side try to avoid them
prepared with full range of knowledge and expertise
knowing the other side very well
Team leader discus eith other team members such as behavior
analysts, and take their feedback
It is good way to solve internal disputes

13. Muhammad Usman Ahmed
The Negotiation Process

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Prépare You + your team
Know the other party
Know the Picture
Identify the objectives
Priortize the objectives

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Create options
Select fair standards
Examine Alternatives
Select your strategy , tactics and counter
tactics
Develop a solid & approved team Negotiation
plan

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Introduction
Détermine who has authority
Rules and procedures
Prepare the facility
Use and agenda
Create a positive working climate
Exchange issues

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Specify what you want
Problem identification
Put forward the solutions
Exchange information
Focus on objectives
Listen carefully and question thoroughly
Seek compromise: get win/win if possible
Remember optimum and fallback positions

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Ask for what you want:modify if you need
Don`t concede without exchanging
Decide on areas of possible flexibility
Use stratagies ,tactics and countertactics
Make counter offers
Know when to walk away

20. Distributive Bargaining:
Negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of
resources : a win loose situation
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Integrative Bargaining :
Negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can
create a win win sloution.
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Statement of agreement
Document the agreement
Prepare Negotiation results and summary
Close the remaining gaps
Reach at a tentative agreement
Implement the deal
Monitor the implemantation

22. The role of personality traits in negotiation :
Traits do not appear to have a significantly direct affect
on the outcomes of either bargaining or negotiating
process
 Gender Differences in Negotiations
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Women negotiate no differently from men, although men
apparently negotiate slightly better outcomes.
Men and women with similar power bases use the same
negotiating styles.
Women’s attitudes toward negotiation and their success as
negotiators are less favorable than men’s

23. http://www.uvm.edu/extension/community/nnco/cd/
unit4a.htm#4a
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/lessonplans/negotiations-1-building-relationships
http://www.bms.co.in/explain-different-types-ofnegotiation-strategies/
http://www.psych-it.com.au/theses/article.asp?page=6
http://www.negotiation.biz/negotiation_objectives.htm