El movimiento Arts and Crafts fue un movimiento artístico que surgió en Inglaterra en 1880 y se desarrolló en el Reino Unido y Estados Unidos en los últimos años del siglo XIX y comienzos del siglo XX. Inspirado por la obra de John Ruskin, alcanzó su cenit entre 1880 y 1910. El Arts & Crafts se asocia sobre todo con la figura de William Morris, artesano, impresor, diseñador, escritor, poeta, activista político y, en fin, hombre polifacético, que se ocupó de la recuperación de los artes y oficios medievales, renegando de las nacientes formas de producción en masa. Aparte de William Morris, sus principales impulsores fueron Charles Robert Ashbee, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, Walter Crane, Phoebe Anna Traquair, Herbert Tudor Buckland, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Frank Lloyd Wright, Christopher Dresser, Edwin Lutyens, Ernest Gimson, Gustav Stickley, y los artistas del movimiento prerrafaelita. El movimiento reivindicó la primacía del ser humano sobre la máquina, con la filosofía de utilizar la tecnología industrial al servicio del hombre: potenciando la creatividad y el arte frente a la producción en serie. Se caracteriza por el uso de líneas serpenteadas y asimétricas constituyendo sobre todo un arte decorativo. Se trató de un movimiento estético reformista que tuvo gran influencia en la arquitectura, las artes decorativas y las artesanías británicas y norteamericanas, e incluso en el diseño de jardines. En Estados Unidos, se usan las denominaciones Arts and Crafts movement, American Craftsman, o estilo Craftsman para referirse al estilo arquitectónico y decorativo que predominó entre los períodos del Art Nouveau (Modernismo) y Art decó, es decir, aproximadamente entre 1910 y 1925. Pretende que cada objeto deberia tener o retomar algo del pasado pero dandole un sentido elegante.
The Arts and Crafts Movement was a British, Canadian, Australian, and American aesthetic movement occurring in the last years of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. Inspired by the writings of John Ruskin and a romantic idealization of a craftsperson taking pride in their personal handiwork, it was at its height between approximately 1880 and 1910.
It was a reformist movement that influenced architecture, decorative arts, cabinet making, crafts, and even the "cottage" garden designs of William Robinson or Gertrude Jekyll. Its best-known practitioners were William Morris, Charles Robert Ashbee, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, Elbert Hubbard, Walter Crane, Nelson Dawson, Phoebe Anna Traquair, Herbert Tudor Buckland, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Christopher Dresser, Edwin Lutyens, William De Morgan, Ernest Gimson, William Lethaby, Edward Schroeder Prior, Frank Lloyd Wright, Gustav Stickley, Greene & Greene, George Washington Maher, Dirk van Erp, Charles Voysey, Christopher Whall, Henry Chapman Mercer, and artists in the Pre-Raphaelite movement.
In the United States, the terms American Craftsman, or Craftsman style are often used to denote the style of architecture, interior design, and decorative arts that prevailed between the dominant eras of Art Nouveau and Art Deco, or roughly the period from 1910 to 1925.
In Canada, the term Arts and Crafts predominates, but the term Craftsman is also recognized.
The Arts and Crafts Movement began primarily as a search for authentic and meaningful styles for the 19th century and as a reaction to the eclectic revival of historic styles of the Victorian era and to "soulless" machine-made production aided by the Industrial Revolution. Considering the machine to be the root cause of all repetitive and mundane evils, some of the protagonists of this movement turned entirely away from the use of machines and towards handcraft, which tended to concentrate their productions in the hands of sensitive but well-heeled patrons.
Yet, while the Arts and Crafts movement was in large part a reaction to industrialization, if looked at on the whole, it was neither anti-industrial nor anti-modern. Some of the European factions believed that machines were in fact necessary, but they should only be used to relieve the tedium of mundane, repetitive tasks. At the same time, some Arts and Crafts leaders felt that objects should also be affordable. The conflict between quality production and 'demo' design, and the attempt to reconcile the two, dominated design debate at the turn of the twentieth century.
Those who sought compromise between the efficiency of the machine and the skill of the craftsman thought it a useful endeavour to seek the means through which a true craftsman could master a machine to do his bidding, in opposition to what many believed to be the reality during the Industrial Age, i.e., that humans had become slaves to the industrial machine.
The need to reverse the human subservience to the unquenchable machine was a point that everyone agreed on. Yet the extent to which the machine was ostracised from the process was a point of contention debated by many different factions within the Arts and Crafts movement throughout Europe. less
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