BASIC BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND BASIC GENETICS BHARTI MPH

BASIC BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS

CELL A cell is a smallest unit that is capable of performing life function

A cell is a smallest unit that is capable of performing life function

Cell Theory All living things are made up of cell Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

All living things are made up of cell

Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.

All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

TYPES OF CELLS Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell

Eukaryotic cell

CHARACTERSTICS OF PROKARYOTIC CELL 1.Do not have structures surrounded by membranes. 2.Few internal structures. 3. One –celled organism , Bacteria

1.Do not have structures surrounded by membranes.

2.Few internal structures.

3. One –celled organism , Bacteria

CHARACTERSTICS OF EUKARYOTIC CELL Contain organelles surrounded by membranes. Most living organisms. IT IS OF TWO TYPES: Animal cell Plant cell

Contain organelles surrounded by membranes.

Most living organisms.

IT IS OF TWO TYPES:

Animal cell

Plant cell

DIFFERENT ORGANELLES OF ANIMAL CELL Ribosome's Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell Membrane

Ribosome's

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cell Membrane

BACTERIA Simple structure Lacks membrane – bound nucleus Enormous range of metabolic activities Few bacteria causes disease Usually they contain peptidoglycan Gives shape & mechanical strength to the cell

Simple structure

Lacks membrane – bound nucleus

Enormous range of metabolic activities

Few bacteria causes disease

Usually they contain peptidoglycan

Gives shape & mechanical strength to the cell

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF STAINING Bacteria can be divided into two groups on the basis of gram staining. Gram positive bacteria Gram negative bacteria

Bacteria can be divided into two groups on the basis of gram staining.

Gram positive bacteria

Gram negative bacteria

SHAPES Round shape (cocci) Rod shape (bacilli) Spiral shape (Spring like)

Round shape (cocci)

Rod shape (bacilli)

Spiral shape (Spring like)

BACTERIAL DISEASE Diptheria Tuberculosis Whooping cough Tetanus Cholera Typhoid fever Bacterial Dysentry

Diptheria

Tuberculosis

Whooping cough

Tetanus

Cholera

Typhoid fever

Bacterial Dysentry

VIRUS Sub-microscopic infectious agent Unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell Consist of genetic material (DNA,RNA)

Sub-microscopic infectious agent

Unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell

Consist of genetic material (DNA,RNA)

VIRAL DISEASES Influenza Common cold Small pox Mumps Measles German measles Poliovirus Yellow fever

Influenza

Common cold

Small pox

Mumps

Measles

German measles

Poliovirus

Yellow fever

FUNGI Eukaryotic organism Heterotrophic organisms possessing a chitinous cell wall Some fungal species grow as single cell Examples: yeasts, molds, mushrooms Symptoms: fluffy white patches, reed inflamed skin under patch, severe irritation

Eukaryotic organism

Heterotrophic organisms possessing a chitinous cell wall

Some fungal species grow as single cell

Examples: yeasts, molds, mushrooms

Symptoms: fluffy white patches, reed inflamed skin under patch, severe irritation

DISEASE CAUSED BY FUNGI Athlete's foot Head ringworm Candidiasis

Athlete's foot

Head ringworm

Candidiasis

PROTOZOA One –celled animals Smallest of all animals Most of them can only be seen under a microscope They do breathe, move, reproduce like multi celled animals

One –celled animals

Smallest of all animals

Most of them can only be seen under a microscope

They do breathe, move, reproduce like multi celled animals

Live in water where it is damp Example: paramecium, euglena, amoeba Some are harmful to man ,cause serious diseases Helpful because they eat harmful bacteria and are food for fish and other animal Also called fission

Live in water where it is damp

Example: paramecium, euglena, amoeba

Some are harmful to man ,cause serious diseases

Helpful because they eat harmful bacteria and are food for fish and other animal

Also called fission

DISEASE CAUSED BY PROTOZA Malaria Amoebiasis

Malaria

Amoebiasis

BASIC CONCEPTS IN GENETICS

MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT Research was with plants Basic underline principle of heredity Also applicable to human beings and animals Performed experiment on common pea plant Certain traits show up in the offspring Observed seven traits Apparently occur in one of the two form

Research was with plants

Basic underline principle of heredity

Also applicable to human beings and animals

Performed experiment on common pea plant

Certain traits show up in the offspring

Observed seven traits

Apparently occur in one of the two form

TRAITS Flower color is purple or white Flower position is axil or terminal Stem length is long or short Seed shape is round or wrinkled Seed color is yellow or green Pod shape is inflated or constricted Pod color is yellow or green

Flower color is purple or white

Flower position is axil or terminal

Stem length is long or short

Seed shape is round or wrinkled

Seed color is yellow or green

Pod shape is inflated or constricted

Pod color is yellow or green

Mendel’s second experiment Picked common garden pea plant Pea plant have both male and female reproductive organs Can be self pollinated Cross pollinated

Picked common garden pea plant

Pea plant have both male and female reproductive organs

Can be self pollinated

Cross pollinated

Cross pollinating plants that either produce yellow or green pea seeds First offspring generation (f1) always has yellow seeds F2 generation has 3:1 ratio of yellow to green 3:1 ratio occur in the later generations as well Realized that this was the key to under -standing the basic mechanism of inheritance

Cross pollinating plants that either produce yellow or green pea seeds

First offspring generation (f1) always has yellow seeds

F2 generation has 3:1 ratio of yellow to green

3:1 ratio occur in the later generations as well

Realized that this was the key to under -standing the basic mechanism of inheritance

conclusion inheritance of each trait is determined by ‘units’ or ‘factors’ that are passed on to descendents unchanged (genes) An individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each trait Trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next generation

inheritance of each trait is determined by ‘units’ or ‘factors’ that are passed on to descendents unchanged (genes)

An individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each trait

Trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next generation

Starting parent plants – homozygous (alleles or form) F1 generation – heterozygous (different alleles) Genotype Phenotype

Starting parent plants – homozygous (alleles or form)

F1 generation – heterozygous (different alleles)

Genotype

Phenotype

the principle of segregation the principle of independent assortment

the principle of segregation

the principle of independent assortment

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