Jakarta case presentation edited

The ground water pollution: Jakarta Lesson Learned Dr. Riant Nugroho Visiting Senior Lecture University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Board Member/Advisor The Jakarta Water Regulatory Body The paper is presented at The World Water Week, September 5‐11, 2010, Stockholm UNESCO‐Both ENDS‐International Water Institute Stockholm.

29 July 2010… A short letter at my mail “Today is an historic day! The United Nations General Assembly voted unanimously to adopt a resolution recognizing the human right to water and sanitation. There were 122 states in favour ‐ 0 opposed and 41 abstentions, with the US calling for a vote.”

Beginning with an Ending: Right to Water & Sanitation Total policy performance gap Mistake People Mistake Total implementation behavior policy performance Vision and Policy : Implemen‐ human Regulatory tation rights framework compliance

GoI’s vision on water and sanitation (National Development Plan 2004‐2009) • To develop drinking water and healthy environment, government priorities are: 1. Increasing tap‐water service coverage and national basic sanitation in term of quality, efficiency, affordability, and sustainability 2. Increasing quality of surface‐water as raw material for tap‐water 3. Increasing utility of existing sewage and sewer reclamation infrastructure 4. Developing sanitation services 5. Developing centralized sewerage system for cities and metropolitans

The Constitution : Constitution 1945 • Article 33 “The land, the waters and the natural resources within shall be under the powers of the State and shall be used to the greatest benefit of the people”. (The statement “under the control” does not mean all activities should only be implemented by the government, it is allowing to at certain extent on natural resources to be utilized by private, community or cooperative however it should be under the control of the Government. This includes land and water having economic value and social functions. Utilization should be based on sustainable manner and for the maximum prosperity of Indonesian people.)

The Law to International Covenant • Law No. 11/2005 ratified the international covenant on economic, social and cultural (ECOSOC) rights : “State shall respects and protects the right to water” Key Performance Indicators Government accountability 1. Availability 1. Respect 2. Quality 2. Protect 3. Accessibility 3. Fulfill society as the active player as People‐based water well as the beneficiaries of the development development

Other Laws to some keys International Covenant • Law No 29/1999 on Ratification of International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) • Presidential Decision 36/1994 on Ratification of Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC)

The Law No. 7/2004 on Water Resources “Water resources shall be managed based on the principle of conservation, balance, public benefit, integrity and harmony, justice, independence, as well transparency and accountability” • Articles 5: “The state will protect the people’s right to get healthy, clean, and sufficient of water for their minimal daily life  right to water (access to water) • Articles 6: the waters resources shall be under the powers of the State and shall be used to the greatest benefit of the people welfare  water right (ownership to water)

Government Regulation No. 20/1990 on Water Pollution Control • Water is a basic natural resource needed for human being. Government shall control water pollution through water standard quality policy to maintain the water quality right to human living and other living beings.

Government Regulation No. 16/2005 on Development of Drinking Water Provision System • Government shall develop the Drinking Water Provision System which integrated to the sanitation. In order to implement the development of the drinking water provision system, Government shall cooperate with business and society.

Government Regulation No. 42/2008 on Water Resource Management • Management of utilization of water resource shall conduct to maintain the function of water resources sustainably in the balance of social, environment, and economic functions.

Government Regulation No. 43/2008 on Ground Water • Government Regulation No. 43/2008 on Ground Water. The policy of groundwater integrates the national, province, and city/municipality groundwater management, in the objective to balance the aspect of conservation, utilization, and control of endangering destructive power of ground water system.

Policy structure

Today’s overall policy’s governance Constitution 1945 Law No. 7/2003 on Water Law No. 11 /1974 on Water Law No. 11/2005 on ECOSOC Resources Affairs Government Regulation No. Government Regulation No. Government Regulation No. 16/2005 on Development of 42/2008 on Water Resource 43/2008 on Ground Water Drinking Water Provision Management System Ministry of Environment Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Public Works Ministry of Health Decision/Decree/Regulation Decision/Decree/Regulation Decision/Decree/Regulation Decision/Decree/Regulation Regional Regulation Regional Regulation Regional Regulation Regional Regulation (Province, City, Municipality) (Province, City, Municipality) (Province, City, Municipality) (Province, City, Municipality)

Reformation : Policy change Water as SOCIAL GOOD Water as SOCIAL GOOD Water as ECONOMIC GOOD

River water quality in Indonesia is mostly affected by domestic waste as well as industrial and agricultural waste • River water monitoring has been carried out in 30 Provinces in 2004, with samples taken twice per year. • The monitoring result indicates that parameters of DO, BOD, COD, fecal coli and total coli form are mostly above the water quality standards under Government Regulation 82/2001. • Biological parameter especially fecal coli and total coli forms indicate most river in populated areas such as Java is very critical, for example in Kulonprogo River (Central Java), Ciliwung (Jakarta), and Citarum (West Java). • Whilst, more than 98% of all water is groundwater, only the rest of 2% is in rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

The rising problem : 1,17% population growth…but urban population growth 5,5% Sources : BPS (national Statistical Agency), Bappenas (national Planning Agency). 2015 to 2025 are Bappenas estimation

“2020” (If Maya’s curse is failed, therefore 2012 will not be “the end of the day”) • 23 cities with more than 1 million populations • 11 will be in Java • 5 will be more than 5 million populations

Cities in Indonesia 2010 8,7 2,0 3,2 1,3 2,7 1,9 1,1 1,51,3 1,3

Problem of access to water • The decrease of water resources : pollution, deforestation, heavy agriculture activities, the change of function of water catchment area, water user behavior, and natural phenomena (global climate change). • 2003 : number of rural household without access to drinking water is 30.88% in and without access to sanitation is 36.04 %. • Clean water supply system serves about 45 million or 40% of urban population and 7 million or 8% of rural population. • Poor water continuity in water stressed areas forcing poor people obtains water at higher price than those with higher income. • In Bengkulu, North Maluku, Central Kalimantan and West Kalimantan Provinces, drinking water supply mostly is obtained from river and unprotected wells. • In several large cities, 73% of water need for household is obtained from groundwater sources. (Riant Nugroho, et.al, 2009)

Performance : 58,3% unsound performance Soundness 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sound 38 44 50 80 104 140 Unsound 73 110 113 116 134 145 Poor 224 181 172 139 97 50

Existing condition (2009) • Today, majority of people are still using ground water, therefore more approach to develop piped water supply system is needed to be developed. • Indonesia target for 2009 is having 60% of service coverage ratio, compare to the realization of 43%, in compare to 41% service coverage ratio in 2005. • While at the PDAM side, the average performance are not satisfactory. • Water loss in average is 37%. Water quality is not drinking water and in many big cities, water authorities unable to supply 24 hour a day and even some areas suffer of no‐water at all so they need to rely on unhealthy sources of water.

Access to water, recent government report • “In the year of 2010, only 14% of the population has access to water, meanwhile in 2014, the target is 60,3% due to the MDG achievement target of 75% water service coverage. Therefore, GoI need budget of IDR 33 trillion (USD 3,5 billion) in the next 5 years. Therefore, Government of Indonesia invite private sector to participate” Dr. Agus Widjanarko, Secretary General of Department of Public Works, 23 June 2010

Reformation : Policy change Water as SOCIAL GOOD Water as SOCIAL GOOD Water as ECONOMIC GOOD

JAKARTA CITY

MAP OF JAKARTA

Jakarta’s Profile • 661.52 km2 of and 8.522.589 population • The densest city in Indonesia : 12.883 per km2  GDP per capita in 2009 was USD 8.400, or 320% compared to Indonesia GDP per capita.  Have signed MDG’s commitment in 2008 in NY :  80% of the population will be having clean water and delivered by piped‐ system.  It is not about the “pipe‐water” alone, but in regards to assure that the ground water will not be used in the city, because it will conserve the land of the city and to evade the endangered the polluted ground water.

Jakarta Water Governance

The Governance of Jakarta water (1945‐1998) Governor Jakarta Parliament PAM Jaya Consumer

The Governance of Jakarta water (1998‐2001) Governor Jakarta Parliament PAM Jaya PALYJA (Suez/France) TPJ (Thames/UK) Consumer

The Governance of Jakarta water (2002‐now) Governor Jakarta Parliament PAM Jaya JWRB PALYJA (Suez/France) TPJ (Thames/UK) Consumer

JWRB focus : securing water governance Jakarta Water Good governance in water Regulatory Body supply services 25 years of concession Private/foreign PAM Jaya companies Payment Services & Tarrif Water consumers

Connections 777,994 755.555 725.441 749.572 690.456 705.890 708.919 649.429 579.013 610.806 562.255 487.978 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009

Jakarta water supply service performance 2009 Techincal target Target Actual performance 1. Water loss (NRW) 41.70% 50.20% 2. Production (million m3) 405.09 430,23 3. Connection 795,025 777,994 4. Volume sold (million m3) 287,84 257.96 5. Coverage ratio 68.27% * 63.58% * Operators coverage ratio assumptions = 7 people per connection JWRB assumption is 1 connection (household) = 4 people = coverage ratio 42%.

Water Tariff Cities in Asia (USD) Tariff Jakarta Singapore Kuala Manila Bangkok Brunei Hong Taipei Lumpur Kong Lowest 0,11 0,31 0,14 0,15 0,26 0,08 0,55 0,16 Highest 1,61 1,39 1,27 0,75 0,48 0,84 1,19 0,24

Water Deficit (million m3) 335 274 272 305 267 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 273 275 296 304 317

Groundwater as primary water resource In 2008, 63.33% of Jakarta people were using groundwater well as their primary water resources. And the number is not decreasing in the recent years due to the demand for water and unsound public water service performance.

Saman (46) RW 3, Kampung Belakang, Kamal, Cengkareng, Jakarta Barat

Sources : JWRB 2010

Open channel

The legal and policy development in Indonesia  Government Decision (Act) No 20/1990 on Water Pollution Control  Ministry of Health Decision (Ministry Act) No 907/2002 on National Standard of Water Quality, renewed by regulation of the Ministry of Health No. 492/2010.  Ministry of Environment Decision (Ministry Act) No 112/2003 on Quality Standard of Waste Water for Business and Domestic

Jakarta Sewage Management Company  PD PAL JAYA  Perusahaan Daerah Pengolahan Air Limbah = Local Company on Waste Water Management  A Local Government Enterprise (LGE)  Setiabudi Area (South Jakarta)

People are using “independent sewer system”

…and “open dumps”

Groundwater‐wells in Jakarta are in danger Area Distance < 10 METER Distance > 10 METER No information Number % Number % Number % Central 3 27% 3 27% 5 45% South 5 29% 9 53% 3 18% West 7 47% 5 33% 3 20% East 8 47% 6 35% 3 18% North 7 47% 3 20% 3 20% TOTAL 30 40% 26 35% 17 23% [Jakarta Regional Agency of Environmental Management (Badan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah/BPLHD, 2009)]

Groundwater quality  “94% of Jakarta ground water below standard of quality due to contamination. The biggest contaminant is Escherichia coli bacteria. The bacteria enter the groundwater well from the individual sewer” [Statement of the Chairperson of the Jakarta Regional Agency of Environmental Management (BPLHD, 2009)]

 The most heavily polluted were groundwater wells in North Jakarta. KOJA TANJUNG PRIOK DISTRICT DISTRICT PENJARINGAN DISTRICT PADEMANGAN DISTRICT CILINCING DISTRICT  AREA OF NORTH JAKARTA MUNICIPALITY: KELAPA 143,21 KM2 GADING  TOTAL POPULATION: 1.4 PEOPLE DISTRICT  POPULATION DENSITY: 10,356 PERSONS/KM2  CONSISTING OF 6 SUB‐DISTRICTS 31 KELURAHAN  STRATEGICALLY LOCATED AT COASTAL

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN JAKARTA RAW WATER WATER SUPPLY GROUNDWATER WASTEWATER 1. Depletion of 1. Low service coverage ratio 1. High ground water 1. Very low service Quantity and 2. Relatively high water abstraction due to low coverage (2,8%). Quality of Raw losses (48,9%). coverage. 2. Lack of wastewater Water. 3. Raw water becoming 2. Low recharge capacity. facilities. critical 3. Polluted shallow ground 3. Increasingly high 4. Average tariff increasing water by wastewater. pollution of surface (Rp. 7,225/m3). 4. Very low ground water water and ground 5. Water quality not drinkable. charge/tariff. water bodies. WATER SUPPLY ECOLOGICAL ISSUES IN THE COASTAL AREA CRISIS Flood Threat and LAND SUBSIDENCE Sea Water Intrusion Tidal Sea Water 1. INCREASING FLOOD PRONE AREAS. 2. DECREASING ELEVATION OF COASTAL RIVER EMBANKMENT IN COASTAL AREA. 3. DECREASING ELEVATION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM (MACRO & 1. CLIMATE CHANGE MICRO) CAUSING LOW URBAN 2. PEAK TIDAL CYCLE DRAINAGE CAPACITY

LEVEL OF WATER STRESS CLASSIFICATION WATER STRESS INDEX WATER STRESS LEVEL CLASSIFICATION COLORED CODE (WSI) VALUE WSI < 0.2 NO WATER STRESS 0.2 < WSI < 0.3 LOW WATER STRESS 0.3 < WSI < 0.4 MEDIUM WATER STRESS 0.4 < WSI I< 0.5 HIGH WATER STRESS WSI > 0.5 VERY HIGH WATER STRESS

NORTH JAKARTA WATER STRESS INDEX MAP PENJARINGAN 0,41

6 findings

Finding 1  Majority of people in Jakarta are using groundwater well as their primary water sources, and majority of the groundwater are poor – highly contaminated  Contamination of the ground water caused by: no modern sewer and sewage as well as sanitation system available for the city, less tap‐water service coverage, people habit, and sea‐water intrusion

Finding 2: The legal and policy development in Jakarta  Government Regulation (Regional Act) (Perda) of Jakarta Province No. 10/1991 on Local Company for Wastewater Management of DKI Jakarta  Governor Decree No. 45/1992 concerning Provision of Wastewater Management by Pipeline System in Jakarta  Governor Decree No. 122/2005 on Domestic Wastewater Management in Jakarta Province  Governor Decree No. The Decree of Governor of the Province of DKI Jakarta Number 1470/2006 on Service for Wastewater Discharge/Disposal and Installation Cost of Wastewater Pipeline in Jakarta  East Canal Jakarta Project, almost finished, for flood control, developed by Government of Jakarta.  Government Regulation (Regional Act) of Jakarta No 11/2010 on New Tariff of Deep‐ Water, which increased deep‐water tariff 16.7 times for luxury housings and 6.69 times for business.  Government Regulation .Tariff increase for luxury housings: from IDR 550 per m3 to IDR 8.800 per m3. It is equal to pipe‐water for high tariff. Tariff increase for business: from IDR 3.300 per m3 to IDR 23.000 per m3. It is higher than pipe‐water tariff for business.

Finding 3  People of Jakarta willing to have public sanitation and sewage services, regardless who is the owner and/or the operators.  PPP in public sewage and sanitation is agreed.

Finding 4  People of Jakarta has a strong willingness to pay any public infrastructure as long as it is match with the people need and/or what government and/or provider has been promised.  “Willingness to pay for water is high, even when they do not have water in a term of 24/7”  People of Jakarta has a strong willingness to pay sanitation and sewage services

Finding 5  People need a better understanding and respect for healthy sanitation system  If any others do, so do I !

 If any others do, so

Finding 6  Low and middle income people has a high understanding that the right to water not governmental duties alone, but people, too.  There is “The Jakarta Water Consumer Representative” (KPAM) as “Water Voice” in Jakarta. It was founded in 2003 as an independent institution, and up to now the represent customer’s voice and also working intensely with the government and operator to fight illegal connection and consumption.  The problem is…They do not know what to do, how to participate, how to take a part on those duties of the “right to water”

Conclusion

Existing approach Government Failed approach Business Failed approach “privatization as Stakeholder’s panacea” Approach

GABS, the stakeholder’s approach Government Society Academicians Business

Polluted ground water condition

Sea water intrusion

“Fantastic 4” of an integrated programmes Polluted ground water condition

ICIM Steps Agenda It is about… Government Business Public Importance Idea VVV V VV Concept Blueprint VVV VV V Implementation Practice VV VVV V Management Sustainability VV VVV VVV Well‐being MDG (value creation) V V VVV

The legal and policy development challenges for Jakarta Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Government, and Society PPP projects to investment of develop Jakarta sewage local (Sub‐ integrated sewage management Kelurahan) system sewage system Development Model Pipe‐water Government Agenda coverage Enough water Jakarta water 100% coverage Public Education minimum 80% (as supply for Jakarta security Business Model MDG target) Regulation to Regulation to close all deep‐ close all deep‐ water wheel water wheel Regulation of Regulation on integrated water restriction of management individual sewage system : water & system sewage

The legal and policy development challenges for Jakarta – Prepared and Proposed Policy  Multi‐Purpose Deep Tunnel, for flood control, water reclaims sewage, toll road, and utilities, waiting for approval, developed by JWRB –dated 2006  Jatiluhur‐Jakarta of 62 km Closed‐Pipe Project, informally approved, in process of finding investor, increase supply water of Jakarta, developed by JWRB –dated 2007  The Revitalization of Kali Besar at Old Jakarta, formally approved, in progress, increase supply water of Jakarta, reclaim the river of Kali Besar, sewage system, water transport, developed by JWRB –dated 2008  Sub‐Kelurahan integrated Sewage System, a sewage system of 100 of dense housing in Jakarta with target of 100 Sub‐Kelurahan integrated Sewage System, will be implemented by community organizations and donors, the concept being developed by JWRB with experts, Indonesia Water Dialogues, and some community organizations –dated 2009  Jakarta Policy to disallow shallow ground water well in a series of period from zone 1 (northern of Jakarta) to zone 4 (southern of Jakarta) –dated 2009  TIWASS, for sewage, still in process of finding investor, developed by Government of Jakarta –dated 2005

Disallow GWW Zone 1 : in the year of 2015 Zone 1 has to be served 100% by pope‐water system, and there is a “zero” ground‐ water Zone 2: in the year of 2020 has to be served 100% by pope‐water system, and Zone 2 there is a “zero” ground‐ water Zone 3: in the year of 2025 has to be served 100% by Zone 3 pope‐water system, and there is a “zero” ground‐ water Zone 4: in the year of 2030 has to be served 100% by Zone 4 pope‐water system, and there is a “zero” ground‐ water

Conclusion • The United Nations has recognized the human right to water and sanitation. • The agenda is now that the importance of understanding the right to water not only as a list of governmental duties alone. • GUB’s Approach 1. Government : to develop excellence policy on water and sanitation/sewage 2. Business/Private sector : its participation in PPP 3. Public : to promote the awareness and values to conserve water and manage sanitation/sewage system as part of their critical contribution to provide water as a common/social right –not individual right.

Epilogue: right to water and sanitation RIGHT FOR A GOOD AND SUSTAINABLE WATER CATCHMENT RIGHT FOR A GOOD RAW WATER MANAGEMENT RIGHT FOR A SOUND WATER MANAGEMENT RIGHT FOR A CLEAN WATER AND AFFORDABLE RIGHT FOR A HEALTHY SANITATION & SEWAGE

Jakarta case presentation edited

by Mohamad 'afghani on Sep 11, 2010

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