Презентация к лекции архитектора Маркуса Аппенцеллера. Красноярск, "Города и территории завтра: инструментарий позитивных перемен". 27 октября 2016

1. Get your
heads
around!
What Russian
cities can learn
from China
Markus Appenzeller
MLA+, MARCH

2. How I will try to spin your head:
• China & Russia – Twins of a kind
• Shenzhen – A place to learn from
• China: the big steps – and Russia?
• The planning agenda of Russia – an attempt

3. Moscow a CHINESE city?
MLA+

4. Megacities – a league without Europe

5. St. Petersburg
Moscow
Beijing
Shanghai
A capital and a special city

6. Moscow: Rings and Shosses

7. Moscow: Kremlin – Single power center

8. Beijing: Rings and Axis

9. Beijing: Forbidden city and Zhongnanhai – Single power center

10. A past which is not so different

11. Concentration and vast emptyness

12. Concentration and vast emptyness

13. Multi-ethnic

14. Multi-ethnic

15. ‘All in the west’

16. ‘All in the east’

17. Similar past,
Partially similar conditions
Socialist planning history

18. Socialist planning history

19. Ghost towns - Norilsk

20. Ghost towns - Ordos

21. Preference for cars

22. Preference for cars

23. Shenzhen – a place to learn from
Shenzhen

24. High-speed city growth

25. Shenzhen 1980

26. Shenzhen 1980

27. Shenzhen 1990

28. Shenzhen 1990

29. Shenzhen 2007

30. Shenzhen today

31. Shenzhen today

32. Shenzhen today

33. Shenzhen today

34. China: the big steps
– and Russia?

35. 1980 – 1996
Phase 1:
Copying is king!

36. - Opening up the markets by learning from
the west
- Building utilitarian
- No private sector – all government
- No competition
- Public transport dominated
- All new development around existing cores
- Top down and planned

37. - Opening up the markets by learning from
the west
- Building utilitarian
- No private sector – all government
- No competition
- Public transport dominated
- All new development around existing cores
- Top down and planned
1936 – 1990

38. “I don’t care if the cat is black or white as
long as it catches mice.”
Deng Xiaoping 1986

39. Concept of Arturo Soria y Mata
Linear city as model for industrial city making

40. Linear city as model for industrial city making
Miljutin: Sozgorod

41. Shenzhen: Linear city
First Masterplan for Shenzhen 1986

42. 1996 - 2010
Phase 2:
Speed is king!

43. - Accomodating the wave of new city
dwellers & increased wealth
- Building utilitarian and quick
- Huge profits for private sector
- Little competition, little choice
- Car dominated
- All new development, tabula rasa approach
- Top down and government ‘driven’
- ‘Waves’ of focus (business centers, culture,
sustainability)
- Starting policentricity in larger cities

44. - Accomodating the wave of new city
dwellers & increased wealth
- Building utilitarian and quick
- Huge profits for private sector
- Little competition, little choice
- Car dominated
- All new development, tabula rasa approach
- Top down and government ‘driven’
- ‘Waves’ of focus (business centers, culture,
sustainability)
1990 - today

45. Several development directions & formation of centralities
Second Masterplan for Shenzhen 1996

46. Model of choice: Microrayon

47. Microrayon – private in the apartment,
public elsewhere

48. Model of choice: Compound

49. Compound: private in the apartment, community
space inside the gates, public outside the gates

50. Compound = segregated piece of city but no
gated community

51. Compounds with lavish landscape

52. Microrayons often with little public space quality
because of a lack of feeling of ownership

53. 2010 –
Phase 3:
Quality is king!

54. - Introducing quality as a next step of city
evolution
- Better adapting cities to climate conditions
- Moderate to high profits for private sector
- Beginning competition, increased choice
- Fixing problems of high speed growth
(environment, transport, informal settlement
patterns..)
- First round of city regeneration
- More inclusive development approach
- No ‘waves’ but contextual decisionmaking

55. Sustained growth through better skilled people
Attracting and keeping
better people requires
better urban
environments

56. Establishing parks, beaches, waterfronts

57. Bringing in culuture – Architecture Biennale

58. Upgrade through events – Universiade 2011

59. Massive extension of public transport

60. An emerging bipolar city and connecting to other centers
Third Masterplan for Shenzhen 2010

61. A Megacity Region in the Making

62. Bao’An G107 Corridor – Urban Regeneration

63. Building the new on the (not so) old

64. Multicentricity and celebating of situations

65. Landscape as the tool to improve city

66. Landscape as the tool to improve city

67. Landscape as the tool manage water

68. Landscape as the tool to manage water

69. Landscape as the tool to improve city

70. Improvement instead of replacement

71. Improvement instead of replacement

72. Improvement instead of replacement

73. Establishing climate architecture

74. Collaboration – totally new

75. Establishing administrative structures to
carry the project further

76. Code or Guideline?

77. Guidelines allow for often desired flexibility

78. Open space guidelines

79. Subtropical, ‘natural’ street planting
also provides shadow and
cools

80. Public realm does not stop at the building wall

81. Pingdi – Sustainablility Demonstration Quarter

82. Conference center and demo landscape

83. Refurbishing old landscape features...

84. ... establishing new ones...

85. ... same with buildings

86. river renaturalization

87. Sustainable building transformation

88. Energy saving measures

89. A production hall becomes a...

90. ... IT startup center

91. New identity...

92. ... with greatly increased energy performance

93. Liu Xian Dong Micro Apartments – Housing a new class

94. Liu Xian Dong Micro Apartments – Housing a new class

95. Liu Xian Dong Micro Apartments

96. A sculpture with a different face from every side

97. Shared courtyard as puvlic interface

98. Shared facilities

99. ‘Living room’

100. Ground floor as shared services zone

101. A different type of plan than usual in China

102. Small but smart

103. Design on all scales

104. Color in the city

105. Under way

106. The panning agenda of Russia
an attempt

107. - Network: Establish polycentric models
- Brown instead of green: Regenerate industrial areas
- Italianize: Better adapt cities to climate conditions
- Mobility instead of cars: Promote more and better
integrated public transport systems
- Compound: Reduce public realm and create more
community space while keeping permeability
- Follow society: Increase choice and diversity
- Get them on board: Pursue a more inclusive development
approach
- No ‘waves’ - but contextual decisionmaking
- Guide ‘em all: Move away from static regulations towards
flexible guidelines and a quality management mechanism
A russian planning agenda derived
from experience of China

108. Get your
heads
around!
What Russian
cities can learn
from China
Markus Appenzeller
MLA+, MARCH