help graduated students in writinng the scientific project

1. How to write a graduation project
By
Dr. Mohamed Mostafa Omran
Assistant Professor of Biochemistry
Helwan University, Faculty of Science,
Chemistry Department
Cairo – Egypt
2016

2. Outlines
• Graduation project degree
• Formatting of graduation project
• Contents of graduation project
• Finding Information of graduation project

3. Pay attention
• Graduation project = 100
• Graduation project hard copy = 60
• Active cooperation with the advisor = 20
• Oral test = 20

4. Formatting of graduation project
• Graduation Project should be in English and of a
professional style and quality for clarity of
• presentation.
• Graduation Project present as printed hard copy
(4 copies).
• should be single sided on A4 paper.
• Graduation Project should be between 50-100
pages (including all tables ,figures and references).

5. Font type and size
• Graduation Project should be 1.5 spaced, Times
New Roman, 14 point font using Microsoft word.
• Layout and margins
• Immediately after the abstract paragraph, the
Graduation Project should be formatted using
one column format.
• Margins should be set to 3 cm top, and bottom
and 3 cm left and right.
• All text should be full-justified.

7. Page numbers
• Type page numbers starting from 1, center bottom.

8. Contents of graduation project
Part one
Title page
Abstract
Acknowledgments
List of content
List of figures and tables
Part two
Introduction Review Summary
Conclusion References

9. Opportunity to attract
attention
Short Attractive
Abbreviation, colons,
questions ?
Informative
Title

10. Title page
Helwan University
Faculty of Science
Chemistry Department
New trends of tuberculosis diagnosis
A graduation project in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for Bachelor Degree of Science
By
Mohamed Ragab Mahmoud
4 th Level Chemistry – Biochemistry
Under the supervision of
Dr . Mohamed Mostafa Omran
Lecturer of Biochemistry
Helwan University – Faculty of Science
Chemistry Department

11. Title page
Helwan University
Faculty of Science
Chemistry Department
Micro- ribonucleic acid: Small ribonucleic acid with
A big role in diagnosis of liver cancer
A graduation project in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for Bachelor Degree of Science
By
Mona Omar Ali
4 th Level Chemistry – Biochemistry
Under the supervision of
Dr . Mohamed Mostafa Omran
Lecturer of Biochemistry
Helwan University – Faculty of Science
Chemistry Department

12. Abstract
One page
Stand alone

13. Abstract
This should not be more than one page (250-400
words).
It should contain condensed statements extracted
from the main body of the project to convey the main
theme of the project to the readers.

15. Acknowledgments
I wish to express my gratitude to
Dr. Mohamed Omran,
Assistant Professor of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science, Helwan University
for his kind supervision, close supervision
and valuable advice during the graduated project .

16. To my Loved Parents,
To my Dear brothers ….,….
To my Dear Sister ……..,
To my Beloved and Supportive Wife …….,
To my Beloved Son …..and …….
To my Beloved daughter ……...

17. Contents
Title
Page
I. Introduction and Aim of work 1
II. Review of literature 3
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3
2. Tuberculosis 7
3. Diagnosis of tuberculosis 21
3.1. Microscopic method 21
3.1.1. Ziehl - Neelsen staining technique 21
3.1.2. Auramine phenol fluorochrome staining technique 24
3.2.1.3. Biopsies 25
3.2. X – ray 25
3.3. Culture 26
3.4. Tuberculin skin testing 27
3.5. Adenosine deaminase activity 29
3.6. Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis 30
3.7. Polymerase chain reaction 33
3.7. 1. Nucleic acid amplification 33

18. Abbreviation
ADA Adenosine deaminase activity
AFB Acid fast bacilli
AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
BCG Bacillus Calmette - Guerin
BCIP 5-Bromo-9-Chloro-3-Indolyl Phosphate
BSA Bovine serum albumin
CE Capillary electrophoresis
CMI Cell-mediated immunity
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
CT Computed tomography
DTH Delayed-type hypersensitivity
ECM Extracellular matrix
ELISA Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
HAT Hypoxanthin aminopterin thymidine

19. List of figures

20. List of Tables
Table no. Title page
1
Some available antibody tests for diagnosis of pulmonary
Tuberculosis
32
2 Rf values of unknown antigens and of standards protein
mixture
62
3
Partial biochemical nature of the purified 55-kDa antigens
reactive epitope
88
4 Amino acid concentrations of the purified 55 kDa antigen 90
5
The types of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis according to
sites of infection in 93 serum samples
94
6
Advantages of circulating 55-kDa antigen detection by
using Dot-ELISA in serum samples of pulmonary
tuberculosis
98

21. Introduction
Chance to convince the reader
about importance of your work
Summarize the question
While it is worthwhile question

22. Introduction
Inverted pyramid

23. Opening sentence
Brief literature review
Describe the problem
Existing solutions
Limitations of solutions
What you hope to add
Rational of study
Sharp Aim
of study

24. Conclusions
Thunderbolt in reverse
Begins with thunder (introduction)
and ends with light
How your work advances the field

25. • Without clear conclusions: no merit for research.
• Concise statements of inferences, directly related
to research question.
• Never overstate the importance of findings:
Suggestive or supportive rather than decisive.
Conclusions

26. - Limit the number of references.
- No excessive self-citations.
- No excessive citations of publications from the
same region.
- No non-indexed journals.
- Old references
References

27. Reference style
1.Vancouver
2. Harvard

28. - Cited work was identified in the text by Arabic
number.
- Numbers assigned in order of citation.
- Same work cited > once, the same citation
number was used.
Vancouver

29. Number can be written in
Superscript
Round or square brackets
(1) or [1]
Combination
(1, 2)or (1, 5, 7) or (1-3)

30. Citation of multiple references
Hyphen: Inclusive number (2-5)
Comma: Non-inclusive
number (1,5,11)

33. - Work identified by author and year of
publication in brackets.
- 2 authors: and.
- > 2 authors: et al.
Harvard

35. •Vancouver: Numbers were arranged
according to their appearance.
Reference list

36. Harvard: Alphabetical

37. • Authors. Title. Journal year; volume (issue):
pages.
Journals

38. •Personal book
Editor. Title of book. Edition, Publisher, Place; year.
Page
Andrews AT. Electrophoresis. 2nd ed. Oxford
University presses. New York. 1986. PP: 213-242.
Book

39. Bengis R. Tuberculosis in free-ranging mammals. In: Fowler
M and Miller RE (edts). Zoo and wildlife medicine: current
therapy. 2nd ed W.B. Saunders Company; Philadelphia. 2000.
pp:101–113
•Chapter in book:
Author of chapter. Title of chapter. In: Author of book (edit.). Title of book. Edition, year. Page

40. • Address of website
• Author. (Date of loading, date of citation).
• Internet: (example)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centamin
• This page was last cited and modified on 3
April 2014.
Website

41. Finding Information
in Internet

42. BibliographyFull Internet
• For a more complete collection of the resources
available on the Internet. The following is a list of
categories of sites to look at for medical information.
They are not necessarily in order of importance and no
single resource will be useful in all situations.
• Discussion Groups (Facebook)
• Electronic Journals
• Search Engines
• PubMed
• Textbooks
• Organizations
• (WHO, CDC)

43. Textbook Sites
• These sites offer free notes or full text treatment
of a number of medical subjects. These resources
are listed to cover a variety of different situations.
None of them will always be useful.
• Examples:
 www.emedicine.medscape.com
 www.freebooks4doctors.com

44. Organizations
• Most medical organizations maintain a website and several
have large amounts of educational material on the site.
• Examples:
 World Health Organization(WHO)
 http://www.who.int/en/
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
http://www.cdc.gov/
 The American society of cancer
www.cancer.org

45. Electronic Journals
• There are now a number of journals publishing
full text on the Internet.
http://www.hindawi.com

46. Internet Search Engines
• Search engines need to be used very carefully; otherwise the
resources discovered tend to be overwhelming in number and poor
in quality. It is suggested that search engines should be used when
other resources have failed to turn up enough useful information or
when you wish to be as comprehensive as possible.
• Examples:
 www.google.com
 www.yahoo.com

47. Searching for Images
• A search for medical images is often much more
specific in medical subjects.
• Go to the Google Search engine and click on the
link for images. (http://images.google.com)
• Then enter a search string describing the topic
you are interested in.

48. Medline Searches
• This is a searchable database of “the literature”. The
abstracts of articles from major medical journals
constitute a supremely important source of information
on current research directions and findings.
• Examples:
http:/pubmed.gov

49. • PubMed (http://pubmed.gov) searches the
Medline database of scientific journal articles
published in the medical literature
• Google (www.google.com) is the most successful
modern search engine. It holds in its database
about 40% of all pages on the Internet
• Filtering the results by key words

50. What is PubMed
How to use PubMed
Why we choose PubMed

51. 小飞守角制作
• PubMed is a government-sponsored system
and is freely accessible by anyone who can
access the Internet;
• PubMed is generally easier to use than most of
other search systems.
Why we choose PubMed

53. How do I search PubMed?
1.Identify the key words for your search.
2.Enter the terms (or key words ) in the search box.
3. Click Search.

54. Can you explain the search results?

55. Meeting

57. Questions
and
Discussion