QualityManagementRomanStyle (138/138)

Mott L.L. Groom
©

September 2005
Annual Meeting INAA
Rome

Today, we are going to take a walk around Rome and see what lessons
the past has to offer.
Because Romans live with one foot in the past ^

And yesterday’ challenges are still challenges 2000 years later,
Because In Rome^

Via S. Chiara

People still live in the same
buildings, like the 2000 year old
baths of Agrippa ^

they park their vehicles next to the 2400 year old Servian Wall

they maneuver
around ancient
structures on
their way to
work^AND

. . .they jog along the ancient aqueducts, Hollywood . . .

. . . likes to emphasize the bizarre, with Gladiator combats and orgies
particularly by these two jokers. Palazzo Massimo
But, the most amazing thing about ancient Rome and its people is not the bizarre,
but the similarities with the present.
So today we’ll talk about Rome, and some of its leaders
in business terms, and for this
I have borrowed an article . . .

Reprint, March/April 2000
Daniel Goleman, Rutgers University

In this article, the author Daniel Goleman says good leadership gets results
and good leadership results from a persons use of his or her^

“the ability to manage ourselves and
our relationships effectively”.

Emotional Intelligence consists of . . .

Self-Awareness: Social Awareness:

Social Skill:
Self-Management:

A manager needs to know his strengths and weaknesses
in each of these areas. Briefly they are . . .

Self-Awareness:
Self-confidence
Accurate self -
assessment
Emotional self-
awareness

Self Awareness is knowing yourself
and your emotional situation

Self Awareness:

Self-Management:
Self-Control
Adaptability
Initiative
Trustworthiness
Conscientiousness
Self Management, is how
you act toward others

Self Awareness: Social Awareness:
Empathy
Organizational
Self-Management:
Awareness
Service Orientation

Social Awareness, is how you perceive social situations and interactions

Self Awareness: Social Awareness:

Self-Management:
Social Skill:
Visionary Leadership
Influence
Communication skill

Organization
Conflict Management
And Social Skill is how you motivate, organize and produce results.
Then a manager selects a management style for given situation.
there are six styles according to Goleman^

1. Coercive . . . forcing
2. Authoritative . . . leading, “follow me”

3. Affiliative . . . People oriented

Affiliative, which involves people motivating one another

4. Democratic . . . Consensus

Democratic which builds consensus

5. Pacesetting . . . Goal setting and achieving

Pacesetting which works against targets and goals

6. Coaching . . . mentoring

Today, Our survey will cover the period . . .

from Julius Caesar in 48 BC to Constantine in 337 AD,
and we’ll talk about 1 dictator and 7 emperors.
We’ll look at a 20th century style leader like…

Palazzo
Massimo

Augustus ^ and Rome’s first auditor Emperor . . .

and an Iraqi invader. . .
Vatican
Palazzo
Massimo

and see how they succeeded or failed in their management challenges.
These men didn’t pass their days in orgies or feasting at the vomitorium.
They spent full time managing an empire with techniques
and skills which aren’t very different than those practiced today.
The Roman empire^ they built . . .

Imperial Forum

was a hugely successful organization that
at its peak by 160 AD, spanned 3 continents, a land area approximately the size of the
48 United States.
Today, we will take a virtual walk around Rome and
learn some lessons from the people who built and ran it.

Julius Caesar effectively ended
the Republican period in 48 BC.
As a Roman general he conquered Gaul
and ended the running battles with
Rome’s neighbors.

Imperial Forum

He then took his legions beyond his authorized territory, crossed the
Rubicon river and marched on Rome.
Like any good takeover artist, he headed straight . . .

. . .for the cash
that had
been stashed
as a reserve
against an
invasion by
Gaul, which
was no longer
needed.
^ He then
headed down
the Via Appia

To pursue the deposed leader Pompey who
was fleeing to set up a government in exile.
Caesar, always an innovator, understood
how to use modern^ technology and he
had his engineers design machines^.

EUR

to attack Pompey’s fleeing ships. But, like so often happens today,
the technology failed him and he had to resort
to traditional warfare to defeat Pompey’s army
Then, after traveling to Egypt and having a son with its queen Cleopatra,
Caesar returned to Rome to manage his empire . . .

Palazzo Altemps

and in the Inferno, Dante describes his management style as
“falcon eyed and fully armed”
But like a lot of takeover artists, Caesar didn’t’ have the disposition for management,
First there was managing at headquarters rather than in the field ^ which meant that . . .

Skilled politicians like Cicero
were able to promote their
Capitoline
own agenda and oppose
Museum
Caesar’s dictatorship.

Caesar also surrounded
Himself with sycophants,
like Marc Antony who
wanted him to declare
himself King.

While Caesar did make
some reforms in
fundamental areas
such as . . .

Palazzo Massimo

. . .a new solar calendar of 365 days,
his ego kept getting in his way, he even named the 5th month July, after himself.
Caesar was guilty of two classical management mistakes.
He was vulnerable to flattery and he
never appreciated the
strength and determination of his opposition.
so on the ides^ of march . . .

E tu
Brutus ?

March 44 BC, he was slain at this point in the Pompey theatre by 23 knife wounds.

Every year at the altar of the divine Julius in the Forum . . .

flowers are still placed on his tomb.
So, How do we judge Caesar ? As a manager . . .

Marc Antony stood here and said “I come to bury Caesar not to praise him”,
according to Shakespeare.
But instead of literature, we’ll use Professor Goleman’s criteria.

Emotional Intelligence

10 9
9
8 7
6.5
7 6
6
Julius Caesar
5 4
4
3
2
1
Self Aware Self Mngt. Social Social Avg.
Aware Skills
I give Caesar low scores in social awareness and social skills,
He was a good talker but a lousy listener and as a result he
didn’t appreciate the strength and conviction of his opponents
and therefore didn’t employ his social awareness and social
skills to win them over , he paid the price, he was assassinated
And he was certainly . . .


A coercive leader with his opposition and detractors, although a
very authoritative leader with his troops and supporters who idolized him.

Octavian So having dispatched Caesar, lets turned to his adopted
son and successor, Octavian. After Caesar’s assassination,
there was a long succession struggle, The 3 contenders
31 BC- 14 AD (MA, Octavian , Lepidus) agreed to power sharing, and divided

And divided . . . the empire up amongst themselves
as you all well know, power sharing is not effective management
The lust for power was strongest in Octavian who in 31 BC ^

Historical Atlas . . . Scarre

Palazzo Massimo

Launched a naval strike against the Egyptian fleet commanded by his rival
MA and Cleopatra,
Octavian quickly won and went on to add Egypt and Dalmatia
to the Roman Empire

He returned to Rome to manage . . .

He was named Augustus by the Senate
(Excellency and holiness)

He immediately drew up a business plan which
Peter Drucker would have been proud of.

Augustus’ Objectives
• Consolidation not Growth

• Unify the People around common
culture

• Unify the People around common
culture
• Peace and military downsizing

He then set up an Executive committee of 4 key advisers,
his closest friend, the General . . .

Whose name you see inscribed, on the Pantheon
which can be found right in front of MacDonalds,
Agrippa,

Who often entertained Augustus in this auditorium
Who often entertained Augustus in this auditorium adjacent
adjacent to his house,
to his house,

The non political poet and philosopher Virgil ^
The non political poet and philosopher Virgil …

but very importantly, his wife. . .

Vatican Museum

*He divided the city into regions and wards [14 Urbs].
Placing the former under the control of magistrates
chosen annually by lot, while the wards were under
supervisors elected by the people in each
neighborhood. Against fires he organized water
companies and firemen: against flood he cleaned and
scoured the channel of the Tiber . . . and he
constructed a very large number of public buildings.
Suetonius

And he ordered a census of the empire to identify his taxpaying base^

He then commissioned Virgil to write a story to establish a Roman culture

“Now fix your sights, and stand intent, to see
Your Roman Race, and Julian progeny
The mighty Caesar waits his vital hour
Impatient for the world,
and grasps his promis’d power”

Aeneid

Naples

For his # 3 objective that Peace must prevail, he issued new currency^

Palazzo Massimo

He de-comissioned the armies and offered soldiers land and retraining,
and promoted this program with a marketing pitch
using Virgil’s books the Georgics, to extol the idyllic
pastoral life and the skills of a Roman farmer

To build a city the people could be proud of, Maecenas convinced Augustus
to start a building program which produced the huge basilica Julia in the Forum, ^

The temple of Mars Ultor to celebrate Augustus’ military victories ^

The public gardens and libraries in the PO, dedicated
to his sister, the teatro Marcello and Temple of Appollo^

And many public infrastructure projects, like fire stations and
new roads from Rome to the outlying areas of the empire.
Augustus also planned for the expansion of the port of Ostia,

Shown in the Vatican museum map room, later executed under Claudius and^

new water supplies to bring waters from the east to Rome,
also completed under Claudius.
All these programs are recorded by Augustus in his memoirs^

To insure that he would be remembered at least once a year for all time
he renamed the sixth month of the year after himself, and to ensure
his equality with Caesar’s July, he borrowed a day from February to give
his namesake August, 31 days.
Palazzo Massimo

1. Coercive
2. Authoritative . . . Visionary, “come with me”
4. Democratic

10
9 8.5

8
7 6.5

6
Julius Caesar
5
Augustus
4
3
2
1
0
Self Self Social Social Avg.
Aware Mngt. Aware Skills

Julius Csr. Augustus

Coercive

Authoritative

Affiliative

Democratic
One thing he did not do well was to have a
succession plan in place, so his wife, who is
Pacesetter
also suspected by some of being responsible
for the death of his two adopted sons and
Coaching
even of Augustus himself.

Vatican Museum

Stepped into the vacuum and made sure her son
Tiberius, by a former marriage, succeeded
Augustus, the beginning of an incompetent group

69-79

. . . of several disastrous emperors which ended with the suicide of Nero
and civil war in 68 AD.

It took the Jewish war . . .

Portrayed on the arch of Titus with the victorious Romans bringing
treasures from Jerusalem back to Rome,
to end the civil war and bring General Vespasian to power.

Naples
Palazzo Massimo

Capitoline Museum

Vespasian was convinced by his fellow
generals to march on Rome and demand
that the Senate appoint him emperor, and
designate by decree that his two sons
would follow. Vespasian
became the first walk around Emperor.

He actually joined in clearing rubble, and participating in work teams.
He used the spoils from the Jewish war to finance a building program
which began here in Vespasian’s forum to cover up the demolished
remains of the gardens of Nero’s Golden Palace.

Responsive to the people, he built an entertainment complex,
the largest amphitheatre in the world.

He encouraged new ideas, the arts, the theatre Centrale Montemartini
and writings,
During his reign, Pliny the elder dedicated his 37 books on the
nature of things to the Emperor’s son. The New ideas he encouraged
led from everything to new poetry to new taxes.

Placed on public
urinals in
the Largo Argentina.
The historian Tacitus,
a Senator during the
time, said that . . .

So much so that at his death the
temple of Vespasian was built
and placed on one of the
most prominent places
In the Forum

10
9 8.5

8
7.3

7 6.5

6 Julius Caesar
5 Augustus
Vespasian
4
3
2
1
0

Julius Csr. Augustus Vesp. Trajan Hadrian Marcus Sept.Sev. Dioc. Constant.

Coercive

Authoritative

Affiliative

Democratic

Pacesetter

Coaching

98-117 AD

Trajan’s hero was Julius Caesar and he
wanted to emulate Caesar’s military successes.

So, to finance his building program, he conquered Dacia
(now Romania) and then launched a probably
unnecessary invasion of Parthia

(now Iraq) which degenerated into years of insurgency across
the unstable middle east, and practically bankrupted the Roman Empire.

This column was sculpted in
honor of Trajan’s victory in
Romania and is probably
Rome’s grandest piece of
marble sculpture, it stands. . .

In front of Trajan’s Market,
but there are no similar
monuments to his Iraqi exploits.
Instead he is honored . . .

Curia, Forum

In this marble relief (Trajan is shown sitting) for his
agricultural subsidies and welfare for the children
of the Empire, and facing this . . .

Curia, Forum

He is shown in another relief for his Tax reductions,
shown here with people bringing tax records to him for destruction,^

10
9
8
7
Julius Caesar
6 5.5
Augustus
5
Vespasian
4
Trajan
3
2
1
0

1. Coercive
4. Democratic
He started coercively, got in trouble in Iraq, and then
started listening to different advisers and became
something of a pacesetter in his social programs.

Capitoline Museum

The first globalist, Hadrian started his
reign by reversing his predecessors
policies in the middle east and
withdrawing from the area.

He then went on to strengthen
Homeland Security by
building defenses.

Hadrian’s Wall
BBC photos

Like Hadrian’s wall in Britain
to keep the Barbarians (Scots) who
were terrorizing the Northern
Empire, out.

The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome, Chris Scarre

Hadrian Visited nearly every major city in the Empire,
a 13 year tour that took him from Britain , Spain and
throughout the middle east. And when he
finished, issued new coins depicting every province,
namingthem and showing a picture of the native dress
and skills, thus for the first time acknowledging that
the empire’s strength lay in its cultural diversity and
diverse skills

It is believed. . .

That this statue in porphry (Emperor’s)
marble found near Jerusalem was
of him and commemorated his
visit to the area during his journeys.

Hadrian fancied himself an architect
and is responsible for Hadrian’s villa
just outside Rome and . . .

Rome’s Pantheon. The largest diameter dome in history for 18 centuries,
an architectural marvel in poured concrete

His mausoleum was also of his design, but the . . .

Temple of Hadrian whose remains can be seen in
the side of a modern Roman building, was built by his successor^

10
9
8
8
7
Julius Caesar
6 Augustus
5 Vespasian
Trajan
4
Hadrian
3
2
His gloablism
1 raises his
social scores,
0
and his 13 yr
Self Self Social Social Avg. walk proved self
Aware Mngt. Aware Skills management.

1. Coercive
4. Democratic

He brutally destroyed Jerusalem to withdraw from the middle east but then
became a people oriented pacesetter, and the first
to recognize the diversity of skills of his people.

Julius Csr. Augustus Vesp. Trajan Hadrian

One of Hadrian’s most
brilliant moves was his
Coercive
succession plan.
He managed to
Authoritative
name his successor
and his successor’s
Affiliative
successor through
adoption, and thus
Democratic
was a major
influence in what Gibbon
Pacesetter
describes
as the “golden age”
Coaching
of the Roman Empire.

193
Vatican
Museum

Drafted by the Praetorian guard
when Commodus was slain
by his concubines,
Pertinax was a capable and
ethical bureaucrat.

He started his reign by taking
an audit of the
Empires resources.
Machiavelli said . . .

“Reduced to order everything that had previously
been irregular and confused; For he showed not
only humaneness and integrity . . . but also the most
economical management and the most careful
consideration for the public welfare.”

Machiavelli

After 90 days he discovered that he did not have the resources
to pay the Praetorian Guard the bonus he promised them for their support.
So, being the forthright auditor that he was, he told them the bad news.
This resulted with his head being placed on top of a pike and an
announcement by the Praetorian Guard that there would be an auction
for a new emperor.

1. Coercive
4. Democratic

Candid to a fault. Now we jump ahead 100 years . . .

284-305

The Empire was torn by disunity, rebellion and new religious dissension,
particularly in the East.

Diocletian was trained with the military elite, not in battle but in
administration. He had a keen sense of Social awareness
and knew how to organize to make things work.^

The Empire was too big, cultures too diverse, religious ideas were breaking out
border invasion were occurring. Regions were becoming too powerful to control
A turnaround was needed, so .. . .

He divided the Empire into East and West . He then . . .

established the title of Augustus for himself and a friend Maximian,
to be on an equal footing, each taking one half of the divided empire^

Each Augustus then appointed a Chief operating Officer
to be called a Caesar He then . .

divided job responsibilities
The Augustus became chief of state and religion
The Caesar became head of government and the military
He then did the final move. . .

He elevated the Augustus to gods, gave then divine names and birthdays,
it worked !
And its been repeated many times in 21st C american business,
Then he re organized the provinces^

He divided each region into smaller provinces.
He separated civil and military authority
under separate leaders,
AND overlapped provinces, so that no military leader
had full military control over a single region.
To control inflation . .

The Penguin Historical
Atlas of Ancient Rome

Exhibition Trajan’s Market

He introduced price controls.
To stop dissension, he
ordered persecution of
the troublemaking Christians.
And most effectively, he
ignored the Senate in Rome,
although he had the bath’s of
Diocletian built for the Romans.

Order was restored, borders were secured, the turnaround worked.
Diocletian then took one further move, . . .

He took early retirement and went back to Dalmatia to raise Cabbages.

10
9.3

9
8
Julius Caesar
7
Augustus
6
Vespasian
5
Trajan
4
Hadrian
3 Diocletian
2
A perfect 10 in
1
self awareness and
0 social skills. His
divinity takes
him down a
few points.

1. Coercive
4. Democratic

a little brusque, but he got results as a coercive pacesetter,
and he saved the Empire.

Julius Csr. Augustus Vesp. Trajan Hadrian Marcus Sept.Sev. Dioc. Constant.

Coercive

Authoritative

Affiliative

Democratic

Pacesetter

Coaching

Diocletian left some pretty big shoes to fill !

but fill them he did, with . . .

307-337

After a few years of disputed succession, Constantine rose to the top

Capitoline Museum

A man with many disguises,
he was a sun worshiper who
quickly came to the conclusion
that the Christian opposition
had a better organization
than his own,

Capitoline Museum

So instead of persecuting them, he issued the Edict of Milan
recognizing Christianity and returned their property
^

he claimed to gain
strength from the
sign of the cross in
the skies before the
battle at Ponte
Milvio in Rome,
when he defeated
his rival Maxentius^

Lateran Baptistry

he stopped dissension and heresy by calling the council of Nice
and presiding over it. He wasn’t even a Christian.
He is shown here with the bishops burning heretical writings.

He began a church building program
in Rome and Jerusalem and started
St Paul’s outside the walls, Santa
Croce dedicated to his mother Helen,^

He began the original St. Peters, St. John Lateran and . . .

The church of the holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
Roman commuters remember him as
They pass his arch . .

10
9
8 7.8
Julius Caesar
7 Augustus
6 Vespasian
5 Trajan
Hadrian
4
Diocletian
3
Constantine
2
He turned his
1
opponent into
0 his strongest
Allies, and
Self Self Social Social Avg. Used their
Aware Mngt. Aware Skills Organization.
A merger?

Technology
Cash
Succession

Advisers

Opposition
The challenges of the 21st C manager are not
very different than those of 2000 years ago.

Mott L.L. Groom
mllgroom1@yahoo.com

September 2005
Annual Meeting INAA
Rome

Museums
• Capitoline Museum
• Vatican Museum
• Palazzo Massimo alle Terme
• Palazzo Altemps
• Baths of Diocletian
• Centrale Montemartini
• Museum of Roman Civilization, EUR

QualityManagementRomanStyle (138/138)

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