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Blackberry Production and New VarietiesGOOD MORNING VIRGINIA!,[object Object],John R. Clark,[object Object],University Professor,[object Object],Dept. of Horticulture,[object Object],University of Arkansas,[object Object]
Do You Have Any Idea What Has Been Going On With Fresh Market Blackberries the Last 10 Years?,[object Object],There have been LOTS of them produced and marketed  in North America!,[object Object]
Blackberry Shipments CA, GU, MX 2000-2010: Growth!!!!!!,[object Object]
Price trend and seasonality over the past decade ,[object Object],Departures from the typical early summer seasonal price increase in 07-08 and 08-09 marketing years,[object Object],Source: USDA Agricultural Marketing Service.  Dr. Mike Thomsen, UA; NO SE US DATA!,[object Object]
 Blackberry Marketing in the Eastern US,[object Object],First, focus on direct, retail sales,[object Object],Farmers markets,[object Object],On-farm and other direct markets,[object Object],Pick your own,[object Object],Issues that limit this usually are population, location, competition, production too great,[object Object],Or if you expand outside this market, wholesale marketing locally is done by some,[object Object]
Blackberry Markets in the Eastern US 	for You to Consider,[object Object],What about the shipping market?,[object Object],It has had huge expansion since 2004,[object Object],Southern Georgia,[object Object],South-Central North Carolina (and a little in SC),[object Object],Arkansas and Texas (limited),[object Object],Who is marketing?,[object Object],The largest shipper is Sunnyridge Farm ,[object Object],More recently Giumarra VBM, Naturipe,[object Object],Driscoll, Sunbelle (the largest Mexican fruit shipper) ,[object Object]
Implications of broader market trends for direct marketing formats,[object Object],Increased availability through mainstream retail channels is probably a positive for direct marketers:,[object Object],Better enables the direct market grower to emphasize quality attributes,[object Object],Helps to position blackberries as an impulse purchase item at a roadside stand or farm market stall,[object Object],Blackberries can be a destination item that drives customer traffic to direct marketing venues,[object Object],Benefits of promotional and research efforts that support shipping markets will spill-over to direct market growers,[object Object]
Total plants sold 3,353,009; with very few of Navaho included,[object Object]
So, What Does All This Tell US?,[object Object],Total plants sold: Approx 3.3 million,[object Object],Remember this is what is reported by propagators, and a number of Navaho are not included in 2009-10 reporting,[object Object],Acreage? Hard to estimate due to plant spacing, home use etc, but equals about 2400 acres (and remember there are MANY plants not accounted for in this total (other public varieties, private releases),[object Object],Ouachita the largest seller at about 1.2 million  (35%),[object Object]
Lets Talk About Some Variety Specifics,[object Object],Ouachita,[object Object],Natchez,[object Object],Other Arkansas and Non-Arkansas thornless,[object Object],Prime-Ark® 45,[object Object],What is on the horizon in new developments ,[object Object]
Where the Arkansas Varieties are Developed,[object Object]
Ouachita,[object Object],Thornless, erect,[object Object],Berry size 6-7 g,[object Object],Ripens between Arapaho/Natchez and Navaho; average 12 June,[object Object],Yields usually among highest of any Ark. thornless,[object Object],White drupes almost never seen,[object Object],Flavor near that of Navaho; 10% SS,[object Object],Postharvest (PH)potential much like Navaho,[object Object],The largest selling Arkansas variety – and most widely adapted and planted,[object Object],Has the most impressive record so far in performance,[object Object]
Ouachita,[object Object]
Natchez,[object Object],Thornless, erect to semi-erect,[object Object],Berry size large, 8-10 g; remain large season-long,[object Object],Ripens early with Arapaho; average 5 June,[object Object],Yields usually the highest of any Ark. thornless,[object Object],White drupes almost never seen,[object Object],Flavor good; 9.5% SS,[object Object],PH potential good tho not as good as Ouachita consistently,[object Object],Some variation in commercial success and acceptance due to heavy crop loads,[object Object]
Natchez,[object Object]
Natchez Performance – GA (and Central Valley of California),[object Object],Too much fruit!,[object Object],Too few leaves!,[object Object],Not good quality!,[object Object],Lacking in new canes!,[object Object],Fortunately, later in the season canes did often emerge to create a good canopy,[object Object]
Natchez Performance,[object Object],Consider these items:,[object Object],First-year plants fruited only,[object Object],Crop potential is high and lower chill allows better budbreak,[object Object],Too much fruit resulted and too few leaves!,[object Object],Crop control appears to be the answer, and consider:,[object Object],Less canes retained on young plants,[object Object],Laterals on young plants shortened,[object Object],More severe pruning on older plants,[object Object],Initial grower comments are that Natchez more difficult to manage mechanically,[object Object]
Navaho,[object Object],Arkansas, 1989,[object Object],Thornless, erect ,[object Object],Medium, 5 g ave.; some concern with smaller fruit later in season,[object Object],Ripe 20 June,[object Object],Yield med.-high, 8-10,000 lb/a,[object Object],Flavor exceptional;very sweet fruit, 11-12% SS,[object Object],PH potential great – the best of all blackberries tested by JRC,[object Object],Appears the hardiest of Arkansas varieties,[object Object],Some late crop on basal shoots seen and can extend the season ,[object Object],Orange rust susceptible ,[object Object]
Navaho,[object Object]
Apache,[object Object],Arkansas, 1999 ,[object Object],Thornless, erect,[object Object],Large, 7-10 g; (ave. 8 g) ,[object Object],Ripe 25 June,[object Object],Yield med.-high, 7-10,000 lb/a; among best of Ark. thornless,[object Object], Flavor between Navaho and Arapaho – Good! 11% SS,[object Object],PH potential –similar to Arapaho and near Navaho,[object Object],White drupe limitation is a major concern and shippers are not recommending this variety; others comment only a minor concern for local sales,[object Object],Still a good seller!,[object Object]
White Drupes,[object Object],Cause? Likely an effect of sunlight and possibly worse with moisture on berries (rain or heavy dew),[object Object],Is usually worse early in season and less when more berries appear,[object Object],Some still consider insect damage but not proven,[object Object]
Kiowa,[object Object],Arkansas, 1996,[object Object],Thorny, semi-erect ,[object Object],Very large, 9-14 g (ave. 12 g) ,[object Object],Ripe 12 June,[object Object],Yield high, 7-12,000 lb/a, long season,[object Object],Flavor good, similar to Shawnee, 10% SS,[object Object],PH potential fair to good, exceeds Choctaw and Shawnee but not for shipping,[object Object],as other thornies,[object Object],Chilling 200-300 hours –lowest of Ark. group,[object Object]
Chester Thornless,[object Object],USDA Beltsville, MD, 1985,[object Object],Thornless, semi-erect ,[object Object],Medium, 5-7 g,[object Object],Ripe 10 July ,[object Object],Yield very high-25,000 lb/a (not in Arkansas),[object Object],Flavor  fair to good, among best USDA thornless; 8-9% SS,[object Object],PH handling excellent–commercially among the most important in the world,[object Object],Hardy,[object Object],Can Chester build market?,[object Object],Biggest value is late-season option,[object Object]
Triple Crown,[object Object],Thornless, semi-erect ,[object Object],Medium-large, 6-8 g,[object Object],Ripe late  July – 10 Aug.?,[object Object],Yield high,[object Object],Flavor  probably best among USDA thornless; local sales a key option with TC,[object Object],PH handling does not appear adequate for shipping,[object Object]
Primocane-Fruiting: A Quick Review…….,[object Object],Blackberries are a perennial plant with biennial canes,[object Object],Primocanes are the first-year canes that usually are vegetative only,[object Object],Floricanes are the second-year canes and these flower, fruit and die ,[object Object],Primocane fruiting indicates that fruit is borne on first-year canes,[object Object],Normally, the remaining buds that did not fruit on primocanes develop and fruit on floricanes the following year,[object Object]
 Primocane Fruiting,[object Object],Primocane terminates in flowers,[object Object],Fruiting develops down the cane,[object Object],Remaining buds develop flowers the next year,[object Object]
Potential Value of Primocane Blackberries,[object Object],1) later-season (fall) fruiting period,[object Object],2) the potential to schedule production based on primocane management,[object Object],3) potential of two crops on the same plant in the same year (floricane followed by primocane),[object Object],4) reduction in pruning costs by  mowing of canes (primocane crop only),[object Object],5) avoidance of winter injury,[object Object],6) avoidance of rosette/double blossom occurrence,[object Object]
Blackberry Production and New Varieties
The New Release: Prime-Ark® 45,[object Object],Floricane crop ripens beginning early June, with Natchez or before,[object Object],Excellent flavor,[object Object],Comparable to Ouachita and Natchez in storage – should be shippable!,[object Object],Released August 2009 with plants first marketed spring 2010 in the US,[object Object]
Prime-Ark® 45,[object Object],Fruit in storage:,[object Object],Stay black,[object Object],Stay firm,[object Object],Few leaks,[object Object],Little mold,[object Object],Great flavor,[object Object]
Prime-Ark® 45,[object Object],Berry weight 6-7g (floricanes),[object Object],Very erect canes; thorny,[object Object],Primocane buds and crop later than PJ and J  - note this later fruiting,[object Object],Has been through virus testing in Oregon,[object Object],Upper FF fruit, (Ark) Lower PC fruit (Calif.),[object Object]
Tall Canes – Must Tip!!,[object Object],Prime-Ark® 45 - PSU,[object Object],Canes grew very tall in 2010.  The top of the green stake is at about 4’, so many of the canes were 8’ to 9’ without tipping,[object Object],Photo taken 11/2/10 ,[object Object],Fruit is just starting to,[object Object],	ripen at the tip of the canes, which resulted in very low yields,[object Object]
Prime-Ark® 45 Recommendation,[object Object],Tested in Virginia?,[object Object],Later ripening PC crop so note this – others coming will be earlier ripening ,[object Object],Heat tolerance and time of ripening must  be evaluated at your location,[object Object]
New Developments–Floricane Fruiting,[object Object],Early ripening continues to be a challenging trait, and nothing coming out right away in this ripening slot,[object Object],Mid season a challenge due to Ouachita being so dominant – but many good ones in this season under evaluation; but would you grow it?,[object Object],Later season continuing to get close attention to replace Navaho, and extend the floricane crop longer,[object Object]
New Developments – PrimocaneFruiting,[object Object],Thornless PF types in the program and very promising,[object Object],PF blackberries in coastal Calif.,[object Object]
Arkansas Fruit Breeding- More Good Things Coming!,[object Object],jrclark@uark.edu,[object Object]

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Blackberry Production and New Varieties

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