Groovy/Grails DevJam

Act I

“When you program in Groovy, in many ways
you’re writing a special kind of Java.”
-Dierk König
Groovy in Action

.groovy
.java

hugobook:groovy mjhugo$ groovyc
usage: groovyc [options] <source-files>
options:
--encoding <encoding> Specify the encoding of the user class files.
-F <flag>
-J <property=value>
-d Specify where to place generated class files.
-e,--exception Print stack trace on error.
-h,--help Print a synopsis of standard options.
-j,--jointCompilation Attach javac compiler to compile .java files.
-v,--version Print the version.

20%
80%

getters and setters

1 package com.piragua.java;
2
3 public class SimpleBook {
4 private String title;
5 private String authorName;
6
7 public String getTitle() {
8 return title;
9 }
10
11 public void setTitle(String title) {
12 this.title = title;
13 }
14
15 public String getAuthorName() {
16 return authorName;
17 }
18
19 public void setAuthorName(String authorName) {
20 this.authorName = authorName;
21 }
22 }

1 package com.piragua.groovy
2
3 class SimpleBook {
4 String title
5 String authorName
6 }

javap -private SimpleBook
Compiled from \"SimpleBook.groovy\"
public class com.piragua.groovy.SimpleBook ... {
private java.lang.String title;
private java.lang.String author;
public java.lang.String getTitle();
public void setTitle(java.lang.String);
public java.lang.String getAuthor();
public void setAuthor(java.lang.String);
...
}

javap -private SimpleBook
Compiled from \"SimpleBook.groovy\"
public class com.piragua.groovy.SimpleBook ... {
private java.lang.String title;
private java.lang.String author;
public java.lang.String getTitle();
public void setTitle(java.lang.String);
public java.lang.String getAuthor();
public void setAuthor(java.lang.String);
...
}

1 package com.piragua.java; 1 package com.piragua.groovy
2 2
3 import java.util.Date; 3 class Book {
4 import java.util.List; 4 String title
5 5 String authorName
6 public class Book { 6 Integer numberOfPages
7 private String title; 7 String subTitle
8 private String authorName; 8 List chapters
9 private Integer numberOfPages; 9 Date publishDate
10 private String subTitle; 10 String publisher
11 private List<Chapter> chapters; 11
12 private Date publishDate; 12 String toString() {
13 private String publisher; 13 title?.toUpperCase()
14 14 }
15 public String getPublisher() { 15
16 return publisher; 16 String displayString() {
17 } 17 \"<u>${title}</u> by ${authorName}, (${numberOfPages} pages)\"
18 18 }
19 public void setPublisher(String publisher) { 19
20 this.publisher = publisher; 20 Chapter findChapterByTitle(String title) {
21 } 21 // finding the first item that matches criteria
22 22 chapters?.find({it?.title == title})
23 public Date getPublishDate() { 23 }
24 return publishDate; 24 }
25 }
26
27 public void setPublishDate(Date publishDate) {
28 this.publishDate = publishDate;
29 }
30
31 public List getChapters() {
32 return chapters;
33 }
34
35 public void setChapters(List chapters) {
36 this.chapters = chapters;
37 }
38
39 public String getTitle() {
40 return title;
41 }
42
43 public void setTitle(String title) {
44 this.title = title;
45 }
46
47 public String getAuthorName() {
48 return authorName;
49 }
50
51 public void setAuthorName(String authorName) {
52 this.authorName = authorName;
53 }
54
55 public Integer getNumberOfPages() {
56 return numberOfPages;
57 }
58
59 public void setNumberOfPages(Integer numberOfPages) {
60 this.numberOfPages = numberOfPages;
61 }
62
63 public String getSubTitle() {
64 return subTitle;
65 }
66
67 public void setSubTitle(String subTitle) {
68 this.subTitle = subTitle;
69 }
70
71 public String toString() {
72 String upperCaseTitle = null;
73 if (title != null) {
74 upperCaseTitle = title.toUpperCase();
75 }
76 return upperCaseTitle;
77 }
78
79 public String displayString() {
80 return \"<u>\" + title + \"</u> by \" + authorName + \", (\" + numberOfPages + \" pages)\";
81 }
82
83 public Chapter findChapterByTitle(String chapterTitle) {
84 Chapter foundChapter = null;
85
86 if (chapterTitle != null && chapters != null) {
87 for (int i = 0; i < chapters.size(); i++) {
88 if (chapters.get(i) != null &&
89 chapterTitle.equals(chapters.get(i).getTitle())) {
90 foundChapter = chapters.get(i);
91 break;
92 }
93 }
94 }
95 return foundChapter;
96 }
97 }

constructor convenience
http://flickr.com/photos/9229859@N02/1052409181/

1 package com.piragua.java;
2
3 import junit.framework.TestCase;
4
5 import java.util.ArrayList;
6 import java.util.Date;
7
8 public class BookTest extends TestCase {
9 Book book;
10 Chapter chapter;
11
12 public void setUp() {
13 book = new Book();
14 book.setNumberOfPages(300);
15 book.setAuthorName(\"Mike Hugo\");
16 book.setTitle(\"Groovy Jam\");
17 book.setSubTitle(\"Jammin\");
18 book.setPublisher(\"Piragua Press\");
19 book.setPublishDate(new Date());
20 }

1 package com.piragua.groovy
2
3 public class BookTest extends GroovyTestCase {
4 Book book
5 Chapter grails, groovy, why
6
7 void setUp() {
8 book = new Book(title: \"Groovy Jam\", subTitle:\"Jammin\",
9 authorName: \"Mike Hugo\", numberOfPages: 300,
10 publishDate:new Date(), publisher: \"Piragua Press\")
11 }

null safe dereferencing
http://flickr.com/photos/synthesisstudios/352834727/

32 public String toString() {
33 String upperCaseTitle = null;
34 if (title != null){
35 upperCaseTitle = title.toUpperCase();
36 }
37 return upperCaseTitle;
38 }

String toString(){
title?.toUpperCase()
}

// more complex
String toString(){
book?.publisher?.address?.city?.toUpperCase()
}

groovy strings
http://flickr.com/photos/austinevan/416813459/

// Java Example
public String displayString() {
return \"<u>\" + title + \"</u> by \" +
authorName + \", (\" +
numberOfPages + \" pages)\";
}

// Java Example
public String displayString() {
return \"<u>\" + title + \"</u> by \" +
authorName + \", (\" +
numberOfPages + \" pages)\";
}

String displayString() {
\"<u>${title}</u> by ${authorName}, (${numberOfPages} pages)\"
}

String multiLineDisplayString() {
\"\"\"<u>${title}</u>
by ${authorName}
(${numberOfPages} pages)\"\"\"
}

collections
http://flickr.com/photos/stibbons/375342559/

11 private List<Chapter> chapters;
//...
55 public Chapter findChapterByTitle(String chapterTitle) {
56 Chapter foundChapter = null;
57
58 if (chapterTitle != null && chapters != null) {
59 for (int i = 0; i < chapters.size(); i++) {
60 if (chapters.get(i) != null &&
61 chapterTitle.equals(chapters.get(i).getTitle())) {
62 foundChapter = chapters.get(i);
63 break;
64 }
65 }
66 }
67 return foundChapter;
68 }

11 private List<Chapter> chapters;
//...
55 public Chapter findChapterByTitle(String chapterTitle) {
56 Chapter foundChapter = null;
57
58 if (chapterTitle != null && chapters != null) {
59 for (int i = 0; i < chapters.size(); i++) {
60 if (chapters.get(i) != null &&
61 chapterTitle.equals(chapters.get(i).getTitle())) {
62 foundChapter = chapters.get(i);
63 break;
64 }
65 }
66 }
67 return foundChapter;
68 }

8 List chapters
//...
17 Chapter findChapterByTitle(String title) {
18 // finding the first item that matches criteria
19 chapters?.find({it?.title == title})
20 }

8 List chapters
//...
22 List findChaptersByTitleStartingWith(String searchKeyword) {
23 // finding all matching items
24 chapters?.findAll({it?.title?.startsWith(searchKeyword)})
25 }

8 List chapters
//...
27 void printChapterTitles() {
28 // iterating over a list
29 chapters.each {chapter ->
30 println chapter?.title
31 }
32 }

duck typing
http://flickr.com/photos/davidw/380277419/

1 package com.piragua.java;
2
3 import javax.servlet.ServletException;
4 import javax.servlet.http.*;
5 import java.io.IOException;
6
7 public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
8
9 @Override
10 protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
11 HttpServletResponse response)
12 throws ServletException, IOException {
13
14 String username = request.getParameter(\"username\");
15 if (username != null) {
16 HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);
17 session.setAttribute(\"loggedInUser\", username);
18 }
19
20 }
21 }
22

1 package com.piragua.groovy
2
3 import javax.servlet.http.*
4 import com.piragua.java.MyServlet
5
6 public class MyServletTest extends GroovyTestCase {
7
8 Map params
9 Map session
10
11 def request
12
13 protected void setUp() {
14 params = [:]
15 session = [:]
16 def mockSession = [setAttribute: {k, v -> session[k] = v }]
17
18 request = [
19 getParameter: {param -> return params[param]},
20 getSession: {createNew -> return mockSession as HttpSession}]
21 }

23 void testDoGetFoundUser() {
24 params.username = 'mike'
25 new MyServlet().doPost(request as HttpServletRequest,
26 [:] as HttpServletResponse)
27 assertEquals(params.username, session.loggedInUser)
28 }
29
30 void testDoGetNoUser() {
31 params.username = null
32 new MyServlet().doPost(request as HttpServletRequest,
33 [:] as HttpServletResponse)
34 assertNull(session.loggedInUser)
35 }

If we had more time...
• file handling
• really easy regular expressions
• groovy truth
• case / switch
• closures
• meta programming

http://groovy.codehaus.org/ http://groovy.mn/

Act II

Web MVC Framework

convention
http://flickr.com/photos/markpasc/92779595

configuration
http://flickr.com/photos/clintjcl/169886338

DRY
http://flickr.com/photos/joshsommers/935470210/

Development

Deployment

Artifacts
http://flickr.com/photos/ragesoss/118620722/

Artefacts
http://flickr.com/photos/ragesoss/118620722/

grails create-app devjam

mysql> describe event;
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | bigint(20) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| version | bigint(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| event_date | datetime | NO | | NULL | |
| title | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> describe event;
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | bigint(20) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| version | bigint(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| event_date | datetime | NO | | NULL | |
| title | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> describe event;
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | bigint(20) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| version | bigint(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| event_date | datetime | NO | | NULL | |
| title | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Zero

Customer
class Customer {
! Address address
}
Address

class Customer {
! static hasMany = [incidents:Incident]
}
Customer Incident

class Customer {
! static hasMany = [products:Product]
}
class Product {
static hasMany = [customers:Customer]
static belongsTo = Customer //Customer owns the relationship
}
Customer
Customer Product
Product

http://server/devjam/event/list
name of application

http://server/devjam/event/list
name of controller

http://server/devjam/event/list
name of action

http://server/devjam/event/list?max=10

Data Binding

Dependency Injection

Demo

If we had more time...
• testing
• tag libraries
• services
• plugins
• content negotiation

http://grails.org http://grails.org/doc/1.0.x/

Act III

http://flickr.com/photos/johnniewalker/359440369

http://flickr.com/photos/philliecasablanca/2473728872

Learning Curve
100
75
50
25
0
* data for this chart is completely fabricated

Learning Curve
100
75
50
25
0
* data for this chart is completely fabricated

http://flickr.com/photos/13010608@N02/2441101135/

+ +

http://flickr.com/photos/kevint/85911467

1 package com.piragua.groovy
2
3 import javax.servlet.http.*
4 import com.piragua.java.MyServlet
5
6 class MyServletTest extends GroovyTestCase {
7
8 Map params
9 Map session
10
11 def request
12
13 protected void setUp() {
14 params = [:]
15 session = [:]
16 def mockSession = [setAttribute: {k, v -> session[k] = v }]

http://flickr.com/photos/nengard/82039595

200,000 1 Million $250/month
users page views/month VPS

http://flickr.com/photos/oxygenws/39895404

XYZ Thing

http://flickr.com/photos/thatblondegirl/467513888

Thank You

Groovy/Grails DevJam
https://duke.dev.java.net/images/guitar/DukeAsKeith-daylight.png
http://svn.codehaus.org/groovy/trunk/groovy/groovy-core/cruise/reporting-app/images/DukeGroovyChair.jpg

3 things to talk about tonight:
-Brief overview of Groovy
-High level Grails (and Live Coding!)
-Thumbs up and Thumbs Down:
! -When should you choose to use Groovy/Grails in existing or
greenfield project
! -Where it has worked (and why) and where it has failed (and why)

Act I
What is Groovy? - ask the audience...possible answers:
- answers.com: “Very pleasing; wonderful.”
- agile language
- scripting language for the JVM
- dynamically typed language
- build tool
- runtime tool for the JVM
- high level language for the JVM that compiles to byte code
- open source java language

“When you program in Groovy, in many ways
you’re writing a special kind of Java.”
-Dierk König
Groovy in Action
Groovy is all of those things, but most of all I like this definition.
What is Groovy? - answer by Dierk König, Groovy committer and
author of “Groovy in Action”
- dynamic language for the JVM

.groovy
.java
In fact, most of the time you can take .java file and rename
it .groovy and it will compile and run

Groovy and Java work seamlessly together
-your java classes can reference groovy classes and groovy
classes can reference java classes

hugobook:groovy mjhugo$ groovyc
usage: groovyc [options] <source-files>
options:
--encoding <encoding> Specify the encoding of the user class files.
-F <flag>
-J <property=value>
-d Specify where to place generated class files.
-e,--exception Print stack trace on error.
-h,--help Print a synopsis of standard options.
-j,--jointCompilation Attach javac compiler to compile .java files.
-v,--version Print the version.
This is because of something unique to groovy - the Groovy Joint
Compiler
- you can compile .groovy and .java files at the same time
allowing that seamless interaction

What this means is if you’re already using Java, it works with
everything you already have
- IDEs
- Open Source Frameworks
- Application Servers, etc.

20%
80%
For me, it comes down to the 80/20 rule.
Groovy gives me the ability to write concise code that\"s straight to the point of
what I\"m trying to do. I don\"t have to include “ceremony” - code that doesn\"t
relate to the task at hand (Stuart Halloway, http://blog.thinkrelevance.com/
2008/4/1/ending-legacy-code-in-our-lifetime) and can focus directly on the goal
my code is trying to achieve.
Examples...

getters and setters
Getters and Setters Example
Standard stuff - create some properties and have your IDE of choice generate the
getters and setters
but WHY generate them? they add so much noise to your code...

1 package com.piragua.java;
2
3 public class SimpleBook {
4 private String title;
5 private String authorName;
6
7 public String getTitle() {
8 return title;
9 }
10
11 public void setTitle(String title) {
12 this.title = title;
13 }
14
15 public String getAuthorName() {
16 return authorName;
17 }
18
19 public void setAuthorName(String authorName) {
20 this.authorName = authorName;
21 }
22 }
Java example: two properties, 15 lines of code for getters/
setters
Now, let\"s look at the same class in Groovy...

1 package com.piragua.groovy
2
3 class SimpleBook {
4 String title
5 String authorName
6 }
Same class, 0 lines of code for getters/setters
Also notice that the attributes and the class are not scoped - that\"s
because Groovy provides sensible defaults for these -
Lets take a look at a snippet of the byte code as shown by javap

javap -private SimpleBook
Compiled from \"SimpleBook.groovy\"
public class com.piragua.groovy.SimpleBook ... {
private java.lang.String title;
private java.lang.String author;
public java.lang.String getTitle();
public void setTitle(java.lang.String);
public java.lang.String getAuthor();
public void setAuthor(java.lang.String);
...
}
- getters and setters are provided automatically
! - You can add your own getters and setters to define custom
behavior - but how often do you really do this?

javap -private SimpleBook
Compiled from \"SimpleBook.groovy\"
public class com.piragua.groovy.SimpleBook ... {
private java.lang.String title;
private java.lang.String author;
public java.lang.String getTitle();
public void setTitle(java.lang.String);
public java.lang.String getAuthor();
public void setAuthor(java.lang.String);
...
}
- no need to define class as public - that\"s the default
- attributes are private by default
- methods are public by default

1 package com.piragua.java; 1 package com.piragua.groovy
2 2
3 import java.util.Date; 3 class Book {
4 import java.util.List; 4 String title
5 5 String authorName
6 public class Book { 6 Integer numberOfPages
7 private String title; 7 String subTitle
8 private String authorName; 8 List chapters
9 private Integer numberOfPages; 9 Date publishDate
10 private String subTitle; 10 String publisher
11 private List<Chapter> chapters; 11
12 private Date publishDate; 12 String toString() {
13 private String publisher; 13 title?.toUpperCase()
14 14 }
15 public String getPublisher() { 15
16 return publisher; 16 String displayString() {
17 } 17 \"<u>${title}</u> by ${authorName}, (${numberOfPages} pages)\"
18 18 }
19 public void setPublisher(String publisher) { 19
20 this.publisher = publisher; 20 Chapter findChapterByTitle(String title) {
21 } 21 // finding the first item that matches criteria
22 22 chapters?.find({it?.title == title})
23 public Date getPublishDate() { 23 }
24 return publishDate; 24 }
25 }
26
27 public void setPublishDate(Date publishDate) {
28 this.publishDate = publishDate;
29 }
30
31 public List getChapters() {
32 return chapters;
33 }
34
35 public void setChapters(List chapters) {
36 this.chapters = chapters;
37 }
38
39 public String getTitle() {
40 return title;
41 }
42
43 public void setTitle(String title) {
44 this.title = title;
45 }
46
47 public String getAuthorName() {
48 return authorName;
49 }
50
51 public void setAuthorName(String authorName) {
52 this.authorName = authorName;
53 }
54
55 public Integer getNumberOfPages() {
56 return numberOfPages;
57 }
58
59 public void setNumberOfPages(Integer numberOfPages) {
60 this.numberOfPages = numberOfPages;
61 }
62
63 public String getSubTitle() {
64 return subTitle;
65 }
66
67 public void setSubTitle(String subTitle) {
68 this.subTitle = subTitle;
69 }
70
71 public String toString() {
72 String upperCaseTitle = null;
73 if (title != null) {
74 upperCaseTitle = title.toUpperCase();
75 }
76 return upperCaseTitle;
77 }
78
79 public String displayString() {
80 return \"<u>\" + title + \"</u> by \" + authorName + \", (\" + numberOfPages + \" pages)\";
81 }
82
83 public Chapter findChapterByTitle(String chapterTitle) {
84 Chapter foundChapter = null;
85
86 if (chapterTitle != null && chapters != null) {
87 for (int i = 0; i < chapters.size(); i++) {
88 if (chapters.get(i) != null &&
89 chapterTitle.equals(chapters.get(i).getTitle())) {
90 foundChapter = chapters.get(i);
91 break;
92 }
93 }
94 }
95 return foundChapter;
96 }
97 }
This is the same class - on the left is Java (97 lines of code), on the right is
Groovy (24 lines of code).
6 pt font
Each class has 7 attributes and three methods.
When you go to maintain the Book class, which file would you rather work
with?

constructor convenience
http://flickr.com/photos/9229859@N02/1052409181/

1 package com.piragua.java;
2
3 import junit.framework.TestCase;
4
5 import java.util.ArrayList;
6 import java.util.Date;
7
8 public class BookTest extends TestCase {
9 Book book;
10 Chapter chapter;
11
12 public void setUp() {
13 book = new Book();
14 book.setNumberOfPages(300);
15 book.setAuthorName(\"Mike Hugo\");
16 book.setTitle(\"Groovy Jam\");
17 book.setSubTitle(\"Jammin\");
18 book.setPublisher(\"Piragua Press\");
19 book.setPublishDate(new Date());
20 }
Constructor Shortcut
Happens all the time in unit testing, but also sometimes in real code for
setting defaults
New up an object, then call all the setters to populate some values

1 package com.piragua.groovy
2
3 public class BookTest extends GroovyTestCase {
4 Book book
5 Chapter grails, groovy, why
6
7 void setUp() {
8 book = new Book(title: \"Groovy Jam\", subTitle:\"Jammin\",
9 authorName: \"Mike Hugo\", numberOfPages: 300,
10 publishDate:new Date(), publisher: \"Piragua Press\")
11 }
In groovy, you can use named parameters in the constructor to build
objects
- can happen in any order
- can pass all, some, or none of the attributes to the constructor
- it\"s descriptive - you know what\"s being set because it says it right
here (e.g. title: “groovy jam”)...if you created a java constructor how
would you remember which order to pass the parameters?

null safe dereferencing
http://flickr.com/photos/synthesisstudios/352834727/

32 public String toString() {
33 String upperCaseTitle = null;
34 if (title != null){
35 upperCaseTitle = title.toUpperCase();
36 }
37 return upperCaseTitle;
38 }
In Java, you often have times where you check to see if something
is null before performing an action on it

String toString(){
title?.toUpperCase()
}
In Groovy, you can use the ? operator to safely traverse the tree of an object
graph

// more complex
String toString(){
book?.publisher?.address?.city?.toUpperCase()
}
If any of the attributes in this example are null, groovy will stop at that point
and return null

groovy strings
http://flickr.com/photos/austinevan/416813459/

// Java Example
public String displayString() {
return \"<u>\" + title + \"</u> by \" +
authorName + \", (\" +
numberOfPages + \" pages)\";
}
Yeck.
String concatenation is evil
So is using string buffer

// Java Example
public String displayString() {
return \"<u>\" + title + \"</u> by \" +
authorName + \", (\" +
numberOfPages + \" pages)\";
}
Yeck.
String concatenation is evil
So is using string buffer

String displayString() {
\"<u>${title}</u> by ${authorName}, (${numberOfPages} pages)\"
}
Groovy strings allow you to construct strings using ${}
notation
You can also do multi line strings

String multiLineDisplayString() {
\"\"\"<u>${title}</u>
by ${authorName}
(${numberOfPages} pages)\"\"\"
}
You can also do multi line strings

collections
http://flickr.com/photos/stibbons/375342559/

11 private List<Chapter> chapters;
//...
55 public Chapter findChapterByTitle(String chapterTitle) {
56 Chapter foundChapter = null;
57
58 if (chapterTitle != null && chapters != null) {
59 for (int i = 0; i < chapters.size(); i++) {
60 if (chapters.get(i) != null &&
61 chapterTitle.equals(chapters.get(i).getTitle())) {
62 foundChapter = chapters.get(i);
63 break;
64 }
65 }
66 }
67 return foundChapter;
68 }
Java example of finding a chapter by title
- iterate over the the list until you find the one you\"re looking for, set it in a
temp variable and break

11 private List<Chapter> chapters;
//...
55 public Chapter findChapterByTitle(String chapterTitle) {
56 Chapter foundChapter = null;
57
58 if (chapterTitle != null && chapters != null) {
59 for (int i = 0; i < chapters.size(); i++) {
60 if (chapters.get(i) != null &&
61 chapterTitle.equals(chapters.get(i).getTitle())) {
62 foundChapter = chapters.get(i);
63 break;
64 }
65 }
66 }
67 return foundChapter;
68 }
Java example of finding a chapter by title
- by the way, did you notice all the null checking going on that distracts
from the essence of the code: finding a chapter by title

8 List chapters
//...
17 Chapter findChapterByTitle(String title) {
18 // finding the first item that matches criteria
19 chapters?.find({it?.title == title})
20 }
Groovy example
- use .find and pass a closure
- closure is executed against every item in the list until a
match is found
- #it\" is an implicit parameter passed to a closure, can be
named

8 List chapters
//...
22 List findChaptersByTitleStartingWith(String searchKeyword) {
23 // finding all matching items
24 chapters?.findAll({it?.title?.startsWith(searchKeyword)})
25 }
- can also use .findAll

8 List chapters
//...
27 void printChapterTitles() {
28 // iterating over a list
29 chapters.each {chapter ->
30 println chapter?.title
31 }
32 }
or .each to iterate over a collection

duck typing
http://flickr.com/photos/davidw/380277419/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_typing
If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, I would call it a duck.
Rather than create an interface to define the contract, use behavior at
runtime to determine the functionality
So now, a Java example

oh wait. you can\"t do this in java. no example here.

1 package com.piragua.java;
2
3 import javax.servlet.ServletException;
4 import javax.servlet.http.*;
5 import java.io.IOException;
6
7 public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
8
9 @Override
10 protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
11 HttpServletResponse response)
12 throws ServletException, IOException {
13
14 String username = request.getParameter(\"username\");
15 if (username != null) {
16 HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);
17 session.setAttribute(\"loggedInUser\", username);
18 }
19
20 }
21 }
22
Here\"s an example of a Java Servlet. It takes a parameter from
the request, and if it is not null, sets it in to the session.
If I wanted to test this, I would have to provide a full
implementation of HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse
just in order to call the method.
Note: Spring (and other frameworks) provide Mock
implementations of HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse,

1 package com.piragua.groovy
2
3 import javax.servlet.http.*
4 import com.piragua.java.MyServlet
5
6 public class MyServletTest extends GroovyTestCase {
7
8 Map params
9 Map session
10
11 def request
12
13 protected void setUp() {
14 params = [:]
15 session = [:]
16 def mockSession = [setAttribute: {k, v -> session[k] = v }]
17
18 request = [
19 getParameter: {param -> return params[param]},
20 getSession: {createNew -> return mockSession as HttpSession}]
21 }
But using Groovy, I can utilize Duck Typing to mock out the
implementation.
Line 20 has an example: “mockSession as HttpSession”
more in the tests

23 void testDoGetFoundUser() {
24 params.username = 'mike'
25 new MyServlet().doPost(request as HttpServletRequest,
26 [:] as HttpServletResponse)
27 assertEquals(params.username, session.loggedInUser)
28 }
29
30 void testDoGetNoUser() {
31 params.username = null
32 new MyServlet().doPost(request as HttpServletRequest,
33 [:] as HttpServletResponse)
34 assertNull(session.loggedInUser)
35 }
Line 25: “request as HttpServletRequest” - my map (defined in the setup
method) now looks like a HttpServletRequest to the Servlet under test
Line 33: “[:] as HttpServletResponse” just acts as a non-null
HttpServletResponse. How would you do this in Java? Create a class,
implement the HttpServletResponse interface with a bunch of empty
methods, then new it up and pass it into the doPost method. That sucks.
Now, I know duck typing is controversial. Interfaces can be a good thing,
and they enforce the contract at compile time. With duck typing, you don\"t

If we had more time...
• file handling
• really easy regular expressions
• groovy truth
• case / switch
• closures
• meta programming
For reference in the handout:
- File: Convenience methods for writing and reading files: http://docs.codehaus.org/display/GROOVY/JN2015-Files
- Truth: .equals is the same as ==; 1 is true, 0 is false; null is false; empty string is false; etc. : http://docs.codehaus.org/
display/GROOVY/Groovy+Truth
- Regular expressions are so easy! http://naleid.com/blog/2008/05/19/dont-fear-the-regexp/
- Case / Switch: can switch on any type: http://groovy.codehaus.org/Logical+Branching
- Closures: named block of code. pass it around, reuse it, do all sorts of fun things: http://groovy.codehaus.org/Closures
- Meta Programming: http://groovy.dzone.com/articles/metaprogramming-groovy-ii-expa , also http://naleid.com/blog/
2008/05/07/what-methods-does-my-groovygrails-class-have/
- See more differences from Java: http://groovy.codehaus.org/Differences+from+Java

http://groovy.codehaus.org/ http://groovy.mn/
Two resources:
Groovy website @ codehaus - api, documentation, and lots of examples
Groovy Users Group of MN - meets the second Tuesday of the month in NE
minneapolis
Also see this presentation by Guillaume LaForge (groovy project manager)
on Groovy
http://www.slideshare.net/glaforge/groovy-and-grails-in-action-devoxx-2008-
university-guillaume-laforge-presentation

Three books:
-Groovy in Action (Dierk König)
-Groovy Recipies (Scott Davis)
-Programming Groovy (Venkat Subramaniam)
http://www.amazon.com/Groovy-Action-Dierk-Koenig/dp/
1932394842
http://www.amazon.com/Groovy-Recipes-Greasing-Pragmatic-

Act II
So now, on to Grails...What is Grails?

Web MVC Framework
Grails is a Web Model/View/Controller framework

that leverages the power of Groovy, Hibernate, Spring and Java

convention
http://flickr.com/photos/markpasc/92779595
With it you can do rapid application development by using the
concepts of Convention...

configuration
http://flickr.com/photos/clintjcl/169886338
instead of configuration (AKA convention over configuration)

DRY
http://flickr.com/photos/joshsommers/935470210/
And “Don’t Repeat Yourself”
Why add all sorts of ceremony to your code in configuration
when it could be implied?

Development
Grails provides a full *development* environment out of the box
including an:
- in-memory HSQL DB
- Jetty application server
- Automatic reloading of most artifacts
But you’re not limited to that in Development or even in
Production -

Deployment
Jetty and HSQLDB are just the defaults -
You can deploy a grails application on any application server that
can handle a WAR file
and any database that has a JDBC driver
But I’m getting ahead of myself...let’s get started with some Grails
basics

Artifacts
http://flickr.com/photos/ragesoss/118620722/
Artifacts. or, if you’re british

Artefacts
http://flickr.com/photos/ragesoss/118620722/
A lot of the core contributors to Grails are in the UK, so you
sometimes run into this (in the Grails code base)

grails create-app devjam
Every Grails Application has a common structure
Underneath the ‘grails-app’ directory there are sub-directories for
“special” grails artifacts.
Let’s look at a few

The domain subdirectory is for any class that you want to be
persistent.
These classes are automatically mapped to the DB through
Hibernate

Grails will automatically create your database tables based on
your domain classes using Hibernate’s hbm2ddl
There are other ways to manage DB migrations, this is just the
default

mysql> describe event;
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | bigint(20) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| version | bigint(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| event_date | datetime | NO | | NULL | |
| title | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
! - the domain class name becomes the table name

mysql> describe event;
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | bigint(20) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| version | bigint(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| event_date | datetime | NO | | NULL | |
| title | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
! - attribute names are converted into column names

mysql> describe event;
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | bigint(20) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| version | bigint(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| event_date | datetime | NO | | NULL | |
| title | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | |
+------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- id (PK) and version (optimistic locking) columns are added to
DB, but don’t need to be explicitly specified in code
all of these defaults can be overridden through a mapping DSL or
through explicit Hibernate configuration

The next couple examples are screen shots of the “Grails Console”
- an interactive Swing console that is wired up with hibernate and
all your spring beans and everything

Not only are the domain classes automatically mapped to the DB,
Grails adds persistent methods like
.save() - inserts or updates an object

.get(id)
pass in the ID of a persistent object and hibernate will retrieve it

.list()
select * from table

and last but not least, dynamic finders like “findByTitle”

and you can even add criteria like ‘EventDateLessThan’

how about a query using case insensitive ‘like’?

or a query using HQL?

or a query using criteria?

Zero
All of this with: Zero - the amount of configuration and DAO lines
of code you have to do to perform crud on a domain class.

Customer
class Customer {
! Address address
}
Address
Associations are also supported - you can have
- one to one

class Customer {
! static hasMany = [incidents:Incident]
}
Customer Incident
- one to many

class Customer {
! static hasMany = [products:Product]
}
class Product {
static hasMany = [customers:Customer]
static belongsTo = Customer //Customer owns the relationship
}
Customer
Customer Product
Product
- many to many

Controllers are servlets in the Grails world. Any groovy class in
this directory will have a url mapping by convention - no xml
config required:

http://server/devjam/event/list
name of application
The context root of your app is the name of the application, in
this case “devjam”

http://server/devjam/event/list
name of controller
The next part of a URL is the name of the controller

http://server/devjam/event/list
name of action
and the final part is the name of the action (which is a closure
defined in the controller)
These are the defaults - you can change URL mappings to your
liking

http://server/devjam/event/list?max=10
Grails puts all the parameters coming in to a controller in to a
map called ‘params’ - you can access them using ‘dot’ notation
(like ‘params dot max’ to get the ‘max’ parameter)

Data Binding
This is also fantastic for data binding
- on a new object you can pass the ‘params’ map straight to a
object constructor (thank you Groovy constructor convenience)

Dependency Injection
Grails artifacts like controllers and services are created as spring
beans - and grails autowires beans together by name.
In the case, AuthenticateService will automatically be injected into
the EventController - no config needed

Views are GSP (grails server pages) instead of JSPs

you can reference anything that is in the ‘model’ with ${} notation
(like eventInstance)

there’s a convention for where the views go - by default views for
the “EventController” go in the “views/event” subdirectory

Grails uses SiteMesh to decorate pages - so your GSPs are simple
HTML

that have a layout applied to them

Demo
Demo - build a simple Grails app to
-list events (demo sca\"olding)
-create a new event (demo domain constraints)
-allow users to RSVP to them (demo reloading of controller and
dependency injection)
-create RSS feed of events list (install and use feeds plugin)

If we had more time...
• testing
• tag libraries
• services
• plugins
• content negotiation
For reference in the handout:
Testing: http://www.grails.org/Testing+Plugin
Tag Libraries: http://grails.org/doc/1.0.x/guide/6.%20The%20Web%20Layer.html#6.3%20Tag%20Libraries
Services: http://grails.org/doc/1.0.x/guide/8.%20The%20Service%20Layer.html
Plugins: http://grails.org/Plugins
Content Negotiation: http://grails.org/doc/1.0.x/guide/6.%20The%20Web%20Layer.html#6.8%20Content%20Negotiation

http://grails.org http://grails.org/doc/1.0.x/
Two resources:
Grails.org website - great starting point - and a grails app itself
Grails reference guide - excellent documentation of Grails

Two excellent books coming out very soon (early editions
available from publisher now)
GIA (May?): http://www.amazon.com/Grails-Action-Glen-Smith/
dp/1933988932/
DGG (Jan): http://www.amazon.com/Definitive-Guide-Grails-
Second/dp/1590599950

Act III
Act III:
- when should you consider using these tools in an existing
environment?
- greenfield environment?
- Where have they worked and where haven\"t they?
When should you consider using these tools in an existing
environment?

The first question I ask is “Are you already a Java shop?”

http://flickr.com/photos/johnniewalker/359440369
If you are - then you already have the infrastructure you need to
build and deploy applications with Groovy/Grails...

http://flickr.com/photos/philliecasablanca/2473728872
And you also have resources that understand Java

If your company/client is open source friendly

Then bringing Groovy into your existing environment is a piece of
cake.

Learning Curve
100
75
50
25
0
* data for this chart is completely fabricated
The learning curve for a new language might look like this

Learning Curve
100
75
50
25
0
* data for this chart is completely fabricated
With Groovy, your Java developers will have a jump start on
learning the language
-the syntax is basically the same
-all the Java APIs are available to you
-can immediately be productive with the language and
conveniences it provides

Integrating Grails into an existing environment may not be quite
as easy

If you’re already using Hibernate for the ORM layer, then it’s
possible. You can take your existing database, existing hibernate
mapping files and Java domain classes and take advantage of all
the features Grails has to o\"er.
(See “Grails In Action” book for using Grails to map the “Legacy
Database from Hell”)

http://flickr.com/photos/13010608@N02/2441101135/
But where Grails really excels is in a green field

+ +
-If your team is familiar with Hibernate and Spring
-Your process includes iterative development and a fast feedback
loop
-And testing is important

Then you should seriously be considering Grails for your next
project

http://flickr.com/photos/kevint/85911467
Where has it worked?

1 package com.piragua.groovy
2
3 import javax.servlet.http.*
4 import com.piragua.java.MyServlet
5
6 class MyServletTest extends GroovyTestCase {
7
8 Map params
9 Map session
10
11 def request
12
13 protected void setUp() {
14 params = [:]
15 session = [:]
16 def mockSession = [setAttribute: {k, v -> session[k] = v }]
Unit Testing is a great way to start integrating Groovy into your
code base
- collections / xml / file convenience features reduce the amount
of ceremony in your tests
- can make mocking is easier (as shown in earlier groovy slides)

http://flickr.com/photos/nengard/82039595
“internal” apps are a great place for Grails - it’s very easy to
develop a fully functional web app very quickly
I built one at my last client in 12 hours (full user login, search,
audit history and workflow task management)

There are tons of success stories for Grails (http://grails.org/
Success+Stories)
Some very large, some smaller.

200,000 1 Million $250/month
users page views/month VPS
Like this example - this Brazilian Entertainment website has 200k
users, 1 million page views per month and runs on a $250/month
VPS - no load balancing or major performance tuning
Feb 2008
reference: http://www.nabble.com/Grails-1.0.1-is-out-
td15548113.html

Linked in uses Grails for some of its sites for corporate customers
http://blog.linkedin.com/2008/06/11/grails-at-linkedin/

Hot o\" the press - a full case study is coming soon!
wired.com/reviews is Grails powered and more of Wired.com is
moving to Grails soon

http://flickr.com/photos/oxygenws/39895404
Where has it failed?

I have seen projects run into trouble when they don’t test enough.
The dynamic nature of Groovy/Grails means that the compiler
won’t find certain errors - you need good testing to mitigate this

XYZ Thing
Too far outside the box
For instance - one project that didn’t use the conventions that
GORM provides and tried to roll their own persistence mechanism
didn’t go so well.

I hope you\"ve enjoyed the overview of Groovy/Grails and some thoughts
to consider when choosing them

http://flickr.com/photos/thatblondegirl/467513888
Obviously, I’m drinking the Koolaid

But I’ve also been working with Groovy and Grails for almost 2
years and I’m still a happy camper.

I encourage you to go download Groovy or download Grails and
walk through the “Getting Started” tutorials - and see how these
new tools can help you be more e\"ective

Thank You