Introduction to computer hardware

Slide 1: Hardware of Personal Computers Lesson 2 Hardwares of Personal Computers 1

Slide 2: Part 1: Introduction Hardwares of Personal Computers 2

Slide 3: What are Basic Hardware of a Personal Computer? 1. Monitor 2. Motherboard 3. CPU (Microprocessor) 4. Primary storage (RAM) 5. Expansion cards 6. Power supply 7. Optical disc drive 8. Secondary storage (Hard disk) 9. Keyboard 10. Mouse Hardwares of Personal Computers 3

Slide 4: What is a Hardware? • Hardware is the general term that is used to describe physical artifacts of a technology. Hardwares of Personal Computers 4

Slide 5: Classification of Hardware 2 1 4 Output Input Processing Devices Devices Unit Storage 3 Devices Hardwares of Personal Computers 5

Slide 6: Part 2: Input Devices Hardwares of Personal Computers 6

Slide 7: What is a Input Device? • A hardware mechanism that transforms information in the external world for consumption by a computer. Hardwares of Personal Computers 7

Slide 8: Input Devices for the input of text and characters Keyboard and also to control the operation of a computer a pointing device by detecting two- Mouse dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. a device that analyzes images, printed Scanner text, or handwriting, or an object and converts it to a digital image Hardwares of Personal Computers 8

Slide 9: Input Devices an acoustic to electric transducer or Microphone sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. a real-time camera (usually, though WebCam not always, a video camera) whose images can be accessed using the World Wide Web an electronic device used to capture Digital and store photographs electronically Camera in a digital format Hardwares of Personal Computers 9

Slide 10: Part 3: Processing Unit Hardwares of Personal Computers 10

Slide 11: What is a Processing Unit? • A central processing unit (CPU), is the component in a digital computer that interprets computer program instructions and processes data. • There are 2 major CPU Intel Celern 2.66GHz CPU (Front) manufacturers for personal computers. Intel http://www.intel.com/ AMD http://www.amd.com Intel Celern 2.66GHz CPU (Back) Hardwares of Personal Computers 11

Slide 12: How fast is a CPU? • When you choose a CPU, you should consider its speed. • The speed of a CPU is determined by 2 main factors. – Clock frequency – Amount of cache memory • The higher the value, the faster the CPU will be. The clock frequency of a CPU Hardwares of Personal Computers 12

Slide 13: What are Intel CPU Families for Desktop Computers? There are 3 Intel CPU families for desktop computers: 1. Core Processor http://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/index.htm 2. Pentium Processor http://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/pentium.htm 3. Celeron http://www.intel.com/products/desktop/processors/celeron.htm Hardwares of Personal Computers 13

Slide 14: What are AMD CPU Families for Desktop Computers? There are 3 AMD CPU Families for Desktop Computers: 1. Athlon 64 FX http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_948 2. Athlon 64 x 2 Dual – Core http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_948 3. Athlon 64 http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_948 Hardwares of Personal Computers 14

Slide 15: TASK 1 (Individual work) • In Lesson 1, you have learnt some searching skills for search engines, now you need to search the basic configurations and prices of the following CPUs. • Please complete TABLE 1 and post it in the Forum. Hardwares of Personal Computers 15

Slide 16: TASK 1 (TABLE 1) Intel CPU AMD CPU CPU Model Core 2 Due Celeron Athlon 64 Athlon 64 E6700 D356 FX – 51/940 ADA 3200- CN Clock Frequency (GHz) Cache Memory L2 (MB) Price (HK$) Hardwares of Personal Computers 16

Slide 17: TASK 2 (Group Work) • You are divided into groups of 4. • Discuss the above CPU models, which are suitable for home PC or office PC used. • Give brief reasons. • Please post your group discussion results in the Forum. Hardwares of Personal Computers 17

Slide 18: What is a motherboard? • A motherboard is the central circuit board making up a personal computer. RAM slot CPU A motherboard Hardwares of Personal Computers 18

Slide 19: Motherboard • A personal computer is built with the CPU, main memory, and other essential components on the motherboard. • Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices are typically attached to the motherboard via edge connectors and cables. • In modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate these \"peripherals\" into the motherboard. Hardwares of Personal Computers 19

Slide 20: What is a Video Card? A video card is to generate and output images to a display. Hardwares of Personal Computers 20

Slide 21: A Video Card • If the video card is integrated in the motherboard, it will use the computer RAM memory (lower throughput). If it is not integrated, the video card will have its own video memory which is called Video RAM or VRAM. • The VRAM capacity of most modern video cards range from 128 to 2048 MB (workstation graphics cards). • In 2006, the VRAM was based on DDR technology, standing out DDR2, GDDR3 and GDDR4. The memory clock rate is between 400 MHz and 1.6 GHz. • A very important element of the video memory is the Z- buffer, which manages the depth coordinates in 3D graphics. Hardwares of Personal Computers 21

Slide 22: What is a Sound Card? A sound card is a computer expansion card that can input and output sound under control of computer programs. • Many computers have sound capabilities built in on the motherboard, while others require these expansion cards if audio A sound card capability is desired. Hardwares of Personal Computers 22

Slide 23: Part 4: Storage Devices Hardwares of Personal Computers 23

Slide 24: What are Types of Storage Devices? Storage Devices Primary Storage Secondary Storage Read-Only Memory (ROM) Random-Access Memory (RAM) Hardwares of Personal Computers 24

Slide 25: What is Primary Storage? • Primary storage is computer memory that is directly accessible to the CPU of a computer without the use of computer's input/output channels. • Primary storage is used to store data that is likely to be in active use. Hardwares of Personal Computers 25

Slide 26: What is ROM? • Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers. • Data stored in ROM cannot be modified. • ROM is a non-volatile storage. Data remains unchanged even after switching off the An EPROM computer. • E.g. EPROM, EEPROM Hardwares of Personal Computers 26

Slide 27: What is RAM? • Random access memory (RAM) is a type of data storage used in computers. • It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order (random). • Data stored in RAM can be modified. • RAM is a volatile storage. Data will lose after switching off the computer. • E.g. DDRam, DDR-2 Ram Two 512 MB DDRam Hardwares of Personal Computers 27

Slide 28: What is Secondary Storage? • Secondary storage is computer memory that is not directly accessible to the CPU of a computer, requiring the use of computer's input/output channels. • It is used to store data that is NOT in active use. • It is usually slower than primary storage but it always has higher storage capacity. • It is non-volatile. Data remains unchanged even after switching off the computer. Hardwares of Personal Computers 28

Slide 29: Secondary Storage 3.5” Floppy Disk • Data can be read or write • Data capacity: 1.44 MB Hardwares of Personal Computers 29

Slide 30: Secondary Storage Hard Disk • Data can be read or write • Speed of disk rotation usually 7200 rpm • Data capacity : 80GB, 160GB, 250GB, 300GB etc A Hard disk Hardwares of Personal Computers 30

Slide 31: Secondary Storage CD-Rom CD-R CD-RW Data can Read only Read but Read & be write once write Data 650 650 650 capacity (MB) Hardwares of Personal Computers 31

Slide 32: Secondary Storage DVD DVD-R DVD-RW /DVD+R /DVD+RW Data can Read only Read but Read & be write once write Single layer: Single layer: Single layer: Data capacity 4.7 4.7 4.7 (GB) Double layer: Double layer: Double layer: 8.5 8.5 8.5 Hardwares of Personal Computers 32

Slide 33: What are the Different Between DVD-R and DVD+R? • The DVD-R format was developed by Pioneer in the autumn of 1997. It is supported by most DVD players, and is approved by the DVD Forum. • DVD+R was developed in 2002. • This format is a competing format to the DVD-R format, which is developed by the DVD Forum, it has not been approved by the DVD Forum, which claims that the DVD+R format is not an official DVD format. Hardwares of Personal Computers 33

Slide 34: Secondary Storage A CD-R disk A CD-RW disk Hardwares of Personal Computers 34

Slide 35: Secondary Storage A DVD-R disk A DVD+RW disk Hardwares of Personal Computers 35

Slide 36: Secondary Storage USB flash drives • They are flash memory data storage devices integrated with a USB interface. • They are typically small, lightweight, removable and rewritable. • Data capacity: 512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, etc Hardwares of Personal Computers 36

Slide 37: Secondary Storage Memory Cards • e.g. SD card, CF card, xD card, Microdrive, Memory Stick • Data can be read or write • Data capacity: 512 MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB etc Hardwares of Personal Computers 37

Slide 38: Various Types of Memory Cards SM Card SD Card CF Card xD card Memory Stick Microdrive Hardwares of Personal Computers 38

Slide 39: Part 5: Output Devices Hardwares of Personal Computers 39

Slide 40: What is a output device? • Output devices include any hardware that translate information processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand. Hardwares of Personal Computers 40

Slide 41: Output Devices A monitor is a piece of electrical equipment which displays texts and images. • It generated a temporary record because the record disappear when power off. • There are 2 major types of monitors: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) A 14” LCD monitor. Hardwares of Personal Computers 41

Slide 42: The performance parameters of a monitor are: 3. Luminance 4. Size, measured diagonally For CRT the viewable size is one inch smaller then the tube itself. 5. Dot pitch Describes the distance between pixels of the same color. In general, the lower the dot pitch (e.g. 0.24), the sharper the picture will appear. Hardwares of Personal Computers 42

Slide 43: 1. Response time The amount of time a pixel in an LCD monitor takes to go from active (black) to inactive (white) and back to active (black) again. It is measured in milliseconds (ms). Lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts. 2. Refresh rate The number of times in a second that a display is illuminated. 3. Power consumption 4. Display resolution The number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. Hardwares of Personal Computers 43

Slide 44: Output Devices A printer, produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper. • There are 2 major types of printers. They are inject printer and laser printer. • The resolution of a printer is measured in dots per inch (dpi). The higher the value, the better the quality. Hardwares of Personal Computers 44

Slide 45: Output Devices Inkjet printers operates by propelling tiny droplets of liquid ink onto paper. • They are the most common type of computer printer for the general consumer due to their low cost, high quality of output, capability of printing in vivid colour, and ease of use. Hardwares of Personal Computers 45

Slide 46: Output Devices Laser printer • Laser printers employ a xerographic printing process. • Laser printers are available in both colour and black & white varieties. Hardwares of Personal Computers 46

Slide 47: Task 3 (Group Work) • You are divided into groups of 4. • Compare the features (print speed, print volume per month, print resolution, printer price, print cost per page) of laser printers and inkjet printers. • Please post your group discussion results in the Forum. Hardwares of Personal Computers 47

Slide 48: Output Devices • A loudspeaker is an electromechanical transducer which converts an electrical signal into sound. Hardwares of Personal Computers 48