2. Two English Sources of Light

3. Beniface- an untiring traveler, is remembered as “the Apostle of Germany”

4. Bede – who spent his childhood and entire adult life in one monastery, is known for his contribution to Christian scholarship and history

5. Beniface: The Apostle to the Germans

6. Beniface

7. Benedictine monk in England

8. Went to Rome to see the pope

9. Made a bishop

10. Built monasteries

11. Bede: The Historian Monk

12. Bede

13. English Monk

14. Known after death as “the venerable Bede”

15. Wrote “ A History of the English Church and People”

16. Church and State Entangled

17. The donation of Pepin : The papal States

18. Donation of Pepin- decided the pope needed his own territory

19. Papal states- the wide strip of Italy in the middle of the Italian “boot” or peninsula

20. Charlemagne: A return to the Roman Empire

21. Conversion by the Sword

22. An emperor again

23. Pope Leo III

24. An emphasis on education

25. Direction for the church

26. The fate of the Empire

27. A feudal way of life

28. Feudalism

29. A system of defense

30. The pyramid of feudalism

31. Serfs- peasants who worked a piece of land in return for food and housing