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Barangay and SK Governance in the
Philippines1
1
A requirement submitted by Michael John D. Sison in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the course Local Governance
and Regional Administration (DM 219) under the Supervision of
Dr. Josefina B. Bitonio; 1st
Sem., S.Y. 2014-2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I would like to thank authors, writers, bloggers, and everybody who 
sparked ideas about governance and youth participation in Philippine 
governance. Their work has greatly contributed and helped me in 
completing this graduate school requirement. 
I would also like to thank my professor, Dr. Josefina Bitonio, who 
accommodated me in finalizing this project.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Origin
 Definition
 History
 Issues
 Springboard discussion
Origin
Barangay
Before the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, there were well-founded
organized independent villages
called Barangays, tracing their
origin to  balangay, a Malay word
meaning “sailboat.”
Definition and Importance
Barangay
In the Philippines, a barangay is the equivalent of a
village. It is the basic political unit as enshrined in
the 1987 Constitution and the 1991 Local
Government Code or LGC (PIDS, 2009).
Definition and Importance
Barangay
Among the local
government units (LGUs),
the barangay is
considered to be the level
closest to the people in
terms of access and
proximity (PIDS, 2009).
History
Traditionally, the original
“barangays” were coastal
settlements built by Malayo-
Polynesian groups who migrated
to the archipelago from other
places in Southeast Asia. Most
relied on fishing for food and
livelihood (InterAksyon.com).
History
Pre-Hispanization
The first barangays started as relatively small
communities of from 50 to 100 families
(InterAksyon.com).
Legends state the then Philippine archipelago was
settled by Bornean datus who founded a political
configuration in the Visayas and wrote legal codes
(Miclat, 2012).
History
Pre-Hispanization
A barangay was headed by a datu who is the
executive, legislative, and judge in consultation with a
council of elders. Datuship was attained through the
inheritance, physical prowess, wealth, wisdom, or
through the combination of these attributes. The
leadership is also referred to as rajah, gat and lakan
(Miclat, 2012).
History
Spanish Period
Once settled, the Spaniards begun their colonization
through their sword and cross. They adopted the
existing system of barangays (Miclat, 2012).
(Then,) many barangays had already developed into
large communities (InterAksyon.com).
History
Leyte
PampangaPampanga
SuluSulu
CebuCebu
There were bustling
trade centers among the
affluent and powerful
coastal barangays in
Laguna
Laguna
Pasig
Pasig
Pangasinan
Pangasinan
Cagayan
River
Cagayan
River
Pre-Hispanization
Source:
InterAksyon.com
History
Spanish Period
BARANGAY headed by
Cabeza de
Barangay
(barangay chief)
formed part of the Elite ruling class;
was at first inherited from the first
Datus ; and
primary job was to collect taxes (or
tribute).
Source: De Guzman, 2010
History
American era: rural councils
When the country came under American colonizers,
Rural Councils were created: four councilors assisted
the village chief now  re-named Barrio Lieutenant,
now our  barangay captain (InterAksyon.com)
Also, during the American regime, the barangay
became the barrio (De Guzman, 2010).
History
Barangay under dictatorship
President Ferdinand Marcos ordered the renaming of
barrios back to barangays. The cabeza de barangay
became the punong barangay or the barangay captain.
The municipal council was abolished upon the transfer of
powers to the barangay system (De Guzman, 2010).
Marcos issued Presidential Decree 86, creating the
Citizens Assemblies in December 31, 9172
(InterAksyon.com)
History
In April 8, 1974, President Ferdinand Marcos issued
Presidential Decree 431, amending Barrio Charter Act which
changed the terms for the barangays:
Source: InterAksyon.com
History
Barangay post-EDSA
After the 1986 EDSA Revolution, the Municipal Council was
restored under the new Constitution, making the barangay
the smallest unit of Philippine government.
Landmark changes in the powers and responsibilities of the
barangay system came about with the Local Government
Code of October 10, 1991, chiefly authored by then former
Sen. Aquilino “Nene” Pimentel Jr. (InterAksyon.com).
History
History
After the EDSA Revolution in 1986 and the
drafting of the 1987 Constitution, the Municipal
Council was restored, making the barangay the
smallest unit of government in Philippine politics.
Political parties take advantage of the power of the
barangay because of its strong influence on the
grassroots level (De Guzman, 2010).
The Present-day Barangay
Section 384 of the Local Government Code of 1991
states that: “As the basic political unit, the barangay
serves as the primary planning and implementing unit
of government policies, plans, programs, projects and
activities in the community, and as a forum wherein
the collective views of the people may be expressed,
crystallized and considered, and where disputes may
be amicably settled,” (De Guzman, 2010).
The Present-day Barangay
The present-day barangay is composed of:
The Present-day Barangay
The Sangguniang Barangay has seven regular members
and the Barangay Sangguniang Kabataan president (Miclat,
2012).
Each member heads a committee:
Peace and
Order
Appropriations,
Finance, Ways
and Means
Education Agriculture
Health
Youth and
Sports
Infrastructure
Tourism
Source: De Guzman, 2010
The Present-day Barangay
In the process local level politicians and leaders
had engaged themselves in the electoral exercise. This
had become the training ground for younger generation
political leaders from traditional political dynasties and
elites in the local areas...
The exercise institutionalized a socio-political
phenomenon of petty ego-inflating and fiefdom-building
schemes that perpetuated political dynasticism in the area
(Miclat, 2012).
The Present-day Barangay
5 things that barangay officials get (Go, 2013):
Discretion over the IRA;
Share in other allocations for local government units;
Power to collect fees for what we thought were “normal” activities;
Health insurance, scholarships, automatic civil service eligibility;
and
The chance to become city/town councilor or provincial board
member and make laws
Issues
“Ang kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan,” this
striking line was penned and immortalized in the
poem A la Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)
by Dr. Jose Rizal, the country’s national hero and
pride of Malay race.
In the context of youth participation in Philippine
governance and Sangguniang Kabataan, can we
say that the youth of this country have fared well in
taking up that challenge?
Article II, Section 13 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
The State recognizes the
vital role of the youth in
nation-building and shall
promote and protect their
physical, moral, spiritual,
intellectual, and social well-
being. It shall inculcate in the
youth patriotism and
nationalism, and encourage
their involvement in public
and civic affairs
(http://www.gov.ph).
Even before it became a signatory to the
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN
CRC), the Philippines had already enacted a
law to ensure that the voices of children and
young people were heard on issues that
directly concerned them. So far, it is the only
country in the world to have a grassroots-
based, government-funded political structure
for young people that is recognized nationwide
(UNICEF, 2007).
Legal Bases
 PD603 or the Child and Youth Welfare Code.
“The child is not a mere creature of the State.
Hence, his individual traits and aptitudes should
be cultivated to the utmost insofar as they do not
conflict with the general welfare,”
(www.lawphil.net).
Legal Bases
 Republic Act No. 7160, or the Local Government
Code of 1991.
It formed the Katipunan ng Kabataan (KK) to tap
and harness the energy, enthusiasm, and
idealism of young people. Those aged 15 to 17
years old in a barangay could register in the KK
and have the right to vote and be voted into a
governing body called the Sangguniang Kabataan
(SK). (UNICEF, 2007).
Accomplishments and success
stories
In 2007, UNICEF, et al, published its study The Impact of Youth
Participation in the Local Government Process, it highlighted the
potentials of the Sanguniang Kabataan that:
“Like the KB, the SK has produced a crop of local government
officials, as well as national legislators. SK Federations at all levels
have also been consistent in celebrating the annual Linggo ng
Kabataan (Youth Week), a yearly weeklong event when youth
members get the opportunity to act as officials of all local government
and national agencies for a week.”
Accomplishments and success
stories
Other concrete examples of the SK’s potential as a vehicle for
youth participation:
• Some SK officials in the barangay and municipal levels
consistently involve the KK and other youth in
consultations and project development.
• A former SK chairperson mentored his successor in
developing projects that went beyond holding the usual
summer sportsfest such as basketball tournaments for
young men in barangays.
• Another SK official coordinated with her fellow SK officials
and with proper agencies to initiate a
reforestation project in her area” (UNICEF, 2007).
Issues
Over the years though, as
what often happens with a once-
noble purpose, the Sangguniang
Kabataan has been twisted and
turned into something that is no
longer in unison with its original
purpose. It has become as open
to graft and corruption as the government itself, and instead of
fostering future good leaders, it only seems to teach the youth about
the corruption that exists in the government at a very early age.
- Tony Katigbak
Republic Act No. 10632
An Act to postpone the
Sangguniang Kabataan
Elections on October 28,
2013, amending for the
purpose of Republic Act
No. 9340, and for other
purposes.
Problems at the local level:
 Training ground for political dynasties;
 Access to public funds as a breeding ground for corruption;
and
 Responsibility, transparency, and accountability issues; and
 Can be easily manipulated/persuaded or corrupted by the
Philippine political system and/or other public officials.
Problems at the national level:
 A study was made two Mass Communication
students in University of the Philippines Diliman to
explore the proliferation of corrupt practices in the
Sangguniang Kabataan National Federation
(SKNF), the highest unit in the system of youth
participation in Philippine governance. The
researchers found that corrupt practices exist in the
SKNF due to the lack of external auditing. Since its
inception in 1992, the SKNF remains free from
auditing despite the millions of public funds that the
office holds.
Problems at the national level:
The study entitled SK: Sistemang Korap? An
investigative study of corrupt practices in
the Sangguniang Kabataan National
Federation, the researchers found that no
government agency owns up to the responsibility of
monitoring and overseeing the proceedings of the
SKNF. Agency heads, however, pointed out that
SKNF officials are too young and are ill-equipped to
carry out the duties given to them, being only
between 15 to 17 years of age upon assumption of
office (iskwiki.upd.edu.ph ).
Which side are you for?
SK Abolition
According to Marlon Cornelio, Chair of the Youth Governance
and Participation Committee, Youth and Students Sector of
National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC YS), there are
various reasons for SK abolition:
One, SK is considered as a breeding ground for corrupt
leaders. Two, SK officials are non-performing or have
insignificant contribution to the community; most of their
projects are building waiting sheds and signages, sports fests
or paliga. Three, SK officials cannot perform their function as
they have to attend school (or SK officials have to cut
schooling just to perform their functions). And four, they are
just too young, easily corrupted and irresponsible (Cornelio,
Marlon).
SK Reform
There have been numerous bills filed in both houses of Congress to reform
parts of the SK or completely replace the youth representation system:
Senate Bill 1090, establishing the Liga ng Bayaning Kabataang (LBK). It
aims to increase the age bracket of youth officials to 18-24 years old, from
15-17 years old. The new body will be composed of representatives of
accredited youth organizations (by Sen. Bam Aquino);
Kabataan Empowerment bill (by Senator JV Ejercito) (Bueza, 2014).
SK Reform
There have been numerous bills filed in both houses of Congress to reform
parts of the SK or completely replace the youth representation system:
Senate Bill 663, proposed to extend the term of barangay and SK officials
to 5 years from the current 3 years (Sen. Bongbong Marcos);
House Bill 1122, which seeks to replace the SK with a Barangay Youth
Council. He was also among the proponents of the SK elections
postponement law; and
For its part, the NYC pushes for SK Reform and Empowerment Bill, for
SK fiscal autonomy, the amendment of the age of youth officials, and
mandatory leadership and entrepreneurial trainings (Bueza, 2014).
SK Reform
 Call for SK reform
Instead of the SK Federation set-up, Aquino proposed the
Local Youth Development Council framework, which will
empower other youth organizations and turn them into
partners of elected local youth councils.
"What this means is that young people’s needs will not be
the sole responsibility of the SK, but of your organizations
as well," Aquino said in Filipino (Roca, 2014).
SK Reform
 Youth entrepreneurship
Another policy resolution that Aquino singled out was the
one formulated by the parliament’s Committee on Youth
Employment, which proposed to support entrepreneurship
opportunities for young Filipinos.
“We will ask the Department of Education to include
financial literacy and entrepreneurship (in our) basic
education curriculum and in tertiary education,” he said
(Roca, 2014).
To or not to revive Kabataang
Barangay?
 There are those who say that could only be expected of a
body patterned after the Kabataang Barangay (KB), a
brainchild of the late strongman Ferdinand Marcos. The
KB was meant to counter the growing popularity of the
Left among the youth but soon became a tool to
perpetuate the Marcos regime and deprive his enemies of
recruits.
But those who created the SK years later apparently saw
something in the KB structure that made them
appropriate it for the new youth organization. That wasn’t
what made it open to corruption, though (Olarte, Avigail).
Springboard Discussion
Dr. Jose Rizal, the country’s national hero,
penned and immortalized in the poem A la Juventud
Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) the line: “Ang
kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan.”
Throughout the decades, in the context
of youth participation in Philippine
governance and Sangguniang Kabataan, has
the youth of our country has fared well in
taking up that challenge?
WEBLIOGRAPHY:
READ MORE ON THESE ONLINE RESOURCES:
 Antonio, Raymund, F. Registration for SK polls set. http://www.mb.com.ph/registration-for-sk-polls-set/ September 6, 2014
 Balod, H. S. & Goño, C.M. The SKema of Youth Leaders: An Investigative study on the Regulation of the Sangguniang Kabataan, Unpublished
undergraduate thesis, University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication
http://iskwiki.upd.edu.ph/index.php/The_SKema_of_Youth_Leaders:_An_Investigative_study_on_the_Regulation_of_the_Sangguniang_Kabataan#.U_013t
(2010).
 Bueza, Michael. Congress urged to fast-track SK reform bills.
http://www.rappler.com/nation/65731-national-youth-commission-congress-fast-track-sk-reform-bills Published August 09, 2014
 Bueza, Michael. Registration for 2015 SK polls set. http://www.rappler.com/nation/68291-registration-2015-sk-election September 05, 2014
 Bueza, Michael. SK reforms to bring us back to Kabataang Barangay?
http://www.rappler.com/nation/40508-sk-reforms-hearing-kabataang-barangay Published October 04, 2013
 Cornelio, Marlon. Amidst Mounting Calls for Abolition, SK Should Start Working Good! A Position Paper on SK Abolition.
http://akbayanyouth.wordpress.com/campaigns-and-activities/campaigns/sk-reform-position-paper/
 De Guzman, Sara Soliven. The vital role of the barangay in nation building.
http://www.philstar.com/opinion/625786/vital-role-barangay-nation-building Updated November 1, 2010
 Delos Reyes, R. and Lopez, M. Sistemang Korap? An investigative study of corrupt practices in the Sangguniang Kabataan National Federation.
Unpublished undergraduate thesis. University of the Philippines Diliman.
http://iskwiki.upd.edu.ph/index.php/Sistemang_Korap%3F_An_investigative_study_of_corrupt_practices_in_the_Sangguniang_Kabataan_National_Federa
(2014).
WEBLIOGRAPHY:
READ MORE ON THESE ONLINE RESOURCES:
 Fernandez, Amanda. Comelec orders update of SK voters’ list ahead of registration. GMA News
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/378781/news/nation/comelec-orders-update-of-sk-voters-list-ahead-of-registration September 11, 2014
 Go, Miriam Grace A. 5 things we serve barangay officials on a silver platter. http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/42316-barangay-
officials-funds-powers-perks Posted October 27, 2013
 Katigbak, Tony. Time to abolish the Sangguniang Kabataan. INTROSPECTIVE in The Philippine Star.
http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/07/10/963744/time-abolish-sangguniang-kabataan Updated July 10, 2013
 Ladia, Charles. Why the Sangguniang Kabataan needs an overhaul. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/ispeak/70347-sangguniang-kabataan-needs-
overhaul September 27, 2014
 Olarte, Avigail, M. So Young and So Trapo. Focus on Filipino Youth: The Lost Generation in Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.
http://pcij.org/i-report/3/sk.html Published September 2005.
 Reyes, Ernie. BARANGAY HISTORY 101 | From pre-Hispanic, to colonial to modern, the barangay chief's 'the man’ InterAksyon.com
http://www.interaksyon.com/article/73585/barangay-history-101--from-pre-hispanic-to-colonial-to-modern-the-barangay-chiefs-the-man October 28,
2013
 Roca, Toby. Bam Aquino: SK reform a priority. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/58505-aquino-youth-parliament-resolutions-gifts Published May 21,
2014
 Uy, Jocelyn, R. Youth polls wanted reset. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/639783/youth-polls-wanted-reset#ixzz3Fj55Ygq8 Philippine Daily Inquirer.
September 22, 2014
DISCLAIMER:
ALL OF THE PICTURES/GRAPHICS USED IN THIS PRESENTATION ARE NOT AUTHOR’S OWN.

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Barangay & SK Governance

  • 1. Barangay and SK Governance in the Philippines1 1 A requirement submitted by Michael John D. Sison in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course Local Governance and Regional Administration (DM 219) under the Supervision of Dr. Josefina B. Bitonio; 1st Sem., S.Y. 2014-2015
  • 3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES  Origin  Definition  History  Issues  Springboard discussion
  • 4. Origin Barangay Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, there were well-founded organized independent villages called Barangays, tracing their origin to  balangay, a Malay word meaning “sailboat.”
  • 5. Definition and Importance Barangay In the Philippines, a barangay is the equivalent of a village. It is the basic political unit as enshrined in the 1987 Constitution and the 1991 Local Government Code or LGC (PIDS, 2009).
  • 6. Definition and Importance Barangay Among the local government units (LGUs), the barangay is considered to be the level closest to the people in terms of access and proximity (PIDS, 2009).
  • 7. History Traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements built by Malayo- Polynesian groups who migrated to the archipelago from other places in Southeast Asia. Most relied on fishing for food and livelihood (InterAksyon.com).
  • 8. History Pre-Hispanization The first barangays started as relatively small communities of from 50 to 100 families (InterAksyon.com). Legends state the then Philippine archipelago was settled by Bornean datus who founded a political configuration in the Visayas and wrote legal codes (Miclat, 2012).
  • 9. History Pre-Hispanization A barangay was headed by a datu who is the executive, legislative, and judge in consultation with a council of elders. Datuship was attained through the inheritance, physical prowess, wealth, wisdom, or through the combination of these attributes. The leadership is also referred to as rajah, gat and lakan (Miclat, 2012).
  • 10. History Spanish Period Once settled, the Spaniards begun their colonization through their sword and cross. They adopted the existing system of barangays (Miclat, 2012). (Then,) many barangays had already developed into large communities (InterAksyon.com).
  • 11. History Leyte PampangaPampanga SuluSulu CebuCebu There were bustling trade centers among the affluent and powerful coastal barangays in Laguna Laguna Pasig Pasig Pangasinan Pangasinan Cagayan River Cagayan River Pre-Hispanization Source: InterAksyon.com
  • 12. History Spanish Period BARANGAY headed by Cabeza de Barangay (barangay chief) formed part of the Elite ruling class; was at first inherited from the first Datus ; and primary job was to collect taxes (or tribute). Source: De Guzman, 2010
  • 13. History American era: rural councils When the country came under American colonizers, Rural Councils were created: four councilors assisted the village chief now  re-named Barrio Lieutenant, now our  barangay captain (InterAksyon.com) Also, during the American regime, the barangay became the barrio (De Guzman, 2010).
  • 14. History Barangay under dictatorship President Ferdinand Marcos ordered the renaming of barrios back to barangays. The cabeza de barangay became the punong barangay or the barangay captain. The municipal council was abolished upon the transfer of powers to the barangay system (De Guzman, 2010). Marcos issued Presidential Decree 86, creating the Citizens Assemblies in December 31, 9172 (InterAksyon.com)
  • 15. History In April 8, 1974, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree 431, amending Barrio Charter Act which changed the terms for the barangays: Source: InterAksyon.com
  • 16. History Barangay post-EDSA After the 1986 EDSA Revolution, the Municipal Council was restored under the new Constitution, making the barangay the smallest unit of Philippine government. Landmark changes in the powers and responsibilities of the barangay system came about with the Local Government Code of October 10, 1991, chiefly authored by then former Sen. Aquilino “Nene” Pimentel Jr. (InterAksyon.com).
  • 18. History After the EDSA Revolution in 1986 and the drafting of the 1987 Constitution, the Municipal Council was restored, making the barangay the smallest unit of government in Philippine politics. Political parties take advantage of the power of the barangay because of its strong influence on the grassroots level (De Guzman, 2010).
  • 19. The Present-day Barangay Section 384 of the Local Government Code of 1991 states that: “As the basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects and activities in the community, and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may be expressed, crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be amicably settled,” (De Guzman, 2010).
  • 20. The Present-day Barangay The present-day barangay is composed of:
  • 21. The Present-day Barangay The Sangguniang Barangay has seven regular members and the Barangay Sangguniang Kabataan president (Miclat, 2012). Each member heads a committee: Peace and Order Appropriations, Finance, Ways and Means Education Agriculture Health Youth and Sports Infrastructure Tourism Source: De Guzman, 2010
  • 22. The Present-day Barangay In the process local level politicians and leaders had engaged themselves in the electoral exercise. This had become the training ground for younger generation political leaders from traditional political dynasties and elites in the local areas... The exercise institutionalized a socio-political phenomenon of petty ego-inflating and fiefdom-building schemes that perpetuated political dynasticism in the area (Miclat, 2012).
  • 23. The Present-day Barangay 5 things that barangay officials get (Go, 2013): Discretion over the IRA; Share in other allocations for local government units; Power to collect fees for what we thought were “normal” activities; Health insurance, scholarships, automatic civil service eligibility; and The chance to become city/town councilor or provincial board member and make laws
  • 24. Issues “Ang kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan,” this striking line was penned and immortalized in the poem A la Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) by Dr. Jose Rizal, the country’s national hero and pride of Malay race. In the context of youth participation in Philippine governance and Sangguniang Kabataan, can we say that the youth of this country have fared well in taking up that challenge?
  • 25. Article II, Section 13 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well- being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs (http://www.gov.ph).
  • 26. Even before it became a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN CRC), the Philippines had already enacted a law to ensure that the voices of children and young people were heard on issues that directly concerned them. So far, it is the only country in the world to have a grassroots- based, government-funded political structure for young people that is recognized nationwide (UNICEF, 2007).
  • 27. Legal Bases  PD603 or the Child and Youth Welfare Code. “The child is not a mere creature of the State. Hence, his individual traits and aptitudes should be cultivated to the utmost insofar as they do not conflict with the general welfare,” (www.lawphil.net).
  • 28. Legal Bases  Republic Act No. 7160, or the Local Government Code of 1991. It formed the Katipunan ng Kabataan (KK) to tap and harness the energy, enthusiasm, and idealism of young people. Those aged 15 to 17 years old in a barangay could register in the KK and have the right to vote and be voted into a governing body called the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK). (UNICEF, 2007).
  • 29. Accomplishments and success stories In 2007, UNICEF, et al, published its study The Impact of Youth Participation in the Local Government Process, it highlighted the potentials of the Sanguniang Kabataan that: “Like the KB, the SK has produced a crop of local government officials, as well as national legislators. SK Federations at all levels have also been consistent in celebrating the annual Linggo ng Kabataan (Youth Week), a yearly weeklong event when youth members get the opportunity to act as officials of all local government and national agencies for a week.”
  • 30. Accomplishments and success stories Other concrete examples of the SK’s potential as a vehicle for youth participation: • Some SK officials in the barangay and municipal levels consistently involve the KK and other youth in consultations and project development. • A former SK chairperson mentored his successor in developing projects that went beyond holding the usual summer sportsfest such as basketball tournaments for young men in barangays. • Another SK official coordinated with her fellow SK officials and with proper agencies to initiate a reforestation project in her area” (UNICEF, 2007).
  • 31. Issues Over the years though, as what often happens with a once- noble purpose, the Sangguniang Kabataan has been twisted and turned into something that is no longer in unison with its original purpose. It has become as open to graft and corruption as the government itself, and instead of fostering future good leaders, it only seems to teach the youth about the corruption that exists in the government at a very early age. - Tony Katigbak
  • 32. Republic Act No. 10632 An Act to postpone the Sangguniang Kabataan Elections on October 28, 2013, amending for the purpose of Republic Act No. 9340, and for other purposes.
  • 33. Problems at the local level:  Training ground for political dynasties;  Access to public funds as a breeding ground for corruption; and  Responsibility, transparency, and accountability issues; and  Can be easily manipulated/persuaded or corrupted by the Philippine political system and/or other public officials.
  • 34. Problems at the national level:  A study was made two Mass Communication students in University of the Philippines Diliman to explore the proliferation of corrupt practices in the Sangguniang Kabataan National Federation (SKNF), the highest unit in the system of youth participation in Philippine governance. The researchers found that corrupt practices exist in the SKNF due to the lack of external auditing. Since its inception in 1992, the SKNF remains free from auditing despite the millions of public funds that the office holds.
  • 35. Problems at the national level: The study entitled SK: Sistemang Korap? An investigative study of corrupt practices in the Sangguniang Kabataan National Federation, the researchers found that no government agency owns up to the responsibility of monitoring and overseeing the proceedings of the SKNF. Agency heads, however, pointed out that SKNF officials are too young and are ill-equipped to carry out the duties given to them, being only between 15 to 17 years of age upon assumption of office (iskwiki.upd.edu.ph ).
  • 36. Which side are you for?
  • 37. SK Abolition According to Marlon Cornelio, Chair of the Youth Governance and Participation Committee, Youth and Students Sector of National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC YS), there are various reasons for SK abolition: One, SK is considered as a breeding ground for corrupt leaders. Two, SK officials are non-performing or have insignificant contribution to the community; most of their projects are building waiting sheds and signages, sports fests or paliga. Three, SK officials cannot perform their function as they have to attend school (or SK officials have to cut schooling just to perform their functions). And four, they are just too young, easily corrupted and irresponsible (Cornelio, Marlon).
  • 38. SK Reform There have been numerous bills filed in both houses of Congress to reform parts of the SK or completely replace the youth representation system: Senate Bill 1090, establishing the Liga ng Bayaning Kabataang (LBK). It aims to increase the age bracket of youth officials to 18-24 years old, from 15-17 years old. The new body will be composed of representatives of accredited youth organizations (by Sen. Bam Aquino); Kabataan Empowerment bill (by Senator JV Ejercito) (Bueza, 2014).
  • 39. SK Reform There have been numerous bills filed in both houses of Congress to reform parts of the SK or completely replace the youth representation system: Senate Bill 663, proposed to extend the term of barangay and SK officials to 5 years from the current 3 years (Sen. Bongbong Marcos); House Bill 1122, which seeks to replace the SK with a Barangay Youth Council. He was also among the proponents of the SK elections postponement law; and For its part, the NYC pushes for SK Reform and Empowerment Bill, for SK fiscal autonomy, the amendment of the age of youth officials, and mandatory leadership and entrepreneurial trainings (Bueza, 2014).
  • 40. SK Reform  Call for SK reform Instead of the SK Federation set-up, Aquino proposed the Local Youth Development Council framework, which will empower other youth organizations and turn them into partners of elected local youth councils. "What this means is that young people’s needs will not be the sole responsibility of the SK, but of your organizations as well," Aquino said in Filipino (Roca, 2014).
  • 41. SK Reform  Youth entrepreneurship Another policy resolution that Aquino singled out was the one formulated by the parliament’s Committee on Youth Employment, which proposed to support entrepreneurship opportunities for young Filipinos. “We will ask the Department of Education to include financial literacy and entrepreneurship (in our) basic education curriculum and in tertiary education,” he said (Roca, 2014).
  • 42. To or not to revive Kabataang Barangay?  There are those who say that could only be expected of a body patterned after the Kabataang Barangay (KB), a brainchild of the late strongman Ferdinand Marcos. The KB was meant to counter the growing popularity of the Left among the youth but soon became a tool to perpetuate the Marcos regime and deprive his enemies of recruits. But those who created the SK years later apparently saw something in the KB structure that made them appropriate it for the new youth organization. That wasn’t what made it open to corruption, though (Olarte, Avigail).
  • 43. Springboard Discussion Dr. Jose Rizal, the country’s national hero, penned and immortalized in the poem A la Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) the line: “Ang kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan.” Throughout the decades, in the context of youth participation in Philippine governance and Sangguniang Kabataan, has the youth of our country has fared well in taking up that challenge?
  • 44. WEBLIOGRAPHY: READ MORE ON THESE ONLINE RESOURCES:  Antonio, Raymund, F. Registration for SK polls set. http://www.mb.com.ph/registration-for-sk-polls-set/ September 6, 2014  Balod, H. S. & Goño, C.M. The SKema of Youth Leaders: An Investigative study on the Regulation of the Sangguniang Kabataan, Unpublished undergraduate thesis, University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication http://iskwiki.upd.edu.ph/index.php/The_SKema_of_Youth_Leaders:_An_Investigative_study_on_the_Regulation_of_the_Sangguniang_Kabataan#.U_013t (2010).  Bueza, Michael. Congress urged to fast-track SK reform bills. http://www.rappler.com/nation/65731-national-youth-commission-congress-fast-track-sk-reform-bills Published August 09, 2014  Bueza, Michael. Registration for 2015 SK polls set. http://www.rappler.com/nation/68291-registration-2015-sk-election September 05, 2014  Bueza, Michael. SK reforms to bring us back to Kabataang Barangay? http://www.rappler.com/nation/40508-sk-reforms-hearing-kabataang-barangay Published October 04, 2013  Cornelio, Marlon. Amidst Mounting Calls for Abolition, SK Should Start Working Good! A Position Paper on SK Abolition. http://akbayanyouth.wordpress.com/campaigns-and-activities/campaigns/sk-reform-position-paper/  De Guzman, Sara Soliven. The vital role of the barangay in nation building. http://www.philstar.com/opinion/625786/vital-role-barangay-nation-building Updated November 1, 2010  Delos Reyes, R. and Lopez, M. Sistemang Korap? An investigative study of corrupt practices in the Sangguniang Kabataan National Federation. Unpublished undergraduate thesis. University of the Philippines Diliman. http://iskwiki.upd.edu.ph/index.php/Sistemang_Korap%3F_An_investigative_study_of_corrupt_practices_in_the_Sangguniang_Kabataan_National_Federa (2014).
  • 45. WEBLIOGRAPHY: READ MORE ON THESE ONLINE RESOURCES:  Fernandez, Amanda. Comelec orders update of SK voters’ list ahead of registration. GMA News http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/378781/news/nation/comelec-orders-update-of-sk-voters-list-ahead-of-registration September 11, 2014  Go, Miriam Grace A. 5 things we serve barangay officials on a silver platter. http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/42316-barangay- officials-funds-powers-perks Posted October 27, 2013  Katigbak, Tony. Time to abolish the Sangguniang Kabataan. INTROSPECTIVE in The Philippine Star. http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/07/10/963744/time-abolish-sangguniang-kabataan Updated July 10, 2013  Ladia, Charles. Why the Sangguniang Kabataan needs an overhaul. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/ispeak/70347-sangguniang-kabataan-needs- overhaul September 27, 2014  Olarte, Avigail, M. So Young and So Trapo. Focus on Filipino Youth: The Lost Generation in Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. http://pcij.org/i-report/3/sk.html Published September 2005.  Reyes, Ernie. BARANGAY HISTORY 101 | From pre-Hispanic, to colonial to modern, the barangay chief's 'the man’ InterAksyon.com http://www.interaksyon.com/article/73585/barangay-history-101--from-pre-hispanic-to-colonial-to-modern-the-barangay-chiefs-the-man October 28, 2013  Roca, Toby. Bam Aquino: SK reform a priority. http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/58505-aquino-youth-parliament-resolutions-gifts Published May 21, 2014  Uy, Jocelyn, R. Youth polls wanted reset. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/639783/youth-polls-wanted-reset#ixzz3Fj55Ygq8 Philippine Daily Inquirer. September 22, 2014 DISCLAIMER: ALL OF THE PICTURES/GRAPHICS USED IN THIS PRESENTATION ARE NOT AUTHOR’S OWN.

Editor's Notes

  1. They relied on river systems, as a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking
  2. Moreover, recorded history by the Spanish colonizers showed that the archipelago had already a developed civilization of free barangay kingdoms ruled by a datu with class structure and a rich Indo-Malay culture influenced by China, India, Arabia, and Japan (Miclat, 2012).
  3. The barangay political institution is roughly equivalent to the Greek-city states...
  4. Spanish PeriodThe barangay, or the barrio, during the Spanish era, is the smallest administrative unit in the country (InterAksyon.com).
  5. Congress amended the Barrio Council in June 22, 1963, revising the composition of its member, with one barrio captain and six council members, all elected into office  on the second Sunday of January immediately following the regular elections of municipal and provincial officials (InterAksyon.com).
  6. The Barangay system at that time developed an unsavory reputation, seen as the venue by which the dictator's minions could manipulate the people. Marcos saw the barangay system as a tool to maintain a stranglehold on the country as he imposed a dictatorship. So much so that barely three months after the declaration of martial law, he
  7. In 1974, President Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 557, declaring all barrios in the Philippines as barangays, as the basic political unit after its revival under PD No. 86. The regime touted the role of the barangay in awakening the civic interest of people. With his decree, all powers and rights vested in or exercised by the barrio assembly, barrio council and all barrio officials under Republic Act 3590, were henceforth transferred to the Barangay Assembly, Barangay Council and Barangay officials (InterAksyon.com)
  8. There are 42, 025 barangays in the Philippines (www.dbm.gov.ph as cited by Miclat, 2012).The barangay is headed by a punong barangay or barangay captain. There are eight members of the legislative council. Each member heads a committee: Peace and Order Committee – responsible for the maintenance of peace and order in the community, fire prevention, traffic rules and regulations; Appropriations, Finance and Ways and Means Committee- responsible for matters related to local taxation and fiscal administration; Education Committee – responsible for the establishment of educational facilities for both formal and non-formal education; Health Committee – looks after health, sanitation or hygiene, cleanliness and beautification of the community; Agriculture Committee – spearheads the livelihood programs and activities; Tourism Committee – responsible for the promotion of local tourism through the establishment of all kinds of trade and industry; Infrastructure committee – responsible for the construction, repair and maintenance of roads, bridges and other government infrastructure projects and public works such as drainage and sewerages, flood control and protection, irrigation and water facilities and the Youth and Sports Committee – attends to matters relative to sports and youth welfare and development (De Guzman, 2010).
  9. Aside from giving them the authority to run those daily neighborhood affairs, indifferent voters like us are serving the fellas much more on a silver platter: 1) Discretion over the IRA The country’s barangays share 20% of the internal revenue allotment each year. Those are the taxes collected by the Bureau of Internal Revenue – meaning, that chunk that’s automatically deducted from your salaries, or the thousands (or millions) of pesos your businesses pay every quarter. The barangay share in the IRA is divided only among the original 41,882 barangays that were in existence when the Local Government Code was passed in October 1991. We now have 42,028 barangays. (If your barangay is one of those 146 created after the Code was passed, it means you’re getting your IRA from the mother local government unit.) 2) Share in other allocations for local government units Every year, the national government’s budget law, the General Appropriations Act, has an item called ALGU or the allocations for local government units aside from their automatic share in the IRA. For 2014, there’s a total of P360.5 billion for the ALGU. 3) Power to collect fees for what we thought were “normal” activities The barangay can collect fees based on the receipts of stores operating within its jurisdiction, did you know that? If there’s a private swimming-pool-for-a-fee in your neighborhood, they can get a share of its income. 4) Health insurance, scholarships, automatic civil service eligibility They are getting Philhealth coverage when we pay for ours. They don’t have to pay tuition when we take out loans to get ourselves in school. They can skip the civil service exam that you or your friend probably flunked twice. (READ: Perks of barangay officials) 5) The chance to become city/town councilor or provincial board member and make laws After every barangay election, those who win as village chairmen and chairwomen gather to elect the officers of the municipality’s or the city’s Association of Barangay Captains (ABC) or the Liga ng mga Barangay. It’s definitely not just a social club. Political camps – the mayor, the congressman, the governor – try to influence the outcome of their elections. So we’re talking here of the usual “accommodations,” a la campaign period, being showered on the “delegates.” Why? The one who emerges ABC president becomes an ex-officio municipal or city councilor – enjoying another (and higher) set of salary and perks. More importantly, he or she becomes one vote when the town or city council passes ordinances and resolutions that will affect our daily affairs.
  10. Aside from promoting and protecting their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being, the State is also constitutionally directed to inculcate patriotism and nationalism in the youth, and to encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.
  11. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 603 THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and decree the following: TITLE IGENERAL PRINCIPLES Article 1. Declaration of Policy. - The Child is one of the most important assets of the nation. Every effort should be exerted to promote his welfare and enhance his opportunities for a useful and happy life. The child is not a mere creature of the State. Hence, his individual traits and aptitudes should be cultivated to the utmost insofar as they do not conflict with the general welfare. The molding of the character of the child starts at the home. Consequently, every member of the family should strive to make the home a wholesome and harmonious place as its atmosphere and conditions will greatly influence the child's development (http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1974/pd_603_1974.html).
  12. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 603 THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and decree the following: TITLE IGENERAL PRINCIPLES Article 1. Declaration of Policy. - The Child is one of the most important assets of the nation. Every effort should be exerted to promote his welfare and enhance his opportunities for a useful and happy life. The child is not a mere creature of the State. Hence, his individual traits and aptitudes should be cultivated to the utmost insofar as they do not conflict with the general welfare. The molding of the character of the child starts at the home. Consequently, every member of the family should strive to make the home a wholesome and harmonious place as its atmosphere and conditions will greatly influence the child's development (http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1974/pd_603_1974.html).
  13. The October 2013 SK elections were postponed following the enactment of Republic Act 10632. The law rescheduled the youth polls between October 2014 and February 2015 to give way to the passage of SK reform legislation. There was no holdover for outgoing SK officials nor appointments of temporary SK officials.Comission on Elections Chairman Sixto Brillantes, for instance, has moved to postpone the SK polls anew to October 2016 – in sync with the next barangay or village elections – given the poll body's preparations for the 2016 national elections as well as its involvement in the ongoing voter's registration. "To us, the main event is the national and local elections on May 9, 2016. I think the concentration should be there," Brillantes said. – Rappler.com “SECTION 1. Date of Election. – There shall be synchronized barangay and sangguniang kabataan elections which shall be held on July 15, 2002. Subsequent synchronized barangay and sangguniang kabataan elections shall be held on the last Monday of October 2007 and every three (3) years thereafter; Provided, That the sangguniang kabataan elections on October 28, 2013 shall be postponed to a date to be determined by the COMELEC between October 28, 2014 and February 23, 2015.” Republic Act 10632, signed into law by President Aquino last October 3, 2013, postponed the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Council) elections, prohibited the holdover of elected youth officials, and directed COMELEC to set new elections between October 28, 2014 and February 23, 2015.
  14. They are now a “logical first choice target for local politicians seeking a higher position.” Because of this SK leaders are truly exposed to the ugly side of politics at a very young age and instead of inspiration are being disillusioned and even jaded by the system instead of striving to find ways to improve it and better it.Another idea given by the Representative of Quezon City is to continue on the SK but with zero budget. Give the youth their organization to learn about politics and make their suggestions within their barangays but don’t include money or budget in the process. He claimed that the SK’s corruption comes from its leaders’ access to public funds. A budget-less SK might be the antidote for such corruption. It’s a very radical reform, but something that may also work. Without budget, the SK would return to the purity it formerly had because the young leaders’ elders — politicians, barangay leaders, and etc would not be tempted to interfere.Other than just churning out younger corrupt future politicians, the SK has also been known to be the training ground for political dynasties, a place where politician families can put their kids to “learn about” politics until they are of age and can take over the family business. This seems rather unfair to those who truly want to run for the SK because of a genuine interest in politics and serving the people. They stand no chance running against candidates who are backed by their political families. It’s just another place for politicians to gain a stronger foothold (Katigbak, 2013).
  15. This thesis investigates the supervision of the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), a national youth organization of 300,000 officials with P4.8 billion fund at their disposal annually. Through analyses of pertinent documents and series of focus interviews of officials from local SK’s and national agencies such as the SK National Federation (SKNF) , National Youth Commission and Department of Interior and Local Governance, this research explains how the SK and its funds are not properly supervised and evaluated. The researchers discovered that there is no proper delineation of tasks among the SK’s supervising agencies: the NYC, which is supposed to monitor the SKNF, wants to tighten its hold over the SK, the DILG, tasked to oversee the local SK’s, is not aware of its functions, and the SKNF insists on its autonomy both on the national and local levels. This research explains how these unclear job distinctions result to improper monitoring of the SK through their financial and accomplishment reports. The lack of monitoring, in turn, breeds dishonest practices, such as corruption and bribery, among the ranks of these youth leaders. In line with these problems hounding the SK 18 years after it was established, this thesis also discusses various bills aiming to either improve the operation and structure of the SK, or totally abolish it. And while these bills are still not properly consolidated, monitoring of the SK’s performance remains insufficient, evaluation of their programs deficient, and billions of their allotted fund unaccounted.
  16. This thesis investigates the supervision of the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), a national youth organization of 300,000 officials with P4.8 billion fund at their disposal annually. Through analyses of pertinent documents and series of focus interviews of officials from local SK’s and national agencies such as the SK National Federation (SKNF) , National Youth Commission and Department of Interior and Local Governance, this research explains how the SK and its funds are not properly supervised and evaluated. The researchers discovered that there is no proper delineation of tasks among the SK’s supervising agencies: the NYC, which is supposed to monitor the SKNF, wants to tighten its hold over the SK, the DILG, tasked to oversee the local SK’s, is not aware of its functions, and the SKNF insists on its autonomy both on the national and local levels. This research explains how these unclear job distinctions result to improper monitoring of the SK through their financial and accomplishment reports. The lack of monitoring, in turn, breeds dishonest practices, such as corruption and bribery, among the ranks of these youth leaders. In line with these problems hounding the SK 18 years after it was established, this thesis also discusses various bills aiming to either improve the operation and structure of the SK, or totally abolish it. And while these bills are still not properly consolidated, monitoring of the SK’s performance remains insufficient, evaluation of their programs deficient, and billions of their allotted fund unaccounted.
  17. The SK Reform and Empowerment Bill being pushed seeks to change the age qualification of the SK chairman to 15 to 25 years old from the 15 to 17 years old in the past. Balag-ey said the next SK chairpersons should be of legal age and character enough to enter a contract, which will make them liable in administering funds for projects and activities. Under the reform bill, fiscal autonomy is also sought which will be under the Department of the Interior and Local Government and to be monitored by the Department of Budget and Management and Commission on Audit. One of the significant aims injected in the bill is the anti-political dynasty, which Balag-ey said should at least start in the SK level. He expounded the anti-dynasty clause provides someone with a family or relative in the government that is "first and second degree of affinity and consanguinity belonging in the same province" will not be qualified to run as an SK official. Furthermore, the bill targets to abolish the SK Federation, which was perceived as "breeding ground for traditional politics" because it was where some SK leaders were influenced by elder politicians. Instead of the SK Federation, Balag-ey added they are proposing a establishment of a Local Youth Development Council, which will be composed of government agencies and NGOs that concerns youth welfare.
  18. The SK Reform and Empowerment Bill being pushed seeks to change the age qualification of the SK chairman to 15 to 25 years old from the 15 to 17 years old in the past. Balag-ey said the next SK chairpersons should be of legal age and character enough to enter a contract, which will make them liable in administering funds for projects and activities. Under the reform bill, fiscal autonomy is also sought which will be under the Department of the Interior and Local Government and to be monitored by the Department of Budget and Management and Commission on Audit. One of the significant aims injected in the bill is the anti-political dynasty, which Balag-ey said should at least start in the SK level. He expounded the anti-dynasty clause provides someone with a family or relative in the government that is "first and second degree of affinity and consanguinity belonging in the same province" will not be qualified to run as an SK official. Furthermore, the bill targets to abolish the SK Federation, which was perceived as "breeding ground for traditional politics" because it was where some SK leaders were influenced by elder politicians. Instead of the SK Federation, Balag-ey added they are proposing a establishment of a Local Youth Development Council, which will be composed of government agencies and NGOs that concerns youth welfare.
  19. It took six years after the fall of Marcos before the KB was revived under a new name, the Sangguniang Kabataan, and only after the creation of the Local Government Code made such a resurrection possible. Like in the case of the KB, the law allowed the elected SK chair in each barangay to sit as an ex-officio member of the council, affording him or her the power to legislate. The same would follow for the elected SK federation president in a town or city (as councilor) and in a province (as board member). This one seat, which meant one vote, made the young ex-officio lawmakers “potent conduits of power.” But there was more: under the new law, the SK heads would receive regular compensation and allowances. And at the barangay level, the SK representative would have the discretion on how to spend the organization’s 10-percent share from the general fund for youth-related projects and programs. That discretion has since been abused (Olarte, Avigail).