Gender Equality Reiko Fukushima

Women social & economic mobility + lack of physical collateral  access to financial services  men difficulty to be active in the labor market  microcredit promote self-employed & increase women’s opinion

social & economic mobility

+ lack of physical collateral

 access to financial services  men

difficulty to be active in the labor market

 microcredit

promote self-employed

& increase women’s opinion

Women in Arab Seeking to enter Parliament  a history of high cultural hurdles + Islamist & tribal lobbies Government - realize the importance of women’s status e.g. promoting female equality & a literacy rate / school enrollment  problem : not the law but it’s culture women want men to rule e.g. 7 of the 22 Arab states

Seeking to enter Parliament

 a history of high cultural hurdles

+ Islamist & tribal lobbies

Government

- realize the importance of women’s status

e.g. promoting female equality

& a literacy rate / school enrollment

 problem : not the law but it’s culture

women want men to rule

e.g. 7 of the 22 Arab states

Women in Bangladesh Garment industry  provide employment opportunities (in 1990: 28%->in 2002 85%) socio-economic transformation · marriage rate/age · population · economic independent · literacy rates  factory conditions are unsafe and wages low

Garment industry

 provide employment opportunities

(in 1990: 28%->in 2002 85%)

socio-economic transformation

· marriage rate/age

· population

· economic independent

· literacy rates

 factory conditions are unsafe and wages low

• a leader of low-income countries offering microcredit * three well-known programs - the Grameen Bank - Bangladeesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) - Bangladesh Rural Development Boards’s Rural Development Project (RD-12)

• a leader of low-income countries offering microcredit

* three well-known programs

- the Grameen Bank

- Bangladeesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC)

- Bangladesh Rural Development Boards’s Rural Development Project (RD-12)

What is Microcredit? Very small loan with low interest rate - to the unemployed & poor entrepreneurs & others living in poverty = whoever not considered as bankable esp. women

Very small loan with low interest rate

- to the unemployed

& poor entrepreneurs

& others living in poverty

= whoever not considered as bankable

esp. women

Effects of Microcredit Raise living standards = generate income Alleviate poverty  increasingly gaining credibility e.g. the U.N. & Muhammad Yunus  a panacea for reducing poverty or reaching poor women

Raise living standards

= generate income

Alleviate poverty



increasingly gaining credibility

e.g. the U.N. & Muhammad Yunus

 a panacea for reducing poverty or reaching poor women

Impacts Impact of credit given to women  men  borrowing by women - improve children’s welfare nutritious wellbeing  human capital by men - household net worth = physical capital  household reproductive behavior - have more children

Impact of credit given to women  men

 borrowing by women

- improve children’s welfare

nutritious wellbeing

 human capital

by men

- household net worth = physical capital

 household reproductive behavior

- have more children

Microcredit = more attractive to women than to men  high rate of women membership : ave. 84%

Microcredit

= more attractive to women than to men

 high rate of women membership

: ave. 84%

Sources Using microcredit to advance women, (Nov. 1998), Retrieved The World Bank, Prem notes from: www1.worldbank.org/prem/PREMNotes/premnote8.pdf Microcredit, (n.d.), Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcredit

Using microcredit to advance women, (Nov. 1998), Retrieved The World Bank, Prem notes from: www1.worldbank.org/prem/PREMNotes/premnote8.pdf

Microcredit, (n.d.), Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcredit