Ride the Light

Ride the LightA guide to the internet, telephony and computertechnology in the 21st century.Presentation for MIS-110November 1, 2005Presenter: Michelle Davies

Agenda Introduction Core Computing Values Telephony Internet Technology IP Addressing Internet Security/Abuse Conclusion

Working Model OSI(Troubleshooting from the Ground Up)

Base 0s & 1s Base Number System 2 Binary The word “base” in math is 3 Ternary used to refer to a particular 4 Quaternary mathematical object that is 5 Quinary used as a building block. The 6 Senary most common uses are the 7 Septenary related concepts of the number 8 Octal system…. 9 Nonary0-9 followed by A-F 10 Decimal 11 Undenary 12 Duodecimal 16 Hexadecimal 20 Vigesimal 0-9 60 Sexagesimal

Call Routing

Phone Systems Nortel Centrex -maintained by telco, more reliable, more expensive, no CPE purchase Norstar KSU (Key Systems Unit) -customer maintained, cheaper than centrex, has limitations, CPE purchase is expensive PBX (Private Branch Exchange) -also known as a small dms100 switch, performs complex call routing – Best Area Call Selection, Cheapest Rate Selection

Telco Terminology POTS – Plain Old Telephone Service FX – Foreign Exchange (Hard & Soft) DSL – Digital Subscriber Line Telco – Telephone Company CPE – Customer Premise Equipment PBX – Private Branch Exchange KSU – Key Systems Unit OOS – Out of Standard / Out of Service NID – Network Interface Device, point of demarc.

Dial-up

Dial-up Info 4 Standards – k56flex, x2, v.90, v.92 Getting connected at 56Kbps is not impossible but usually unlikely. When 56k technology first came out, the signal strength required for a 56000 bps connection exceeded FCC regulations, so 53,333 bps was the absolute maximum. 54,666 bps and 56,000 bps connections are possible, but usually very unstable due to fluctuations in the local loop quality. Typically V.90 connections are in the 40s and are very sensitive to noise in shoddy phone lines or passing through several connections, like running the phone through a fax machine, an answering machine, a splitter, or even a surge protector. The best setup is to use a quality V.90 modem with updated firmware and/or drivers connected directly to the wall jack with one short phone cord no more than 10 feet in length. Then add devices (like the surge protector) until you find the culprit. If this set up still does not allow a V.90 connection, it likely has to do with the quality of the phone lines/local loop and needs to be taken up with the telephone company.Source: modemhelp.net

DSL Info Several types of DSL exist, ADSL, SDSL, XDSL (to name a few) DSL vs. Cable, why DSL is better. -Advantages & Disadvantage Loop Lengths Splitter is placed on phone line to divide between voice frequency (lower frequencies) and data (higher frequencies)

T1 Technology

T1 Information 24 Channels each at 64k. Max speed = 1.544 Mbps Sometimes sold as burstable or as fractional Customer’s network is connected to t1 via a router and CSU/DSU, then there is a PTP circuit between customer and ISP, the circuit is terminated at the Telco CO via a CSU/DSU and a router

ARIN There are several routing registries around the world… ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) – Covers the U.S. and Canada AfriNIC - Responsible for providing vital resource allocation and registration services for the continent of Africa on behalf of the Internet community. LACNIC - Latin American and Caribbean IP Address Regional Registry. It is responsible for providing vital resource allocation and registration services to the Latin American and Caribbean region. RIPE NCC - performs activities primarily for the benefit of the membership in Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia; mainly activities that its members need to organize as a group, even though they may compete in other areas. APNIC - serves the entire Asia Pacific region, comprising sixty-two economies in Asia and Oceania. Each “NIC” performs critical functions… Registration Services pertain to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources. They include: IP address space allocation, transfer, and record maintenance ASN allocation, transfer, and record maintenance Directories  Registration transaction information (WHOIS) DNS (Reverse) Every allocation provided to isp’s and end users greater than a /29 must be justified to ARIN by submitting the required information to ARIN. Without tight controls on address space, we would soon run out as the address pool is finite.

RFCs Located at http://www.rfc-editor.org RFCs are the protocol standards for the internet, networking, routing, etc RFCs related to IP Addressing: 1918, 791 IPv6 vs. IPv4

Subnetting – Class C Total # of Total # of UseableCIDR Addresses Addresses Subnet Mask/24 256 254 255.255.255.0/25 128 126 255.255.255.128/26 64 62 255.255.255.192/27 32 30 255.255.255.224/28 16 14 255.255.255.240/29 8 6 255.255.255.248/30 4 2 255.255.255.252

Subnetting – Class Bbits Subnet Mask CIDR # Subnets # Hosts Nets * Hosts 2 255.255.192.0 /18 2 16382 32764 3 255.255.224.0 /19 6 8190 49140 4 255.255.240.0 /20 14 4094 57316 5 255.255.248.0 /21 30 2046 61380 6 255.255.252.0 /22 62 1022 63364 7 255.255.254.0 /23 126 510 64260 8 255.255.255.0 /24 254 254 64516

Subnetting – Class Abits Subnet Mask CIDR # Subnets # Hosts Nets * Hosts 2 255.192.0.0 /10 2 4194302 8388604 3 255.224.0.0 /11 6 2097150 12582900 4 255.240.0.0 /12 14 1048574 14680036 5 255.248.0.0 /13 30 524286 15728580 6 255.252.0.0 /14 62 262142 16252804 7 255.254.0.0 /15 126 131070 16514820 8 255.255.0.0 /16 254 65534 16645636

Today’s Latest Internet Threats Threats  Solutions Spam  Spam Filtering at ISP Viruses level or 3rd Party Software Trojans  Anti Spyware Programs Phishing  Pop Up Stoppers Spyware  Anti Virus Programs DDOS Attacks  Basic Computer Literacy Pop Ups

Security Threats (detail) Spam -- In general, spyware is any technology, such as tracking software, that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge. Viruses -- A program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer without your knowledge and runs against your wishes. Trojans -- A destructive program that masquerades as a benign application. Unlike viruses, Trojan horses do not replicate themselves but they can be just as destructive. Phishing – (fish´ing) (n.) The act of sending an e-mail to a user falsely claiming to be an established legitimate enterprise in an attempt to scam the user into surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft. Spyware -- Any software that covertly gathers user information through the users Internet connection without his or her knowledge, usually for advertising purposes. DDOS Attacks -- Short for Distributed Denial of Service, it is an attack where multiple compromised systems (which are usually infected with a Trojan) are used to target a single system causing a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Pop Ups -- A type of window that appears on top of (over) the browser window of a Web site that a user has visited. In contrast to a pop-under ad, which appears behind (in back of) the browser window, a pop-up is more obtrusive as it covers other windows, particularly the window that the user is trying to read. Pop-ups ads are used extensively in advertising on the Web, though advertising is not the only application for pop-up windows.

Websites of Interest Tech Websites Name AddressDSL Reports http://www.dslreports.comChurch of the Swimming Elephant http://www.cotse.comModem Help http://www.modemhelp.orgModem Help http://www.modemhelp.netSlashdot http://www.slashdot.orgTech TV http://www.g4tv.com http://IP Subnet Calculator www.sonicusers.com/tools/ipcalculSymantec Security Response http://www.sarc.com/

Websites of Interest (cont).US CERT (Computer EmergencyAwareness Team) http://www.us-cert.gov/Wayback Machine http://www.waybackmachine.orgRFC Editor http://www.rfc-editor.org http://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.Internet Traffic Report htmTraceroute.org http://www.traceroute.orgOpen RBL http://openrbl.orgMail Relay Testing http://www.abuse.net/relay.htmlMAPS http://www.mail-abuse.com/

More Websites of InterestARIN http://arin.net/CNET http://www.cnet.comGoogle News http://news.google.comBullguard http://www.bullguard.com/news/Apple http://www.apple.comMicrosoft http://www.microsoft.comMicrosoft Support http://support.microsoft.comWebopedia http://www.webopedia.comHome Network Help http://www.homenethelp.comPractically Networked http://www.practicallynetworked.comHow Stuff Works http://www.howstuffworks.comAVG Anti Virus http://www.grisoft.com/Ad Aware http://www.lavasoftusa.com/software/adaware/Spybot Search & Destroy http://www.safer-networking.org/en/download/Google Pop-up Stopper http://toolbar.google.comUrban Legends http://www.scambusters.org/legends.html

Ride the Light

by Michelle Davies

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Ride the Light Presentation Transcript