Gillece

Creating Trauma Informed Systemsof Care for Human Service Settings An Overview of Fundamental Concepts Joan Gillece, PhD National Technical Assistance Center, NASMHPD

Trauma Informed CareOutline Defining Trauma & Trauma Informed Care Prevalence in Persons with Psychiatric Disorders Trauma Informed & Trauma Insensitive Systems T&TA for Implementing TIC Systems of Care 2

What is Trauma? Definition (NASMHPD, 2006)– The experience of violence and victimization including sexual abuse, physical abuse, severe neglect, loss, domestic violence and/or the witnessing of violence, terrorism or disasters DSM IV-TR (APA, 2000)– Person’s response involves intense fear, horror and helplessness– Extreme stress that overwhelms the person’s capacity to cope 3

Definition of Trauma Informed Care Mental Health Treatment that incorporates:– An appreciation for the high prevalence of traumatic experiences in persons who receive mental health services– A thorough understanding of the profound neurological, biological, psychological and social effects of trauma and violence on the individual (Jennings, 2004) 4

Prevalence of TraumaMental Health Population – United States 90% of public mental health clients in have been exposed to trauma (Mueser et al., in press, Mueser et al., 1998) 51-98% of public mental health clients in have been exposed to trauma (Goodman et al., 1997, Mueser et al., 1998) Most have multiple experiences of trauma (Mueser et al., in press, Mueser et al., 1998) 97% of homeless women with SMI have experienced severe physical & sexual abuse – 87% experience this abuse both in childhood and adulthood (Goodman et al., 1997) 5

Prevalence of Trauma Sydney, AUSTRALIALifetime prevalence among homelessindividuals– At least 1 traumatic event 100% of women (n=38) 90% of men (n=119)– 58% suffered serious physical assault– 55% witnessed injury or murder– 50% women - history of rape– 10% men – history of rapeNearly universal in population – closelyassociated w/PTSD & Depression (Buhrich & Hodder, 2000) 6

Prevalence of TraumaChild Mental Health/Youth Detention Population - U.S.Canadian study of 187 adolescentsreported 42% had PTSDAmerican study of 100 adolescentinpatients; 93% had trauma histories and32% had PTSD70-90% incarcerated girls – sexual,physical, emotional abuse (DOC, 1998, Chesney & Sheldon, 1991) 7

Prevalence of TraumaSubstance Abuse Population – U.S.Up to two-thirds of men and women in SAtreatment report childhood abuse & neglect (SAMSHA CSAT, 2000)Study of male veterans in SA inpatient unit – 77% exposed to severe childhood trauma – 58% history of lifetime PTSD (Triffleman et al., 1995)50% of women in SA treatment have history ofrape or incest(Governors Commission on Sexual and Domestic Violence, Commonwealthof MA, 2006) 8

Other Critical Trauma Correlates: TheRelationship of Childhood Trauma to Adult Health Adverse Childhood Events (ACEs) have serious health consequences Adoption of health risk behaviors as coping mechanisms – eating disorders, smoking, substance abuse, self harm, sexual promiscuity Severe medical conditions: heart disease, pulmonary disease, liver disease, STDs, GYN cancer Early Death (Felitti et al., 1998) 9

What does the prevalence data tell us?The majority of adults and children in psychiatrictreatment settings have trauma historiesA sizable percentage of people with substance usedisorders have traumatic stress symptoms thatinterfere with achieving or maintaining sobrietyA sizable percentage of adults and children in theprison or juvenile justice system have traumahistories (Hodas, 2004, Cusack et al., Mueser et al., 1998, Lipschitz et al., 1999, NASMHPD, 1998) 10

What does the prevalence data tell us?Growing body of research on therelationship between victimization and lateroffendingMany people with trauma histories haveoverlapping problems with mental health,addictions, physical health, and are victimsor perpetrators of crimeVictims of trauma are found across allsystems of care (Hodas, 2004, Cusack et al., Muesar et al., 1998, Lipschitz et al., 1999, NASMHPD, 1998) 11

Therefore……We need to presume the clients we serve have a history of traumatic stress and exercise “universal precautions” by creating systems of care that are trauma-informed (Hodas, 2005) 12

Trauma Informed Care Systems 13

Trauma Informed Care Systems Key PrinciplesAre based on current literatureAre informed by research and evidence ofeffective practiceRecognize that coercive interventionscause traumatization and re-traumatizationand are to be avoided (Fallot & Harris, 2002; Ford, 2003; Najavits, 2003) 14

Trauma Informed vs. Non Trauma Informed CareWhat do trauma informed care (TIC)systems look like?How are they different from care systemsthat are not informed by trauma (NTIC)? 15

Trauma Informed Non Trauma Informed Recognition of high prevalence of Lack of education on trauma trauma prevalence & “universal” precautions Recognition of primary and co- occurring trauma diagnoses Over-diagnosis of Schizophrenia Assess for traumatic histories & & Bipolar D., Conduct D. & symptoms singular addictions Recognition of culture and practices that are re-traumatizing Cursory or no trauma assessment “Tradition of Toughness” valued as best care approach 16

Trauma Informed Non Trauma Informed Power/control minimized - Keys, security uniforms, constant attention to staff demeanor, tone of culture voice Caregivers/supporters – Rule enforcers – collaboration compliance Address training needs of “Patient-blaming” as staff to improve fallback position without knowledge & sensitivity training 17

Trauma Informed Non Trauma Informed Staff understand function of Behavior seen as behavior (rage, repetition- intentionally provocative compulsion, self-injury) Labeling language: Objective, neutral language manipulative, needy, “attention-seeking” Transparent systems open to outside parties Closed system – advocates discouraged(Fallot & Harris, 2002; Cook et al., 2002, Ford, 2003, Cusack et al., Jennings, 1998,Prescott, 2000) 18

Trauma Informed Non Trauma Informed Language Asking people how they Calling people by first prefer to be addressed name without permission or last name w/out title Quietly making rounds and informing people of Yelling “lunch” or schedule “medications” “Let’s talk and find you “If I have to tell you one something to do” more time ….” “May I help you?” “Step away from the desk” 19

TIC and TransformationDeveloping and implementing trauma informedsystems of care are one of the first steps towardbecoming Recovery Oriented.Systems of care based on control, coercion,disrespect, insidious discrimination, are violent,or use practices that shame or traumatize, greatlydelay, or halt the recovery process. 20

Trauma informed T&TAHalf-day, full-day, or 1.5 day trainingcurricula availableTarget audience: senior and middlemanagement; direct care staffMental health, substance abuse,homelessness providers, DJJ, criminaljustice, MRDD, foster care systemsIncludes training materials; CEU ready 21

Trauma informed T&TAIndividual onsite consultations for statemental health agency staff to developsystem-wide implementation plan,including statewide policy statement,facility policy and procedures,development of an implementation planetc. 22

Trauma informed T&TA Contact informationJoan Gillece, PhDJoan.gillece@nasmhpd.orgJenny Howes, MSWJenny.howes@nasmhpd.org703-739-9333 23

Gillece

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